EU legal scholarship has contributed to the construction of the EU legal order as we know it. The references to academic works in Advocate Generals’ opinions are a testament to the co-operation between academia and EU institutions. The focus of EU law scholars on the EU Court of Justice has driven a type of EU law scholarship which is chiefly doctrinal. Yet, under the influence of US legal scholarship, empirical methods have started colonising EU legal research. Empirical approaches have enriched EU doctrinal work and unveiled under-explored aspects of the EU’s functioning. Thus started the ‘competition’ between the doctrinal and the empirical within EU law scholarship. To solve the methodological impasse, co-operation between methods would seem the most sensible approach in view of higher epistemological gains. However, this chapter demonstrates that methodological synergy may not solve the challenge of identifying the most comprehensive and accurate research method to study EU law so easily. It does so by offering critical reflections on the epistemological limits of empirical doctrinal methods, and a novel perspective on the empirical underpinnings of EU legal doctrinal scholarship. Ultimately, the chapter invites EU law scholars to adopt methodological modesty, as the boundaries between methods may not be as clear-cut as one would think, especially in EU law research.

This chapter is structured in four parts. First, the chapter reviews current approaches to the integration challenge and makes the case for a pragmatist approach. Second, it uses pragmatism to differentiate qualitative and quantitative research purposes and show how these purposes can be integrated to produce a more granular conceptualization of the synergies within simultaneous, sequential, and recursive designs. Third, it considers the question of creativity in mixed methods designs as a consequence of adopting a pragmatist standpoint. The chapter ends with a set of implications for mixed methods research and a call for new and creative methodologies in this area.