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1 results

  • Chapter 10 - Bias in Statistical Analysis

  • Michael B. Bracken, Emeritus of Yale University
  • Book:
    Bias!
    Published online:
    22 April 2026
    Print publication:
    07 May 2026, pp 84-99

  • Summary

    The “play of chance” is described and sources of bias in how data are prepared for analysis (grouping and categorization) is a common source of bias. Multiple comparison bias is another frequently observed bias but problems with a companion bias – subgroup analysis – are less well known. Statistical analysis depends on having independent observations, or some method of accounting for dependency, and this too is a commonplace error and source of bias; it especially threatens meta-analyses. Bias is introduced when the wrong statistical unit is analyzed because “clustering” in the data has been ignored, reducing independency.