This chapter provides an overview of the meteorology and climate of Australia, the Maritime Continent, New Zealand, and the South Pacific, including dominant regional circulation features and weather patterns, major modes of variability on timescales from intra-seasonal to interdecadal, long-term trends, and future projections. Over the past few decades, new research has provided insights into the role of synoptic and mesoscale systems, such as tropical and extratropical cyclones, East Coast Lows, atmospheric rivers, and the midlatitude stormtracks in the meteorology of the region. Our understanding of the nature and variability of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) has improved considerably. Additionally, there have been substantial advances in our understanding of how major regional climate drivers, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), influence regional climate and affect weather patterns. Sources of increased knowledge include new observational datasets and reanalyses with higher spatial and temporal resolution, as well as improved forecasting and climate models. The region has experienced warming since the beginning of the twentieth century, and this trend will continue as the globe warms. However, the patterns of precipitation change will depend on the future of ENSO, IOD, SAM, and SPCZ variability, all of which are uncertain at present.