INTRODUCTION

In its Green Paper “Towards a European Strategy for Energy Supply” the Commission highlighted three main points:

• The European Union will become increasingly dependent on external energy sources; enlargement will reinforce this trend. Based on current forecasts, if measures are not taken, import dependence will reach 70% in 2030, compared to 50% today.

• At present, greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union are on the rise, making it difficult to respond to the challenge of climate change and to meet its commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, the commitments made in the Kyoto Protocol must be regarded as a first step; climate change is a longterm battle involving the entire international community.

• The European Union has very limited scope to influence energy supply conditions. It is essentially on the demand side that the EU can intervene, mainly by promoting energy savings in buildings and in the transport sector.

These observations provide strong reasons to economise the use of energy wherever possible. The residential and tertiary sectors have been shown to be the largest overall end users, mainly for heating, lighting, appliances and equipment. Numerous studies and practical experience show that there is a large potential for energy savings here, probably larger than in any other sector. Member State and Community efforts to realise this potential need, therefore, to be intensified.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,

Having met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992,

Reaffirming the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972, and seeking to build upon it,

With the goal of establishing a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels of cooperation among States, key sectors of societies and people,

Working towards international agreements which respect the interests of all and protect the integrity of the global environmental and developmental system,

Recognizing the integral and interdependent nature of the Earth, our home,

Proclaims that:

PRINCIPLE 1

Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

PRINCIPLE 2

States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

PRINCIPLE 3

The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Article 1 [Purpose of the Law] The purpose of this law is to push the development and utilization of renewable energy, improve energy structure, protect environment and accelerate the sustainable development of economy and society.

Article 2 [Applicable Area] The renewable energy in this law refers to small-scale hydropower (50 thousand KW or below), wind, solar energy, biomass, geothermal energy, ocean energy and other categories of resources in the nature that can continuously reproduce and be utilized as useful energy directly or after processing and conversion.

Article 3 [Universal Obligation] Any corporation and individual within the territory of the People's Republic of China has the right and obligation to utilize renewable energy.

Article 4 [Universal Principle] The government implements the principle of the combination of government-promotion and market-orientation for the development and utilization of renewable energy.

The government allows all forms of market participant with different ownership to participate in the renewable energy development in China, and encourages the investment diversity.

Article 5 [Rural Energy] The government encourages rural and remote areas to give priority to the development and utilization of renewable energy, in order to satisfy the local energy demand for the purpose of living and production.

Article 6 [R&D, Dissemination and Education] The government encourages and supports the research and popularization of the technologies for renewable energy development and utilization, diffusion and dissemination the renewable energy knowledge, as well as improving the public awareness of importance of the renewable energy development and utilization.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

ARTICLE 1 PURPOSE OF THE LAW

The present Law establishes a general legal framework to secure the conservation of national energy resources and the efficient use of energy and industrial potential.

ARTICLE 2 LEGISLATIVE ACTS ON RATIONAL ENERGY USE

Activities in the field of rational energy use are regulated by the present Law and by other legislative acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Activities in the field of rational energy use in the Republic of Karakalpakstan are also regulated by legislative acts of the Republic Karakalpakstan.

ARTICLE 3 SCOPE OF THE LAW

Within the scope of the present Law are activities by legal and natural persons relating to extraction, production, refining, storage, transport, transmission, distribution and consumption (hereinafter will be referred to as production and consumption) of thermal and electric energy (hereinafter will be referred to as energy).

Legal regulation in the field of rational energy use is aimed at:

• ensuring the efficient and environmentally sound use of energy in its production and consumption;

• stimulating the development and application of energy efficient technologies, extraction and production of less expensive petroleum products, natural gas, coal and other types of natural fuel (hereinafter will be referred to as fuel);

• ensuring accuracy and uniformity of measurements, as well as accounting of energy produced and consumed in terms of both quality and quantity; and

• execution of supervision and control by the state over the efficiency of energy production and consumption, as well as over the state of energy equipment and energy supply and consumption systems.

ARTICLE 4 STANDARDIZATION

Energy efficiency characteristics shall be established for energy producing and using equipment in accordance with legislatively established procedure.

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 This law is formulated in order to promote energy conservation throughout society, improve the efficiency of energy utilization, achieve economic benefits, protect the environment, secure national economic and social development, and meet the requirement everyday life of people.

Article 2 The term energy used in this Law refers to various resources including coal, crude oil, natural gas, power, coke, coal gas, heat, oil products, liquid petroleum gas, biomass, and other resources from which useful energy can be derived directly or through processing and conversion.

Article 3 The term energy conservation used in this Law means: enhancing energy use management; adopting measures which are technologically feasible, economically rational, and environmentally and socially acceptable; reducing loss and waste in the chain of energy production and consumption, all to achieve the efficient and rational use of energy.

Article 4 Energy conservation is a long term strategy for national economic development.

The State Council and the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government should: strengthen their efforts in energy conservation; restructure industry, enterprises, products, and energy consumption patterns; promote technological progress for energy conservation; reduce energy consumption per unit of economic output and energy consumption per physical unit of product; improve the exploitation, processing, conversion, transmission, and distribution of energy; and encourage the national economy to develop in an energy-efficient manner.

CHAPTER ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS

ARTICLE 1. PURPOSE OF THE LAW

1. The Law on Energy regulates general energy activities, the basic principles of energy development and management, energy and energy resources efficiency. Peculiarities of activities of individual energy systems and of relations between energy enterprises and consumers shall be established by other laws.

2. Provisions of other laws regulating energy activities shall be applicable to the extent they are not contrary to this Law.

ARTICLE 2. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

As used in this Law:

1. “Energy sector” means a section of the economy embracing the energy sector activities.

2. “Energy sector activities” means economic activities embracing prospecting for, extraction, processing, production, storage, transportation, transmission, distribution, supply of, trade in and marketing of energy resources and energy, operation of energy facilities and installations.

3. “Energy” means electricity and thermal energy. Energy shall be regarded as a good. For the purposes of this Law, natural gas shall also be treated as energy.

4. “Energy systems” means energy areas directly connected with any type of energy resources or energy: electricity, heat, nuclear energy, natural gas, solid fuel, oil, petroleum products, renewable energy resources.

5. “Energy resources” means natural resources and products of their processing used for energy production.

6. “Renewable energy resources” means natural resources: potential hydro energy, solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy and energy which flows out from the centre to the surface of the earth (geothermal energy). The origin and renewal of this type of energy is conditioned by processes created by nature or human activity; it may be consumed or used for energy production.

7. […]

INTRODUCTION

This proposal, building on the dual objectives of contributing both to security of energy supply and to climate change polices, arises from the need for reinforced efforts to promote high-efficiency cogeneration in the internal energy market.

In its Green Paper on security of energy supply, the Commission highlighted the following points:

• the European Union is extremely dependent on its external energy supplies, with imports currently accounting for 50% of requirements. This figure is projected to rise to 70% by 2030 if current trends persist.

• at present greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union are on the rise making it difficult to respond to the challenge of climate change and to meet the commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.

• the European Union has relatively limited scope to influence energy supply conditions. Efforts will have to focus on orienting the demand for energy in a way that respects the EU's Kyoto commitments and is mindful of security of supply.

These observations provide strong arguments for developing new Community policies and measures aimed at curbing energy demand and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Even the level of greenhouse gas emissions in EU in 1999 was the same or just below the level of 1990, it is still a great challenge to meet the Kyoto target. Due to the efficient use of the fuel, the simultaneous production of heat and power can offer energy savings and avoided CO2 emissions compared with separate production of heat and power.

The General Assembly,

Bearing in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations relating to the achievement of international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian nature, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,

Recognizing that development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of benefits resulting therefrom,

Considering that under the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in that Declaration can be fully realized,

Recalling the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,

Recalling further the relevant agreements, conventions, resolutions, recommendations and other instruments of the United Nations and its specialized agencies concerning the integral development of the human being, economic and social progress and development of all peoples, including those instruments concerning decolonization, the prevention of discrimination, respect for and observance of, hum an rights and fundamental freedoms, the maintenance of international peace and security and the further promotion of friendly relations and co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Energy Efficiency Building Code for Commercial Buildings in Sri Lanka was developed with the support of the World Bank. The project was initiated by Prof. Nimal de Silva, Chairman Urban Development Authority and P. A. M. Deraniyagala, Chairman Ceylon Electricity Board, to whom a debt of gratitude is owed for their guidance. The project was managed by the CEB Demand Side Management Branch: M. S. Jayalath (Deputy General Manager), K. K. U. B. Adikaram (Project Manager) and D. G. K. Ranasinghe. The Project Consultants were Econoler International (Canada), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA), and Infotechs I/D/E/A/S (Sri Lanka), with Louis-Philippe Lavoie as Team Leader. The Steering Committee members were D. C. Wijeratne (Chair), Prof. Lal Balasooriya, M. Zubair, W. J. L. S. Fernando, Prasanna Silva, M. S. Jayalath & B. B. Perera. Substantial expert guidance and assistance was provided by professionals who served as Technical Subcommittee members: Ventilation and Air Conditioning: Wijitha Perera, C. L. E. Koelmeyer, J. O. Yatawara; Lighting: Sharmila Dhanapala, S. Ranasinghe, Noel Joseph; Electric Power and Distribution: Ranil Seneratna, D. B. Yatawara, D. G. R. Fernando; Building Envelope: Dr. Samitha Manawadu; Jaliya Kumarasinghe, Arch. Mahinda Withanaarachchi & Arch. Harsha Fernando Service Water Heating: K. D. C. E. Wickramaratne, Lakshman Jayasuriya, Parakrama Jayasinghe.

Japan has to rely on imports for most of its domestic demand for fuel resources. In such a situation, the country's energy consumption is increasing at a high level with the development of the national economy in recent years – which had led to expansion in production, distribution and consumption – and with changing people's lifestyles. However, there is the constant possibility of a global crisis in energy supply and demand. On the other hand, global warming, which is mainly caused by energy use and resulting generation of carbon dioxide, is posing a grave problem that may have ill effects on the very basis of our survival.

With this in mind, these Fundamental Policies prescribe the matters needed for the comprehensive promotion of rational use of energy at factories or workshops (hereinafter referred simply to as “factories”) and buildings and for machines, etc.

In carrying out these matters, we should pay attention to the fact that energy consumption is affected by the development of the national economy and by the efforts to promote the rational use of energy.

Industrial structures, corporate behaviors, traffic systems and changes in people's lifestyles and other social factors also have an impact on energy consumption.

the governments of the republic of austria, the kingdom of belgium, canada, the kingdom of denmark, the federal republic of germany, ireland, the italian republic, japan, the grand duchy of luxembourg, the kingdom of the netherlands, spain, the kingdom of sweden, the swiss confederation, the republic of turkey, the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, and the united states of america,

1. desiring to promote secure oil supplies on reasonable and equitable terms,

2. determined to take common effective measures to meet oil supply emergencies by developing an emergency self-sufficiency in oil supplies, restraining demand and allocating available oil among their countries on an equitable basis,

3. desiring to promote co-operative relations with oil producing countries and with other oil consuming countries, including those of the developing world, through a purposeful dialogue, as well as through other forms of co-operation, to further the opportunities for a better understanding between consumer and producer countries,

4. mindful of the interests of other oil consuming countries, including those of the developing world,

5. desiring to play a more active role in relation to the oil industry by establishing a comprehensive international information system and a permanent framework for consultation with oil companies,

6. […]

PREAMBLE

The Government of Canada, the Government of the United Mexican States and the Government of the United States of America:

convinced of the importance of the conservation, protection and enhancement of the environment in their territories and the essential role of cooperation in these areas in achieving sustainable development for the well-being of present and future generations;

reffirming the sovereign right of States to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and development policies and their responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;

recognizing the interrelationship of their environments;

acknowledging the growing economic and social links between them, including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA);

reconfirming the importance of the environmental goals and objectives of the NAFTA, including enhanced levels of environmental protection;

emphasizing the importance of public participation in conserving, protecting and enhancing the environment;

noting the existence of differences in their respective natural endowments, climatic and geographical conditions, and economic, technological and infrastructural capabilities;

reaffirming the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment of 1972 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development of 1992;

recalling their tradition of environmental cooperation and expressing their desire to support and build on international environmental agreements and existing policies and laws, in order to promote cooperation between them; and

the council,

Having regard to Article 5 b) of the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development of 14th December 1960;

Having regard to Recommendation of the Council on Improving the Environmental Performance of Government [C(96)39/FINAL];

Having regard to the Resolution of the Council on Improving the Environmental Performance of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [C(96)40/FINAL];

Having regard to the support for the use of green public procurement practices as expressed in the OECD Environmental Strategies for the First Decade of the 21st Century, which was adopted by OECD Environment Ministers and endorsed by the OECD Council at Ministerial level in May 2001;

Recognising the importance of governments in demonstrating leadership in progressing toward sustainable development;

Mindful of the commitments made by Member countries in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development to review and improve government procurement policies in order to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production;

Noting that as a means to improve the environmental performance of public procurement, public authorities in a number of Member countries apply policies and practices which seek to encourage procurement officers to purchase products and services which are less environmentally-damaging (hereafter “greener public purchasing policies”);

Noting that greener public purchasing policies constitute a significant element of product-related environmental policies adopted by some Member countries;

Noting that the scale of government purchases is such that greener public purchasing policies can contribute to the development and diffusion of products and services which are less environmentally-damaging;