Raul “Pete” Pedrozo, Cyber Threats at Sea: Jamming and Spoofing of Commercial Vessels

Ships rely on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), like the NAVSTAR Global Positioning Systems (GPS), for safe navigation and precise Position, Navigation, and Time (PNT). Based on satellite input, PNT enable shipboard receivers to determine location with precision. As a primary PNT source, GNSS must be accurate and protected from manipulation to ensure safe ship operations. While some GNSS interference is unintentional, threat from State and non-state actors persist. Over the past 20 years, cyberattacks on international shipping by rogue States like China, Iran, and Russia and state-sponsored hackers have increased, threatening maritime safety by disrupting navigation and communication equipment. The proliferation of GNSS interference poses a strategic threat, to global navigation safety, civilian finances, logistics, and communication. This chapter discusses GNSS threats and how States can mitigate jamming and spoofing. It examines efforts by the International Maritime Organization and shipping industry to address these threats and review United States measures to protect its maritime transportation system from cyberattacks. No single solution addresses all GNSS vulnerabilities but combining alternatives can augment GNSS and ensure resilience for critical maritime PNT operations. Regular risk assessments identify vulnerabilities and prioritize mitigation. A clear incident response plan supports cyberattacks, minimizing damage, and expedite recovery.