In October 1945, the US Marines landed in Qingdao and occupied this former German colony in coastal China until May 1949. During this time, the Marines and the US Seventh Fleet turned Qingdao into another base town in postwar China, and interactions between American military personnel and Chinese civilians there were frequent, multifaceted, and often resulted in clashes, tension, and anti-American sentiments among the Chinese population. Focusing specially on engagement between the US Marines and the Chinese students at Shandong University in Qingdao, this chapter weaves the history of student anti-civil war protest in China with the history of American occupation of China after World War II. It argues that incidents such as Shen Chong Rape Incident in Beiping and Su Mingcheng Incident in Qingdao where Chinese civilians were either physically harmed or killed as a result of American military presence in postwar China added a nationalistic and anti-American dimension to student protests, and that the “American factor” in student protest left a lasting but complex impact on the postwar U.S.-China relations.

Chapter 2 argues that the perception of a threat from the Soviet Union spurred the US Navy to adopt a forward-deployed posture of defence. This naval strategy sought to deploy US naval forces in strategically valued harbours around the areas surrounding the Soviet Union so as to politically and militarily deter the Kremlin from extending its influence in the western Pacific. Moscow’s control over Port Arthur and Dalian in the northeastern part of China led the US Navy to establish the headquarters of the Seventh Fleet at the port of Qingdao, which it treated as a hub for defending America’s international security in maritime East Asia. The US Navy aimed to establish a balance of power in maritime East Asia by preventing its potential adversary, the Soviet Union, from becoming a regional hegemon. By August 1945, nascent Cold War rivalry was already discernible in the western Pacific rim, and the contours of the Cold War were palpable in maritime East Asia.