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5 results

  • 6 - Smell, Disgust, and Alzheimer’s

  • Daniel Gibbs, Emeritus of Oregon Health and Science University
  • Book:
    Dispatches from the Land of Alzheimer's
    Published online:
    19 January 2024
    Print publication:
    22 February 2024, pp 26-29

  • Summary

    The earliest neuropathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease, the beta-amyloid plaques, usually appear first in olfactory parts of the brain including the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and entorhinal cortex. I totally lost my ability to smell several years before I developed any measurable cognitive impairment. Almost all people with Alzheimer’s have at least some impairment of olfaction, but most are not aware of it unless tested, probably because it comes on so gradually.

  • 12 - Olfactory Impairment in Covid-19 and Alzheimer’s

  • Daniel Gibbs, Emeritus of Oregon Health and Science University
  • Book:
    Dispatches from the Land of Alzheimer's
    Published online:
    19 January 2024
    Print publication:
    22 February 2024, pp 52-55

  • Summary

    The loss of smell seen in Alzheimer’s disease is insidious in onset and slowly progressive. It does not go away. As in my case, it can begin 10 years or more before the onset of cognitive impairment. Many if not most people with Alzheimer’s disease don’t even notice the loss because it progresses so slowly. I don’t think I would have paid any attention to it had it not been for the illusory odors I experienced, the scent of baking bread mixed with perfume.

  • Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in patients with Behçet's disease

  • A Doğan, N Bayar Muluk, N Asal, M H Şahan, M Inal, Ö Gündüz, O K Arıkan
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 132 / Issue 12 / December 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 December 2018, pp. 1088-1092
    Print publication:
    December 2018
  • Objective

    To investigate olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in patients with Behçet's disease, using magnetic resonance imaging.

    Methods

    Cranial magnetic resonance imaging scans of 27 adults with Behçet's disease (10 males and 17 females) and 27 healthy controls were examined. Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth were measured on coronal, T2-weighted, spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery sequences.

    Results

    Bilateral olfactory bulb volume and right-sided olfactory sulcus depth were significantly lower in the Behçet's disease group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Left-sided olfactory sulcus depth increased with Behçet's disease duration. In both groups, olfactory bulb volume was significantly higher in the left than the right side. There were no gender differences for olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth. Positive correlations were determined between right- and left-sided olfactory bulb volume values and between right- and left-sided olfactory sulcus depth values.

    Conclusion

    Behçet's disease may decrease olfactory functions, related to lower olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth. The affected vascular system and possibly damaged neural system, nasal mucosal lesions, and prolonged nasal mucociliary clearance time may cause olfactory dysfunction. Patient follow up is recommended, with magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the olfactory system if necessary.

  • 1 - Structure and Function of the Olfactory System

  • from Section I - Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology: Olfactory Clues to Brain Development and Disorder
  • Edited by Warrick J. Brewer, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Melbourne, David Castle, University of Melbourne, Christos Pantelis
  • Foreword by Peter Doherty
  • Book:
    Olfaction and the Brain
    Published online:
    17 August 2009
    Print publication:
    19 October 2006, pp 3-27

  • Summary

    This chapter provides an overview of the anatomy of the primary olfactory system, the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb. A notable feature of olfactory bulb anatomy is the convergence of feedback from higher centres whose axons project onto the interneurons at the granule and periglomerular levels. The chapter shows how the chemical properties of odorant molecules are encoded into neural activity. It covers the consequences of this neural activity and how it defines the regions of the human brain involved in olfactory perception. The olfactory system is characterised by relatively direct connections to brain structures implicated in memory and emotion such as the hippocampus, thalamus, and frontal cortex. With the development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), it is possible to reveal large-scale activation patterns associated with particular cognitive processes, allowing the identification of the neural networks specifically activated by chemosensory stimuli.

  • 18 - Adult neurogenesis and neural precursors, progenitors, and stem cells in the adult CNS

  • from Section B1 - Neural repair
    • By Jeffrey D. MacKlis, Department of Neurology, MGH-HMS Center for Nervous System Repair, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Gerd Kempermann, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Germany
  • Edited by Michael Selzer, University of Pennsylvania, Stephanie Clarke, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland, Leonardo Cohen, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, Pamela Duncan, University of Florida, Fred Gage, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego
  • Book:
    Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
    Published online:
    05 March 2012
    Print publication:
    16 February 2006, pp 303-325

  • Summary

    This chapter deals with adult neurogenesis and examines what is known about the behavior and function of precursor cells in the adult brain. It outlines few examples of normally occurring neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), and describes adult neural precursors. Functional adult neurogenesis occurs in many non-mammalian vertebrates. The chapter reviews a few lines of recent research demonstrating that endogenous neural precursors can be induced to differentiate into neurons in regions of the adult brain that do not normally undergo neurogenesis. In the adult mammalian brain, neurogenesis normally occurs only in the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Transplantation studies support the concept of neurogenic and non-neurogenic regions, and provide evidence about the role of the microenvironment in realizing the potential of neuronal stem or progenitor cells. Neuronal replacement therapies based on manipulation of endogenous precursors may be possible in the future.