People whose parents had dementia or memory impairment are at higher risk for later-life cognitive impairment themselves. One goal of our research is to identify factors that either increase the risk of or protect against family history of dementia over the life course. External locus of control has been associated with lower cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults. Previous findings have shown that adults racialized as Black have relatively high levels of external locus of control due to inequity and racism. We hypothesized that lower parental memory would be associated with lower offspring memory among Non-Latinx Black and Non-Latinx White (hereafter Black and White, respectively) adults; and associations would be stronger among participants with higher levels of external locus of control.

Participants comprised 594 adults racialized as Black or White (60.3% Black; 62% women; aged 56.1 ± 10.4; 15.3 ± 2.7 years of education) from the Offspring Study who are the adult children of participants in the Washington Heights Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP). Parental memory was residualized for age (74.3 ± 6.0) and education (13.7 ± 3.1). Self-reported external locus of control was assessed using 8 items from the the perceived control questionnaire. Memory was assessed with the Selective Reminding Test, and a composite of total and delayed recall scores were computed. Linear regression quantified the interaction between parental memory and external locus of control on memory in models stratified by race, and adjusted for age, sex/gender, and number of chronic health diseases.

Among Black participants (n=358), there were no main effects of parental memory or locus of control on offspring memory. However, lower parental memory was associated with lower offspring memory among Black participants with high levels of external locus of control (standardized estimate=0.36, p=0.02, 95%CI [0.05, 0.67]). Associations were attenuated and non-significant at lower levels of control. Among White participants (n=236), there was a main effect of parental memory on offspring memory, and this association did not vary by levels of external locus of control.

Poor parental memory, which reflects risk for later-life cognitive impairment and dementia, was associated with lower memory performance among White middle-aged participants. Among Black participants, this association was observed among those with high levels of external locus of control only. Economic and social constraints shape levels of external locus of control and are disproportionately experienced by Black adults. In the face of greater external locus of control, a cascade of psychological and biological stress-related processes may be triggered and make Black adults’ memory function more vulnerable to the detrimental impact of parent-related dementia risk. Longitudinal analyses are needed to clarify temporal associations. Nonetheless, these findings suggest that reducing social and economic inequities disproportionately experienced by Black adults may dampen the effect of intergenerational transmission of dementia risk on cognition.

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a multi-systemic disorder with great clinical heterogeneity. It is the most common microdeletion syndrome and one of the most common genetic causes of developmental delays (e.g., motor/speech). 22q11DS is estimated to occur between 1/2,000-4,000 live births. However, the diverse clinical presentation of 22q11DS and health inequities that impact ethnically, racially, linguistically, and economically marginalized groups, make early identification, diagnosis, and access to beneficial early interventions (e.g., speech/behavioral therapy) even more challenging. Therefore, 22q11DS’ true prevalence may be larger than documented. Challenges associated with diagnosis, as well as neurocognitive, psychiatric, and medical co-morbidities associated with 22q11DS have been reported to affect the quality of life and well-being of people living with 22q11DS and their families. Yet, there is limited longitudinal data on lifelong functional outcomes of this population and the social factors that may shape them. This study aimed to 1) review the extant literature on adaptive functioning across the lifespan in 22q11DS and 2) report on relevant social and structural variables considered in the literature to contextualize adaptive functioning.

A scoping review was conducted between January-June 2022 across six electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, EBSCO, and Embase. The 'building block’ method was used to identify and design a comprehensive search strategy used to scan publications’ titles, keywords, and abstracts. Citation mining strategy was utilized to identify additional relevant studies. The following inclusion criteria was met: 1) empirical studies conducted in humans, 2) participants with confirmed diagnosis of 22q11DS, 3) evaluation of adaptive functioning, 4) use of at least one standardized measure of adaptive functioning and 5) written or translated into English or Spanish.

Eighty-four records were initially identified. After deduplication, abstract screening, and full record reviews, a total of twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Only eight publications explored adaptive skills as one of their primary outcomes. Clinically significant symptoms of anxiety, withdrawal, anhedonia, and flat affect were associated with worse functional outcomes. Fifteen studies reported between one and three demographic variables (e.g., race/ethnicity, years of education), and only two studies documented mental health treatment status/history. Most studies reported lower adaptive abilities in participants with 22q11DS independent from their cognitive abilities, but the majority of participants scored between the below average range and exceptionally low range on measures of intellectual functioning. Nonetheless, information on contextual variables (e.g., educational/occupational opportunities) that may help to interpret these findings was lacking.

Methodological differences (e.g., definition and measurement of adaptive functioning), recruitment bias (small, clinic-based identified samples) and lack of information regarding contextual level factors, may be limiting our understanding of the neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric trajectories of people with 22q11DS. It is vital to increase representative samples in epidemiological/clinical studies, as well as research examining the social and structural factors (e.g., access to healthcare, socioeconomic position) that impact functional outcomes in this population to promote public health policies that can improve brain health across the lifespan.

We aim to highlight a unique case that required adaptation of a neuropsychological battery used as part of a pre-surgical workup for medically refractory epilepsy, to meet the needs of a culturally and linguistically-diverse patient with visual impairment.

Comprehensive pre-surgical neuropsychological evaluation for a 34-year-old Spanish-speaking patient with a past medical history of epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and a subependymal giant cell astrocytoma resection, with subsequent complete blindness. EEG findings demonstrated abnormal left frontal dysfunction. A neuropsychological evaluation was conducted utilizing components from the Neuropsychological Screening Battery for Hispanics (NeSBHIS) as well as additional supplemental Spanish language assessments. Due to the patient’s visual impairment, visuospatial measures were unable to be utilized. Hand dynamometer was used in place of the Grooved Pegboard Test.

Results from the evaluation indicated a generally intact cognitive profile with a few observed deficits. Relative and normative weaknesses were identified on tasks of verbal learning. His initial learning of a list of orally presented words was in the Low Average range, where he demonstrated a positive though somewhat flat learning profile. His performances on short- and long-delay free recall tasks were in the Exceptionally Low range. With a recognition format, he performed within normal limits and made no false positive errors. Importantly, during the initial learning of the word list, the patient demonstrated a significant number of repetitions (13) and semantically related intrusions (6). These likely led to downstream difficulties encoding information; however, he displayed a minimal loss of information over a delay. Similarly, his immediate and delayed recall of an orally presented story fell in the Exceptionally Low range. Additional relative weaknesses were observed on tasks of working memory (Low Average range) and on a task of phonemic fluency (Below Average range). This performance was a notable contrast to his performance on tasks of semantic fluency, which ranged from the Low Average to Average range. On a task of motor functioning, grip strength performances were intact bimanually (Low Average to Average range) without a significant asymmetry between his left and right hands. Lastly, formal assessment of emotional functioning on self-report measures revealed minimal depression, minimal anxiety, and no significant quality of life concerns.

Taken together, the weaknesses observed in the domains of verbal learning, working memory, and phonemic fluency, in addition to the learning profile observed during the verbal encoding task, suggest that his overall profile is indicative of dominant frontal systems dysfunction. This finding was concordant with prior EEG and MRI studies. Notably, given the patient’s visual impairment, visuospatial measures were unable to be utilized, and lateralization was unable to be fully assessed given the abbreviated battery. The neuropsychological battery used for this evaluation was based on established guidelines, and while there were limitations in administration of the present battery, it is imperative to highlight the necessity and feasibility for adaptation of protocols to best capture data in culturally-underrepresented and visually impaired populations.

Japanese-Americans are the sixth largest Asian ethnicity in the United States. They represent a highly heterogeneous population due to their history of immigration dating back to the late 19th century. In comparison to the total Japanese-American population, there are very few neuropsychologists of Japanese descent who are familiar with the culture. The Asian Neuropsychological Association lists 16 licensed members of Japanese descent, and only 7 practice outside of Hawaii or California. These numbers suggest that unless non-Japanese neuropsychologists are knowledgeable of the culture, test translations, and appropriate norms, it would be challenging for many Japanese-Americans to receive culturally and linguistically competent neuropsychological services. The aim of the present study is to provide guidance for conducting neuropsychological assessments with Japanese-Americans with the goal of facilitating competent culturally-informed services to this population.

Pertinent facets of Japanese culture as identified in the ECLECTIC framework and demographics of the U.S. Japanese-American population, and the available literature on neuropsychological tests that are translated into Japanese and normed with Japanese samples, was reviewed by authors with knowledge of Japanese language and culture. Literature published in both English and Japanese were included for review.

Psychological testing is a Western technology fraught with the behavioral expectations and values of the culture in which it was developed. Thus, these tests may be biased against persons coming from cultures that differ from the West. Recommendations for providing neuropsychological services to Japanese-Americans are presented with an aim of maximizing test fairness by addressing the following issues: comfort with the testing situation, test biases, accessibility, and validity. Given the emphasis on education, Japanese-Americans should be familiar and comfortable with cognitive testing, although they may experience undue pressure to perform well to avoid shame. Japanese-Americans may experience discomfort disclosing personal information during the interview, particularly if the evaluation is perceived to be psychiatric in nature, as there is a strong stigma associated with mental illness that could bring shame to the family. Japanese communication styles are indirect in nature, where the message is implied and what is “not said” is just as important as what is directly conveyed. Accessibility issues will primarily impact first generation Japanese-Americans who are native Japanese speakers. Another characteristic that may impact responding is hesitancy for guessing when unsure. Recommendations for providing culturally competent neuropsychological assessment given these considerations will be presented and expanded upon in detail. Finally, an online database of translated and normed neuropsychological tests by cognitive domain has been created and will be presented.

Providing neuropsychological services to Japanese-Americans can be challenging as Japanese culture is significantly different from western culture. In addition, Japanese-Americans are heterogenous with salient issues of English proficiency and acculturation. Information to individualize a conceptual understanding of Japanese-Americans, translated and normed tests, and recommendations to maximize fairness in testing are presented to assist clinical neuropsychologists provide competent services to Japanese-Americans.

A 30-item confrontation naming test was developed in Argentina for Spanish speakers, The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT). The Boston Naming Test is an established confrontation naming task in the United States. Researchers have used the Boston Naming Test to identify individuals with different clinical pathologies (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). The current literature on how Spanish speakers across various countries perform on confrontational naming tasks is limited. To our knowledge, one study investigated CNT performance across three Spanish-speaking countries (i.e., Argentina, Mexico, and Guatemala). Investigators found that the Guatemalan group underperformed on the CNT compared to the Argentine and Mexican groups. The purpose of this study was to extend the current literature and investigate CNT performance across five Spanish-speaking countries (i.e., Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, United States). We predicted that the Argentine group would outperform the other Spanish-speaking countries.

The present study sample consisted of 502 neurologically and psychologically healthy participants with a mean age of 29.06 (SD = 13.41) with 14.75 years of education completed (SD = 3.01). Participants were divided into five different groups based on their country of birth and current country residency (i.e., United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Argentina, & Colombia). All participants consented to voluntary participation and completed the CNT and a comprehensive background questionnaire in Spanish. The CNT consisted of 30 black and white line drawings, ranging from easy to hard in difficulty. An ANCOVA, controlling for gender, education, and age, was used to evaluate CNT performance between the five Spanish-speaking country groups. Meanwhile, a Bonferroni post-hoc test was utilized to evaluate the significant differences between Spanish-speaking groups. We used a threshold of p < .05 for statistical significance.

Results revealed significant group differences between the five Spanish speaking groups on the CNT, p = .000, np2 = .48. Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed that the United States group significantly underperformed on the CNT compared to all the Spanish-speaking groups. Next, we found the Guatemalan group underperformed on the CNT compared to the Argentinian, Mexican, and Colombian groups. Additionally, we found the Argentinian group outperformed the Mexican, Guatemalan, and United States groups on the CNT. No significant differences were found between the Argentinian group and Colombian group or the Mexican group and Colombian group on the CNT.

As predicted, the Argentinian group outperformed all the Spanish-speaking groups on the CNT except the Colombian group. Additionally, we found that the United States group underperformed on the CNT compared to all the Spanish-speaking groups. A possible explanation is that Spanish is not the official language in the United States compared to the rest of the Spanish-speaking groups. Meanwhile, a possible reason why the Argentinian and Colombian groups demonstrated better CNT performances might have been that it was less culturally sensitive than the United States, Mexican, and Guatemalan groups. Further analysis is needed with bigger sample sizes across other Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Costa Rica, Chile) to evaluate what variables, if any, are influencing CNT performance.