36 results
Ground-based observations of the [SII] 6731 Å emission lines of the Io plasma torus
- P. Magalhães Fabíola, Walter Gonzalez, Ezequiel Echer, Mariza P. Souza-Echer, Rosaly Lopes, Jeffrey P. Morgenthaler, Julie Rathbun
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 12 / Issue S328 / October 2016
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- 12 September 2017, pp. 227-229
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- October 2016
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The Io Plasma Torus (IPT) is a doughnut-shaped structure of charged particles, composed mainly of sulfur and oxygen ions. The main source of the IPT is the moon Io, the most volcanically active object in the Solar System. Io is the innermost of the Galilean moons of Jupiter, the main source of the magnetospheric plasma and responsible for injecting nearly 1 ton/s of ions into Jupiter's magnetosphere. In this work ground-based observations of the [SII] 6731 Å emission lines are observed, obtained at the MacMath-Pierce Solar Telescope. The results shown here were obtained in late 1997 and occurred shortly after a period of important eruptions observed by the Galileo mission (1996-2003). Several outbursts were observed and periods of intense volcanic activity are important to correlate with periods of brightness enhancements observed at the IPT. The time of response between an eruption and enhancement at IPT is still not well understood.
Contributors
- Edited by Sarah A. Fagents, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Tracy K. P. Gregg, State University of New York, Buffalo, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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- Modeling Volcanic Processes
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- 05 March 2013
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Chapter 17 - Planetary volcanism
- Edited by Sarah A. Fagents, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Tracy K. P. Gregg, State University of New York, Buffalo, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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- Modeling Volcanic Processes
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Summary
Overview
Volcanism is of primary importance in shaping the surfaces of many planets and satellites of the Solar System. In this chapter we show how models developed for volcanic processes on Earth can be adapted to model volcanism on other planetary bodies, including those displaying familiar silicate volcanism (such as Mars, Venus, and the Moon), as well as those with more exotic volcanic behavior (such as high-temperature volcanism on Io and “cryovolcanism” on the icy satellites). Due to space limitations, only certain “type example” worlds are detailed here, the intent is more to give an insight into how the volcanic process varies from body to body than to discuss each. Each planet or satellite possesses a unique combination of environmental factors (gravity, atmospheric properties, surface temperature, etc.) that influence almost every aspect of magma ascent and eruption. By incorporating these parameters into models of volcanic behavior it is possible to elucidate the causes of the diversity in volcanic expression on the surfaces of other planetary bodies and hence understand the eruptive history and evolution of our Solar System neighbors.
Introduction
Volcanism has affected all solid planets and most moons in the Solar System and even some of the earliest-forming asteroids, and is therefore of key importance for the study of the evolution of planets and moons. The discovery of numerous extra-terrestrial volcanoes, including active ones, has stretched our traditional definition of “volcano” (Lopes et al., 2010a) and prompted a new understanding of how volcanism, as a process, can operate.
Index
- Edited by Sarah A. Fagents, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Tracy K. P. Gregg, State University of New York, Buffalo, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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- Modeling Volcanic Processes
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- 14 March 2013, pp 414-421
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
- Edited by Sarah A. Fagents, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Tracy K. P. Gregg, State University of New York, Buffalo, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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- Modeling Volcanic Processes
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Summary
Scope of this book
The processes involved in volcanic eruptions, from magma generation at depth to eruption and emplacement of deposits at the surface, comprise a suite of interlinked physical phenomena. In seeking to understand volcanic behavior, volcanologists call on a diversity of physics subdisciplines, including fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, solid mechanics, ballistics, and acoustics, to name just a few. Understanding the physical behavior of volcanoes is critical to assessing the hazards posed to the ever-increasing populations living in close proximity to active volcanoes, and thus to mitigating the risks posed by those hazards.
The motivation for producing this book arises in part from the editors’ experiences as educators, as well as our interests in keeping current with developments in volcanologic subdisciplines outside our own. Modeling volcanic processes, and the resulting improvements in our understanding of how volcanoes work, has advanced in leaps and bounds over the past decade or two. This is a result of both a maturation of our field- and laboratory-based understanding of volcanic processes, as well as vast improvements in computational capabilities. Synergies with the similarly rapidly evolving knowledge of geochemical processes also greatly enhance the physical understanding of volcanoes. However, in developing courses for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, we were struck by the lack of an up-to-date single-source book from which we could draw for instructional purposes. While several existing notable books cover the physics of specific aspects of volcanic behavior in detail (e.g., Sparks et al., 1997; Gilbert and Sparks, 1998; Freundt and Rosi, 2001), an advanced, quantitative text covering a wide range of volcanic phenomena is currently lacking in the instructor’s armory. Furthermore, with the rapid developments in the field, the existing books have become outdated. We view this book as the natural next step for students pursuing volcanology beyond introductory level, for which there are several excellent texts (e.g., Cas and Wright, 1988; Francis and Oppenheimer, 2004; Schmincke, 2004; Parfitt and Wilson, 2008), as well as an update on recent developments in the field.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Sarah A. Fagents, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Tracy K. P. Gregg, State University of New York, Buffalo, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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- Modeling Volcanic Processes
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Contents
- Edited by Sarah A. Fagents, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Tracy K. P. Gregg, State University of New York, Buffalo, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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- Modeling Volcanic Processes
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Modeling Volcanic Processes
- The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism
- Edited by Sarah A. Fagents, Tracy K. P. Gregg, Rosaly M. C. Lopes
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- 05 March 2013
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- 14 March 2013
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Understanding the physical behavior of volcanoes is key to mitigating the hazards active volcanoes pose to the ever-increasing populations living nearby. The processes involved in volcanic eruptions are driven by a series of interlinked physical phenomena, and to fully understand these, volcanologists must employ various physics subdisciplines. This book provides the first advanced-level, one-stop resource examining the physics of volcanic behavior and reviewing the state-of-the-art in modeling volcanic processes. Each chapter begins by explaining simple modeling formulations and progresses to present cutting-edge research illustrated by case studies. Individual chapters cover subsurface magmatic processes through to eruption in various environments and conclude with the application of modeling to understanding the other volcanic planets of our Solar System. Providing an accessible and practical text for graduate students of physical volcanology, this book is also an important resource for researchers and professionals in the fields of volcanology, geophysics, geochemistry, petrology and natural hazards.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. 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Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. 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Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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DIVISION III / WORKING GROUP PLANETARY SYSTEM NOMENCLATURE
- Rita M. Schulz, Kaare Aksnes, Jennifer S. Blue, Jürgen Blunck, Edward L. G. Bowell, George A. Burba, Guy J. Consolmagno, Régis Courtin, Rosaly M. Lopes-Gautier, Mikhail Ya. Marov, Brian G. Marsden, Mark S. Robinson, Vladislav V. Shevchenko, Bradford A. Smith
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 4 / Issue T27A / December 2008
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- 01 December 2008, pp. 190-191
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- December 2008
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The Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature (WG-PSN) develops, maintains and publishes guidelines for naming natural satellites of planets and surface features on all solar system bodies except Earth. When required the WG approves lists of new nomenclature, with accompanying explanatory notes, based on the established guidelines. Approved names are immediately added into the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Objections based on significant, substantive problems may be submitted within a 3-months period, and will be ruled on by Division III.
The Volcano Adventure Guide
- Rosaly Lopes
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- Published online:
- 01 September 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 January 2005
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The Volcano Adventure Guide is the first book of its type. It contains vital information for anyone wishing to visit, explore, and photograph active volcanoes safely and enjoyably. Following an introduction that discusses eruption styles of different types of volcanoes, how to prepare for a volcano trip, and how to avoid volcanic dangers, the book presents guides to visiting 42 different volcanoes around the world. This section is packed full of practical information including tour itineraries, maps, transportation details, and warnings of possible non-volcanic dangers. Three appendices at the end of the book direct the reader to a wealth of further volcano resources. Aimed at non-specialist readers who wish to explore volcanoes without being foolhardy, it will fascinate amateur enthusiasts and professional volcanologists alike. The stunning colour photographs throughout the book will delight armchair travellers as well as inspire the adventurous to get out and explore volcanoes for themselves.
8 - Volcanoes in the continental USA
- from PART II - Guides to volcanoes
- Rosaly Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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- The Volcano Adventure Guide
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- 01 September 2010
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- 13 January 2005, pp 107-176
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Summary
The western USA
The United States are both blessed and cursed with some of the most beautiful, fascinating, and dangerous volcanoes in the world. The USA ranks third in the world as the country with the most historically active volcanoes, being topped only by Indonesia and Japan. The USA, however, can be considered tops in terms of variety. The almost–constant, relatively benign activity of the Hawaiian volcanoes is contrasted by the imposing mountains in the Cascades Range and in Alaska, potentially lethal volcanoes that are a source of fear but also pride for the local population. Who does not remember the May 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens and the remarkable change it brought to the peaceful landscape? It could erupt again, as could many of the other equally impressive volcanoes along the western edge of the Ring of Fire. Unknown to many people, there are volcanic areas further inland in the USA that still have the potential to unleash violent activity, such as Yellowstone, once the site of a gigantic caldera-forming eruption.
There are whole books dedicated to volcanoes in the continental USA. Here I have chosen to highlight four that are rather diverse, easily accessible, and representative of the variety of volcanic landforms in the continental USA. Lassen Peak is a dome made up of viscous dacitic lava. Mount St. Helens is fascinating both as a composite volcano and as a site of a recent, devastating eruption. Yellowstone, a large caldera, is one of the world's prime geothermal areas, full of attractions beyond the famous Old Faithful. Sunset Crater in Arizona represents a smaller, milder type of volcano, the cinder cone, and is probably the world's most picturesque example of one.
Appendix II - Tours to volcanoes
- Rosaly Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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The organizations listed below are well established and regularly offer tours. There are lesser–known companies that offer trips to volcanoes and often advertise in magazines that cater to adventure and natural history, such as National Geographic Traveler, Outside, and Natural History. When shopping for a tour, beware of small–budget companies that are likely to cancel tours at the last minute if not enough people sign up. Ask what their track record is, whether cancellation is a possibility, and when you would know for sure. If your plans are flexible and you want to go on a true adventure, seek out volcano enthusiasts who will offer small expeditions to farflung volcanoes almost at cost, and are very clear about the possibility of cancellation. They usually advertise through their own web sites and the volcanologists's email network VOLCANO listserv (see Appendix I). Another alternative, if you can stay in the same place a couple of months, is to volunteer at a National Park or volcano observatory – check their websites for opportunities or write them a letter explaining your skills and availability.
Geological Society of America. This is the major US geological society and their GeoVentures department regularly runs a variety of field trips of geological interest. Most of their destinations are in the US, but have included Iceland and other volcanic locations. Non–members may join trips depending on availability. Further information from: Geological Society of America Geo Ventures, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA (http://www.geosociety.org/)
11 - Volcanoes in Iceland
- from PART II - Guides to volcanoes
- Rosaly Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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Iceland
God may have been thinking of geologists when He created Iceland. Here the outcrops are unrivaled, unobscured by trees, and set amongst unspoiled, uncrowded, and breathtakingly beautiful wilderness. Anyone seriously interested in volcanoes should have Iceland in their must–see list. Located atop the mid–Atlantic ridge, which cuts across the island from the southwest to the north, Iceland has all of the tectonic and volcanic ingredients of a typical mid–oceanic ridge, including spectacular gaping fissures that result from the spreading of the Earth's crust. The ridge, however, is only part of the story: Iceland is also placed above an oceanic hot spot, which results in a much greater yield of molten magma than is typical for mid–oceanic ridges. In fact, Iceland has produced one–third of all the lava erupted on Earth during the last 1,000 years. The interplay between hot spot and mid–oceanic ridge volcanism is responsible for Iceland's very high rate of magma production, which over millions of years has constructed a richly varied landscape. Here one finds not only basaltic shield volcanoes, typical of mid–oceanic ridges, but also features formed by silicic magmas (mainly rhyolites and andesites), which are usually associated with subduction zones. These include pyroclastic flows and widespread ash deposition from Plinian eruptions. The silicic magma beneath Iceland is produced by partial melting of the lower basaltic crust, caused by the high temperatures above Iceland's hot spot.
6 - Introduction to the field guides
- from PART II - Guides to volcanoes
- Rosaly Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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9 - Volcanoes in Italy
- from PART II - Guides to volcanoes
- Rosaly Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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Southern Italy
Italian volcanoes are among the most notorious and dangerous in the world. Vulcano has given its name to all of the world's volcanoes, the Vesuvius eruption of AD 79 is probably the best–known volcanic event of all time, Strómboli is the longest continuously active volcano in the world, and Mt. Etna is the largest active volcano in Europe. Southern Italy has been the top destination for volcano enthusiasts for centuries and can be considered to be the cradle of volcanology. The historical records of eruptions in Italy go back some 2,000 years, providing a rich source of information on eruption mechanisms, cycles of activity, and on the effects of volcanic eruptions on society. Scientific observations of volcanic activity began on Vesuvius with Pliny the Younger's account of the AD 79 eruption. Vesuvius has the world's oldest volcano observatory, established in 1845, and was the first volcano to be monitored seismically, when the scientist Palmieri measured tremors during the 1872 eruption. Southern Italy's potentially disastrous combination of dangerous volcanoes and prosperous cities has long been a major drive in our need to understand and predict volcanic eruptions.
Most visitors to Italy are attracted to its incomparable historical sites, rich art collections, and splendid scenery. Those who have volcanoes as their focus can find all these elements plus spectacular volcanic scenery and, in the case of Strómboli, an almost guaranteed eruption in progress.
PART II - Guides to volcanoes
- Rosaly Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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3 - Volcanic eruptions
- from PART I - Choosing a volcano to visit
- Rosaly Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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The different types of volcanic eruptions
The term “volcanic eruption” can describe a wide variety of phenomena, from the gentle oozings of lava that sometimes go on for years to the catastrophic explosions that are quickly over but which impact the region for many years to come. Volcanologists tend to sort different volcanic eruptions by their “character”: this is a loose classification that reflects how explosive the eruptions are. It was pioneered by G. Mercalli, who is best known for his scale of seismic intensities. The classifications have been revised many times and volcanologists still disagree on how many types of eruptions there should be and on what these should be called. The only point that everyone seems to agree on is that classifying eruptions by their “character” is not very useful scientifically, but that it is quite handy for the purposes of expedient description. Terms such as “Hawaiian eruption” and “Plinian eruption” immediately bring to mind a picture of how explosive and dangerous the activity in question is. The differences are even clear from the simple diagram in Fig. 3.1.
Mercalli started the tradition of naming the different types of eruptions after volcanoes where they occur often. Hence we have, in order from least to most explosive: Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Peléean, Plinian, and Ultraplinian types.
Preface
- Rosaly Lopes, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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The purpose of this book is to introduce its readers to the wonderful world of volcanoes and to help them visit, explore, photograph, and, above all, appreciate volcanoes both in eruption and in repose. Volcanoes have shaped the Earth's surface and are nature's most awesome manifestation of the power within our planet. One of the surprising facts about volcanoes is that they are among the most scenic places on Earth yet only a few of them attract a significant number of visitors. Volcanic eruptions are undoubtedly one of nature's most spectacular events, but relatively few people can claim to have witnessed one first-hand, and most of them did not do so by choice. The increase in adventure travel over the past two decades has not yet reached most of the world's volcanoes. Travel companies are quite willing to take tourists all over the globe to meet gorillas, canoe in piranha–infested waters, or dive with sharks, but not, it seems, to watch a volcano erupt.
What should people do if they want to visit a volcano, particularly an active one? They can choose a volcano within a well–run national park and rely on information and advice given there. But, if the volcano they want to go to is more isolated, or in a country with fewer resources, travelers will be very much on their own. In practice, this may mean not venturing up the slopes at all or, even worse, ending up in places where experienced volcanologists would fear to tread. In order to explore a volcano in the most sensible and enjoyable way, visitors need to know the dangers they might encounter, as well as the wonders they might see. The Volcano Adventure Guide strives to give readers this knowledge.