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33 results

Page 1 of 2

The Cambridge World History of Genocide
  • Volume 3, Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020
  • Edited by Ben Kiernan, Wendy Lower, Norman Naimark, Scott Straus
  • Published online:
    23 June 2023
    Print publication:
    04 May 2023
  • Volume III examines the most well-known century of genocide, the twentieth century. Opening with a discussion on the definitions of genocide and 'ethnic cleansing' and their relationships to modernity, it continues with a survey of the genocide studies field, racism and antisemitism. The four parts cover the impacts of Racism, Total War, Imperial Collapse, and Revolution; the crises of World War Two; the Cold War; and Globalization. Twenty-eight scholars with expertise in specific regions document thirty genocides from 1918 to 2021, in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The cases range from the Armenian Genocide to Maoist China, from the Holocaust to Stalin's Ukraine, from Indonesia to Guatemala, Biafra, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Bosnia and Rwanda, and finally the contemporary fate of the Rohingyas in Myanmar and the ISIS slaughter of Yazidis in Iraq. The volume ends with a chapter on the strategies for genocide prevention moving forward.

  • 32 - A Short History of Genocide Prevention across the Long Twentieth Century

  • from Part IV - Globalisation and Genocide since the Cold War
  • Edited by Ben Kiernan, Yale University, Connecticut, Wendy Lower, Claremont McKenna College, California, Norman Naimark, Stanford University, California, Scott Straus, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book:
    The Cambridge World History of Genocide
    Published online:
    23 June 2023
    Print publication:
    04 May 2023, pp 763-787

  • Summary

    The history of genocide prevention across the long twentieth century is a history of failure. Only very rarely have international actors acted collectively to halt or mitigate a genocide underway or one in the making. That said, across the arc of the twentieth century, there have been important developments and milestones in norms, law and policy as they pertain to prevention. These changes amount to incremental, if episodic, progress. They do not, however, amount either to a consistent, effective multilateral policy or to consistent, effective foreign policies of particular states. But if we measure the global norms, legal instruments, institutions, and policy tools available at the start of the twentieth century compared to those at the start of the twenty-first century, there are significant differences to observe. This chapter summarises those changes and charts them across key cases. It concludes with a discussion of future challenges and opportunities for genocide prevention.1

  • 27 - The Rwandan Genocide in Context

  • from Part IV - Globalisation and Genocide since the Cold War
  • Edited by Ben Kiernan, Yale University, Connecticut, Wendy Lower, Claremont McKenna College, California, Norman Naimark, Stanford University, California, Scott Straus, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book:
    The Cambridge World History of Genocide
    Published online:
    23 June 2023
    Print publication:
    04 May 2023, pp 647-671

  • Summary

    The 1994 genocide in Rwanda has become a canonical case of the second half of the twentieth century. In three months, an interim government orchestrated the massacre of at least 500,000 Tutsi civilians. Known for its speed and participatory nature, as well as the failure of international actors to stop the violence, the Rwandan case is a touchstone for debates about the causes, prevention and aftermath of genocide. This chapter presents an overview of the history preceding the genocide as well as of the event itself. In addition, the chapter summarises the violence against non-Tutsi Rwandans during the genocide and thereafter, mass violence that amounts to crimes against humanity.

  • Introduction to Volume III

  • Edited by Ben Kiernan, Yale University, Connecticut, Wendy Lower, Claremont McKenna College, California, Norman Naimark, Stanford University, California, Scott Straus, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book:
    The Cambridge World History of Genocide
    Published online:
    23 June 2023
    Print publication:
    04 May 2023, pp 1-28

  • Summary

    In October 1945 the Nazi defendants at Nuremberg were charged, for the first time in international law, with ‘genocide’. The Nuremberg indictments included, under war crimes, ‘deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others’.1

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