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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: In patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) who undergo a second surgery following standard chemoradiotherapy, histopathologic examination of the resected tissue often reveals a combination of viable tumor and treatment-related inflammatory changes. However, it remains unclear whether the degree of viable tumor Versus “treatment effect” in these specimens impacts prognosis. We sought to determine whether the percentage of viable tumor Versus “treatment effect” in recurrent GBM surgical samples, as assessed by a trained neuropathologist and quantified on a continuous scale, is associated with overall survival. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We reviewed the records of 47 patients with histopathologically confirmed GBM who underwent surgical resection as the first therapeutic modality for suspected radiographic progression following standard radiation therapy and temozolomide. The percentage of viable tumor Versus “treatment effect” in each specimen was estimated by one neuropathologist who was blinded to patient outcomes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: After adjusting for other known prognostic factors in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, there was no association between the degree of viable tumor and overall survival (HR 0.83; 95% CI, 0.20–3.4; p=0.20). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results suggest that, in patients who undergo resection for recurrent GBM following standard first-line chemoradiotherapy, histopathologic quantification of the degree of viable tumor Versus “treatment effect” present in the surgical specimen has limited prognostic influence and clinical utility.
This chapter presents an overview of concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. This book traces processes associated with the creation of large-scale political entities and networks of exchange, within a time frame that builds on and expands the usual limits of the classical era. The initial chapters in this book provides an overview of the key economic, political, social, cultural, and intellectual developments that occurred between 1200 BCE and 900 CE. Humans had occupied the islands and mainland of Southeast Asia since Paleolithic times, and during the centuries preceding 1200 BCE they had gathered together into a range of agrarian communities. The existence of Ghanaian soldiers and Byzantine emperors, of Muslim caliphs and Hindu gods, and of Chinese emperors and Australian aboriginals was completely unknown to small fishing communities that occupied the Western Atlantic island environment known as the Caribbean.
When Shang archaeology came into being seventy years ago it was the archaeology of one site, Anyang in northern Henan province, a place firmly connected with the Shang dynasty of traditional history by the oracle-bone inscriptions unearthed there. This chapter seeks to set out the archaeological evidence in a way that does not assume that the picture it paints is known in advance. It begins with a brief history of the archaeology of the Shang dynasty, in other words, of archaeology conceived as an exploration of the textual record. The chapter then turns to the bronze industry for a purely archaeological definition of the chapter s scope and approach. Large-scale metallurgy supplies a workable criterion for identifying the earliest civilized societies in China, and by tracing its development one obtains a sensitive measure of relative chronology and cultural affiliations. The principal features of Early Bronze Age material culture are introduced in the course of a survey of sites.
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