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The previous chapters have shown that there is one powerful community (“the GDP multinational") which is being challenged by a heterogeneous and weakly organised community (“the Beyond-GDP cottage industry). The ever-expanding range of Beyond-GDP initiatives will not lead to success however. A new strategy is based on the GDP success story and aims to create an institutionalised community with a clear goal and coherent structure based on a common language. The chapter argues that the community should not be based on the SDGs, green accounting or the SEEA. It also argues that the community should not be based on economic terminology and theory but rather on multidisciplinary building blocks such as stock/flow accounting, networks and limits. The aim of the community is to enhance well-being and sustainability and one of its most important features is its common language: the System of Global and National Accounts (SGNA). The SGNA has four system accounts (environment, society, economy and distribution), which describe how the systems are developing. However, this does not yet tell people whether the developments are good or bad. This is left to the quality accounts.
The system accounts in the previous chapters provide a description of the developments of the environment, society and economy as well as the distribution. But the accounts do not answer the question: Are things getting better? In the Global Quality Accounts (GQA), the data from the system accounts are assessed using a quality perspective. In economics, welfare economics and the capital approach are most common, but there are many others as well, from social sciences or natural sciences. There is no perfect approach, just multiple ways of looking at systemic progress. Each of the systems leads to a quality indicator, which provide society with different views.
The Global Economic Accounts (GECA) are based on the System of National Accounts (SNA). The SNA framework is however changed in two directions. Firstly, the economy is not measured only in monetary units but also in physical values. Secondly, the idea of measuring the economy from a network perspective is explored.
The basis for the Global Environmental Accounts (GENA) that are proposed in this book are the internationally agreed System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA). However, some economic terminology and the focus on the national boundaries are removed from the framework. This chapter also looks at stock/flow accounting and the network perspective of species and ecosystems as well as the idea of planetary boundaries and other environmental limits to nature and resources.
GDP is the most influential indicator in the world. It is published all over the world and there is a powerful logistical infrastructure (the "GDP multinational") which involves national statistical offices, international institutes, policy researchers, academics, media and society. Yet GDP is not a good measure of sustainability or well-being and this is why hundreds of alternatives have been proposed in the last decades. This "Beyond-GDP cottage industry" is expanding all the time but there is no sign that it is going to threaten the dominance of GDP anytime soon. Replacing GDP by 2030 provides a strategy to overcome this situation by 2030 and Chapter 1 provides an outline of the arguments made in the book.
The Global Societal Accounts (GSA) answer some fundamental questions about society: How many are we? Who are we? How are we organised? What do we do? Stock/flow accounting can be used to create demographic accounts using characteristics such as age, education and skills. A network perspective can be used to connect concepts such as social capital and institutions. The final accounts of the GSA are the time use of all individuals in society.
The Global Distribution Accounts (GDA) are based on the work that has been done on the distribution of income and wealth in the last decade or two. However, this chapter also explores the distributional relationships between companies, households and governments, and explores the dynamics within these sectors (e.g. the differences between multinationals and small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Finally, this chapter explores non-financial inequalities such as health, education and social networks.
This final chapter assesses the feasibility of the ideas proposed in this book. It concludes that many parts of the project are feasible because the scientific knowledge exists and in many cases databases have already been produced. Also, the split into system and quality accounts allows for structured multidisciplinarity to be implemented. A practical problem is organisation and implementation of this programme.
GDP is the most influential indicator in the world. It is published all over the world and there is a powerful logistical infrastructure (the "GDP multinational") which involves national statistical offices, international institutes, policy researchers, academics, media and society. Yet GDP is not a good measure of sustainability or well-being and this is why hundreds of alternatives have been proposed in the last decades. This "Beyond-GDP cottage industry" is expanding all the time but there is no sign that it is going to threaten the dominance of GDP anytime soon. Replacing GDP by 2030 provides a strategy to overcome this situation by 2030 and Chapter 1 provides an outline of the arguments made in the book.