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One noticeable coincidence in 2006 involved the deaths of three former heads of state: Saddam Hussein, Augusto Pinochet and Slobodan Milošević. Many past calendar years have marked the passing of multiple former heads of state but these three particular former leaders had all been subjected to judicial processes of one sort or another in respect of alleged widespread and systematic violations of human rights, arbitrary killings and – for two of them – genocide of their own or other peoples. In all three cases the deaths were linked in some way to the legal proceedings and evoked widespread dissatisfaction – Pinochet because he escaped trial, Hussein because the proceedings against him were fundamentally flawed and Milošević because he died before the four-year trial proceedings against him could be brought to a conclusion. Despite the obvious differences in judicial proceedings against all three accused, an emergent and common refrain has been to query whether any satisfactory trial of a former head of state is indeed possible.
En este centenario de la I Conferencia Internacional de la Paz de La Haya, es oportuno reflexionar sobre la influencia de los principios humanitarios en la negociación de tratados multilaterales sobre control de armamentos. Dos de los tres temas de la conferencia de 1899 fueron las leyes de la guerra (o derecho internacional humanitario) y el control de armas y el desarme. No cabe duda de que parte de la motivación de 1899, y ciertamente de la II Conferencia Internacional de la Paz de La Haya de 1907, al considerar estos dos temas, fue la preocupación humanitaria por aliviar el sufrimiento de las víctimas del conflicto armado2. Tras 100 años de elaboratión de leyes en ambos émbitos, el aniversario de 1999 es oportuno para evaluar hasta qué punto los principios humanitarios han seguido influyendo en los esfuerzos para regular los efectos de determinadas armas.
«Le fait qu'il (le droit international humanitaire) énonce ses principes en termes généraux et que ceux-ci soulèvent souvent d'autres questions appelant une réponse ne saurait justifier unnon liquet. C'est justement la fonction du juge de partir de principes d'application générale, d'expliciter leur sens et de les appliquer à des situations données. Tel est précisément le rôle de la Cour internationale de Justice tant en matière contentieuse qu'en matière consultative.»
La Opinión consultiva formulada por la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ) con respecto a la licitud de la amenaza o del empleo de armas nucleares es una decisión algo desconcertante e inesperada. Después del último párrafo, que es la parte dispositiva, los catorce jueces añaden declaraciones personales, dictámenes individuals o dictámenes disidentes para indicar hasta qué punto están o no de acuerdo con conclusiones y aspectos concretos del razonamiento en que se basa la Opinión.
The Advisory Opinion delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons was a somewhat disappointing if not entirely unexpected decision. After the final paragraph, which constitutes the dispositif, all fourteen judges appended either personal declarations, separate opinions or dissenting opinions to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with specific findings and particular aspects of the reasoning behind the Opinion.