28 results
Human Rights and the Care of the Self. By Alexandre Lefebvre. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018. 264p. $99.95 cloth, $25.95 paper.
- William Paul Simmons
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- Journal:
- Perspectives on Politics / Volume 17 / Issue 2 / June 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 May 2019, pp. 546-547
- Print publication:
- June 2019
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IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT, THE RACIALIZATION OF LEGAL STATUS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE: Latinos in Chicago, Los Angeles, Houston, and Phoenix in Comparative Perspective
- Cecilia Menjívar, William Paul Simmons, Daniel Alvord, Elizabeth Salerno Valdez
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- Journal:
- Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race / Volume 15 / Issue 1 / Spring 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 July 2018, pp. 107-128
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The immigration enforcement system today affects different subgroups of Latinos; it reaches beyond the undocumented to immigrants who hold legal statuses and even to the U.S.-born. States have enacted their own enforcement collaboration agreements with federal authorities and thus Latinos may have dissimilar experiences based on where they live. This article examines the effects of enforcement schemes on Latinos’ likelihood of reporting crimes to police and views of law enforcement. It includes documented and U.S-born Latinos to capture the spillover beyond the undocumented, and it is based on four metropolitan areas—Los Angeles, Houston, Phoenix, and Chicago—to comparatively assess the effects of various enforcement contexts. Empirically, it relies on data from a random sample survey of over 2000 Latinos conducted in 2012 in these four cities. Results show that spillover effects vary by context and legal/citizenship status: Latino immigrants with legal status are less inclined to report to the police as compared to U.S.-born Latinos in Houston, Los Angeles, and Phoenix but not in Chicago. At the other end, the spillover effect in Phoenix is so strong that it almost reaches to U.S.-born Latinos. The spillover effect identified is possible due to the close association between being Latino or Mexican and being undocumented, underscoring the racialization of legal status and of immigration enforcement today.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Liberalism Without Perfection. By Jonathan Quong. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 352p. $99.00.
- William Paul Simmons
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- Journal:
- Perspectives on Politics / Volume 10 / Issue 4 / December 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 December 2012, pp. 1063-1064
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- December 2012
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Culpability, Social Triage, and Structural Violence in the Aftermath of Katrina
- William Paul Simmons, Monica J. Casper
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- Journal:
- Perspectives on Politics / Volume 10 / Issue 3 / September 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2012, pp. 675-686
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- September 2012
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Hurricane Katrina and its effects are often talked about in terms of what has been made visible, as if the hurricane swept through and stripped away our structural blinders along with the levees, revealing social disparities within. Here, we focus instead on whom and what Katrina and its aftermath have rendered invisible. We are concerned with how the seen and the not seen have influenced the ways the purported tabula rasa of New Orleans has been (re)constructed and marked since 2005. We engage with recent debates in political science about power, agency, structure, and culpability, arguing that efforts to prioritize the pursuit of culpability over critique in power analyses, such as the approach advocated by Steven Lukes, risk perpetuating structural violence. We employ the concepts of an ocular ethic and social triage to understand why the storm of the century that was supposed to reveal all has in the end left much concealed, with shocking levels of human devastation unaddressed. Only through careful excavation of the ruins can we begin to comprehend the sedimented inequality and layers of vulnerability that structure violence.
Contributors
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- By Nozomi Akanuma, Gonzalo Alarcón, R. Arunachalam, Sarah H. Bernard, Frank M. C. Besag, Istvan Bodi, Stephen Brown, Franz Brunnhuber, Antonella Cerquiglini, J. Helen Cross, R. Shane Delamont, Archana Desurkar, Lee Drummond, Rona Eade, Robert D. C. Elwes, Bidi Evans, Peter Fenwick, Colin D. Ferrie, Paul L. Furlong, Laura H. Goldstein, Sally Gomersall, Sushma Goyal, Jane Hanna, Yvonne Hart, Dominic C. Heaney, Graham E. Holder, Mrinalini Honavar, Elaine Hughes, Jozef M. Jarosz, John G. R. Jefferys, Jane Juler, Mathias Koepp, Michalis Koutroumanidis, Maureen Lahiff, Louis Lemieux, David McCormick, Brian Meldrum, John D. C. Mellers, Nicholas Moran, John Moriarty, Robin G. Morris, Nandini Mullatti, Lina Nashef, Jennifer Nightingale, T. J. von Oertzen, Corina O'Neill, Philip N. Patsalos, Stella Pearson, Charles E. Polkey, Ronit Pressler, Edward H. Reynolds, Mark P. Richardson, Leone Ridsdale, Robert Robinson, Greg Rogers, Euan M. Ross, Richard P. Selway, Stefano Seri, Simeran Sharma, Graeme J. Sills, Andrew Simmons, Shiri Spector, Mark Stevenson, Jade N. Thai, Brian Toone, Antonio Valentín, Nuria T. Villagra, Matthew Walker, William Whitehouse
- Edited by Gonzalo Alarcón, King's College London, Antonio Valentín, King's College London
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- Introduction to Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 05 July 2012
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- 26 April 2012, pp xii-xv
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12 - Making the teaching of social justice matter
- Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg, University of Oxford, Todd Landman, University of Essex, Sanford Schram, Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania
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- Real Social Science
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 19 April 2012, pp 246-263
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Summary
In Making Social Science Matter, Bent Flyvbjerg deconstructs the dominant hierarchy that privileges the natural sciences over the social sciences by offering a third way out of the ‘science wars’ debate; one that carves out a significant place for both the natural sciences and the social sciences. As he writes, ‘where natural science is weak, social science is strong and vice versa’ (2001: 53). Social science, Flyvbjerg argues, should be recast based largely upon Aristotle's conception of phronesis or practical wisdom mixed with a healthy dose of Foucault's understanding of power. This reinvigorated social science trumps natural science in the understanding of social phenomena by emphasizing contexts, interpretations and an in-depth understanding of existing power relations. In short, it is ‘an intellectual activity aimed at…contributing to social and political praxis’ (2001: 4). His call for a phronetic social science is a useful antidote to the hegemonic position of formal modelling and other positivistic approaches that had come to dominate the social sciences, especially American political science. Of course, much, if not all, of social science, including the formal modelling that has dominated the American Political Science Review, claims to be ‘contributing to social and political praxis’ (2001: 4). Flyvbjerg though harkens back to Aristotle to show the necessity of an in-depth understanding of context and the ability to make political judgements within these contexts. What is not as clear is the extent to which Flyvbjerg is calling on social scientists to get involved and do politics in lieu of merely studying politics. For Aristotle, phronetics as an intellectual virtue was not gained by stepping back and contemplating reality from an objective distance, as if that was possible, but it came from getting one's hands dirty by actively confronting the problems of the day. To what extent is Flyvbjerg urging social scientists to be social and political beings, to strive to be, in Bourdieu's terms, virtuoso social actors?
Contributors
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- By Kumar Alagappan, Janet G. Alteveer, Kim Askew, Paul S. Auerbach, Katherine Bakes, Kip Benko, Paul D. Biddinger, Victoria Brazil, Anthony FT Brown, Andrew K. Chang, Alice Chiao, Wendy C. Coates, Jamie Collings, Gilbert Abou Dagher, Jonathan E. Davis, Peter DeBlieux, Alessandro Dellai, Emily Doelger, Pamela L. Dyne, Gino Farina, Robert Galli, Gus M. Garmel, Daniel Garza, Laleh Gharahbaghian, Gregory H. Gilbert, Michael A. Gisondi, Steven Go, Jeffrey M. Goodloe, Swaminatha V. Gurudevan, Micelle J. Haydel, Stephen R. Hayden, Corey R. Heitz, Gregory W. Hendey, Mel Herbert, Cherri Hobgood, Michelle Huston, Loretta Jackson-Williams, Anja K. Jaehne, Mary Beth Johnson, H. Brendan Kelleher, Peter G Kumasaka, Melissa J. Lamberson, Mary Lanctot-Herbert, Erik Laurin, Brian Lin, Michelle Lin, Douglas Lowery-North, Sharon E. Mace, S. V. Mahadevan, Thomas M. Mailhot, Diku Mandavia, David E. Manthey, Jorge A. Martinez, Amal Mattu, Lynne McCullough, Steve McLaughlin, Timothy Meyers, Gregory J. Moran, Randall T. Myers, Christopher R.H. Newton, Flavia Nobay, Robert L. Norris, Catherine Oliver, Jennifer A. Oman, Rita Oregon, Phillips Perera, Susan B. Promes, Emanuel P. Rivers, John S. Rose, Carolyn J. Sachs, Jairo I. Santanilla, Rawle A. Seupaul, Fred A. Severyn, Ghazala Q. Sharieff, Lee W. Shockley, Stefanie Simmons, Barry C. Simon, Shannon Sovndal, George Sternbach, Matthew Strehlow, Eustacia (Jo) Su, Stuart P. Swadron, Jeffrey A. Tabas, Sophie Terp, R. Jason Thurman, David A. Wald, Sarah R. Williams, Teresa S. Wu, Ken Zafren
- Edited by S. V. Mahadevan, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Gus M. Garmel
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- An Introduction to Clinical Emergency Medicine
- Published online:
- 05 May 2012
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- 10 April 2012, pp xi-xvi
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Index
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
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- 26 September 2011, pp 247-251
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Frontmatter
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
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- 07 October 2011
- Print publication:
- 26 September 2011, pp i-v
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Contents
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
- Print publication:
- 26 September 2011, pp ix-xii
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1 - Arendt, Little Rock, and the Cauterization of the Other
- from Part I - Deconstruction of Human Rights Law
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
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- 07 October 2011
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- 26 September 2011, pp 19-43
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Summary
The human rights of the Marginalized Other developed in this book owes a great deal to recent attempts to develop a theoretical concrete universalism by prominent proponents of discursive democracy such as the political theorists Hannah Arendt and Seyla Benhabib. However, it questions the extent to which these prominent concrete universalisms are able to shed artificial typologies that cauterize the Other. Whereas the present work argues for extraordinary measures to patiently listen to the voice of the Other, Arendt’s account of deliberative democracy urged the exclusion of the voiceless from the polis. Arendt also urged members of the polis to eschew such private emotions as pity and compassion for the marginalized while in the public realm and that they only cautiously take up solidarity with the marginalized Other. These forms of cauterization are most apparent in Arendt’s famous theory of judgment, especially as it is applied in her analysis of the Little Rock School Crisis in 1957.
Arendt’s theory of judgment is an exemplar of a concrete universalism and has been recently embraced by a number of political theorists. Whereas Arendt attempts to dismiss the banisters of thought and to develop a universalism based on concrete experience, her theory of judgment ultimately relies on artificial typologies that for the most part remain un-interrogated. I argue that this lack of questioning is directly related to her deliberate cauterization of the Other from political judgment. Without the voice of the Other, the rulings of an Arendtian judge are never seriously questioned. Arendtian judgment resembles groupthink, where like-minded judges make decisions that reinforce their privileged position. This chapter argues that Arendt’s reliance on her own theoretical typologies and the silencing of the Other explain her ill-fated essay on the Little Rock Central High School crisis in 1957 in which Arendt famously sided with many of the arguments of the segregationists. We may be tempted to label Arendt’s Little Rock essay as an anomaly by a normally sensitive writer, or representing a type of judgment that has been since discounted, but the problems inherent to Arendt’s analysis run through the very foundations of human rights law and are frequently seen in a number of other human rights cases, as we shall see in subsequent chapters.
Bibliography
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
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- 26 September 2011, pp 229-246
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4 - The Saturated Other
- from Part II - Phenomenology of the Saturated Other
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
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- 07 October 2011
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- 26 September 2011, pp 107-126
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Summary
Chapter 3 argued that human rights must be grounded in a transcendence of the Other but concluded that Derrida’s and Levinas’ conception of transcendence provided little ground for making complex political decisions. This inability was traced back to Derrida’s reliance on the purified transcendence of the tout autre and Levinas’ failure to conceive of an individualized Other, which was most apparent in not naming the Palestinian as an “Other.” Two major questions present themselves: Is there a way of conceiving of the Other as transcendent, concrete, and individualized? Can a type of transcendence be conceived that will adequately deconstruct and reinvigorate human rights law; that will overcome the original violence of the hegemonic system and provide a new foundation for human rights?
In this chapter, I argue that Enrique Dussel’s eclectic and voluminous writings provide a path for addressing one of the most intractable aporiai in heteronomic thought, namely the individuation of the transcendent Other, and thus moves us toward a deconstruction and reinvigoration of human rights law. I situate my interpretation of Dussel’s theory of transcendence within the context of Jean-Luc Marion’s recent phenomenologies of the saturated phenomena. I argue that Dussel’s account of the Other closely resembles the hyper-presence of Levinas’ writings and Marion’s phenomenology of the saturated phenomena without much of Levinas’ and Marion’s noted theological baggage. Dussel’s philosophy with its firm adherence to the marginalized human Other as individualized saturated phenomenon is able to make political judgments where Levinas was notoriously tongue-tied. In addition, Dussel’s recent writings endeavor to synthesize this transcendental ethics of the Other with the participatory or discursive democracy advocated by Arendt, Benhabib, Habermas, and Karl Otto-Apel. Nonetheless, Dussel will insist that such a political thought must continuously be deconstructed by the a priori ethical relationship with the Other, thus addressing the propensity of discursive democracy to cauterize the Other, rendering him or her aneu logou.
Part I - Deconstruction of Human Rights Law
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
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- 26 September 2011, pp 17-18
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6 - Self-Ascription by the Marginalized Other in Asylum Law
- from Part III - Human Rights of the Marginalized Other
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
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- 26 September 2011, pp 160-188
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Summary
Hegemonic systems, including legal systems, cauterize the Other; that is, they brand some individuals as “so far inferior that they ha[ve] no rights which the [white] man [is] bound to respect” (Scott v. Sandford 1857). Once branded as inferior, they become aneu logou (without a voice) and sans part (without a part) in the polis. To reverse this cauterization process, the previous chapter argued it is imperative that the Other reclaim a voice; that human rights law must learn to learn from the voice of the Other. Once the Other has a voice, the deconstruction of cauterization must continue by overturning the branding or categorization of the Other. The Other is categorized, or placed into an essentialized synecdoche where he or she is labeled as a permanent part of a group. In the example from the last chapter, the Indian Supreme Court portrayed the adivasis as anti-dam and anti-development whereas pro-adivasi NGOs represented them as “ecologically noble primitives.” In Chapter 2, we saw that young French Muslim women were branded as victims of patriarchy or as uneducated immigrant girls that were excluded from l’affaire du foulard. A human rights of the Marginalized Other must call for the continuous deconstruction of the identities that are imposed on marginalized Others. Again, the branding will not be overturned by scholars, attorneys, or judges, but by self-ascription by the Other.
Some political theorists of group rights have also recently called for an important role for self-ascription (Benhabib, Gutman, and Valadez). Yet, many tensions inherent to self-ascription remain unexplored, and these theories too often have relied on the Cartesian view of the individualized autonomous subject free to initiate action. Rarely have such calls for self-ascription begun from a more nuanced view of the self. Self-ascribed identity is often multifaceted and fluid, and rarely is it completely voluntary, being constrained by societal norms and various power structures. For instance, Upendra Baxi argues for a new discourse of group rights that would account for the fact that “being human is itself a process of continual redefinition” (2002, 79), what [Naomi] Mezey (2001) has nicely called “the dance of mutual constructedness.” However, this redefinition is constrained, sometimes severely, by existing power structures. Baxi poignantly asks: “Are all identities fluid, multiple, and contingent? If however, you can place yourself in the non-Rawlsian original position of a person belonging to an untouchable community would you find it possible to agree that caste and patriarchical identity has become fluid, multiple, contingent? As an untouchable, no matter how you perceive your identity…you are still to be raped.” (Baxi 2002, 83–84). Any theory of self-ascription must consider “the dance of mutual constructedness” of individual identities and the hegemonic power structures that cauterize the Other and provide a central place for the voice of the Other so that human rights law is based on a learning to learn from below.
Part II - Phenomenology of the Saturated Other
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Book:
- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
- Print publication:
- 26 September 2011, pp 83-84
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Preface
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Book:
- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
- Print publication:
- 26 September 2011, pp xiii-xvi
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Summary
Preface
This ambitious and complex work of both philosophy and human rights law seeks to make major advances in both fields and to develop a fresh dialogue between the two. I delve into a wide range of philosophical works in considerable detail, especially debates in recent philosophies of the “Other,” and analyze many legal cases from disparate jurisdictions around the globe. In the philosophical chapters, I analyze concrete legal situations, and I suffuse the legal chapters with philosophical insights. To make this work more accessible to a range of readers, and not just philosophers and political theorists, this preface quickly lays out the overall argument of the work and provides a roadmap for the reader, especially those in nonacademic fields who may be attracted to the topic but might find some more densely theoretical sections relatively inaccessible.
In a nutshell, this book argues that human rights law should be deconstructed – that is, continuously examined and critiqued to expose existing dominant power relations – and reinvigorated by adopting a new theoretical orientation, one that privileges the voices of people who are excluded from social and political power, referred to in this work as the Marginalized Other. The two chapters in Part I make the case for critically examining or deconstructing the prevailing modes of thought that inform human rights law through detailed readings of works by political theorists Hannah Arendt and Seyla Benhabib. These chapters aim to show the resilience of dominant or hegemonic ways of thinking and the need to have a more radical deconstruction of these discourses to privilege the voice of the Marginalized Other. I argue that to conduct the necessary deconstruction of hegemonic ways of thinking requires a new way of thinking about the Other, one that is founded in transcendence – that is, beyond the hegemonic discourses – but that also can be made concrete to affect the political and social realms in a profound way. The two more theoretically rich chapters in Part II develop my phenomenology of the Saturated Other by combining insights from the philosophies of Emmanuel Levinas, Jean-Luc Marion, and Enrique Dussel. Note: When referring to my phenomenological account of the Other that is excluded from power, I will use the term “Saturated,” because the ego owes a deeper, more saturated responsibility to this Other than to those within the system. When referring to the resulting application of this phenomenology to human rights and human rights law, I will refer to the “Marginalized” Other. The two are interchangeable, but the term “Saturated” has more of a technical philosophical meaning. The three chapters in Part III further develop this phenomenology, especially through the writings of feminist scholars Gayatri Spivak and Judith Butler. This part also shows how scholars and activists can concretely reinvigorate contemporary human rights law by analyzing such critical issues as environmental displacement in India, asylum law in the United States, aboriginal rights cases from Canada, reparations in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and the right to mental health in the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Throughout the work, the theoretical insights are made concrete through the case law, and the case law is deconstructed and reinvigorated by theoretical insights.
Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- William Paul Simmons
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- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
- Print publication:
- 26 September 2011
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This is a groundbreaking application of contemporary philosophy to human rights law that proposes significant innovations for the progressive development of human rights. Drawing on the works of prominent 'philosophers of the Other' including Emmanuel Levinas, Gayatri Chakravorti Spivak, Judith Butler and, most centrally, the Argentine philosopher of liberation Enrique Dussel, this book develops an ethics based on concrete face-to-face relationships with the Marginalized Other. It proposes that this should inspire a human rights law that is grounded in transcendental justice and framed from the perspective of marginalized groups. This would continuously deconstruct the original violence found in all human rights treaties and tribunals and promote preferential treatment for the marginalized. It would be especially attentive to such issues as access to justice, voice, representation, agency and responsibility. This differs markedly from more conventional theories that prioritize the autonomy of the ego, state sovereignty, democracy and/or equality.
3 - Derrida, Levinas, and the Rights of the Other
- from Part II - Phenomenology of the Saturated Other
- William Paul Simmons, Arizona State University
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- Book:
- Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
- Print publication:
- 26 September 2011, pp 85-106
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Summary
The previous two chapters outlined the concrete universalisms found in Hannah Arendt’s and Seyla Benhabib’s writings. Whereas they offer important theoretical frameworks for understanding judgment and democracy, the examples of the Little Rock crisis and l’affaire du foulard illustrate that such concrete universalisms with their reliance on un-interrogated typologies have a tendency to cauterize the Other and thus must be subject to a continuous deconstruction. The two chapters of Part II will use the writings of Derrida, Emmanuel Levinas, Jean-Luc Marion, and Enrique Dussel to develop a concrete universalism founded in the encounter with the Marginalized Other. Their philosophies of the Other share the same basic structure; the Other is transcendent to politics, ontology, and law, and thus is in a position to question all typologies as well as democracy, human rights, and even the pronouncements of the Arendtian judge. Nevertheless, their ultimate conceptions of the Other vary widely. Derrida’s phenomenology relies much more on a “pure” transcendence, whereas Levinas’ and especially Dussel’s works seek transcendence in the concrete marginalized Other human person.
This chapter begins by exploring Derrida’s and Levinas’ conceptions of the Other. I argue that Derrida’s conception of the tout autre relies too much on an abstract or “desertified” (Kearney 1999) account of the Other and thus has an asymptotic relationship with immanence; that is, transcendence approaches but never quite intersects with immanence. Levinas’ conception of the Other much more clearly refers to the concrete marginalized human Other, but, as we shall see, his writings provide only a modicum of normativity. This becomes clear in the concluding section of the chapter that compares the writings of Levinas and Arendt on human rights and crimes against humanity, including Levinas’ infamous interview discussing the massacre of Palestinians at the Sabra and Chatila refugee camps in 1982.