Nature-based solutions (NbSs) are increasingly recognised for their potential to address climate change and biodiversity loss, but their role in mitigating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains underexplored. AMR and climate change share environmental drivers, such as pollution, ecosystem degradation, and industrial agriculture, yet responses often remain fragmented and technocratic. This paper draws on a global roundtable series convened under the British Academy’s “Just Transitions for AMR” initiative to explore how NbS can support more just, equitable, and integrated responses to these intersecting crises. Bringing together 46 experts from public health, environmental science, agriculture, governance, and social sciences, the roundtables facilitated interdisciplinary exchange across Africa, Asia, and Europe. The paper synthesises insights across four thematic areas: conceptualising Just Transitions in NbS, identifying co-benefits for scaling NbS for climate and AMR mitigation, addressing implementation barriers, and proposing future directions. Findings emphasise the need to reframe NbS as socially embedded practices co-designed with communities, rather than as technical fixes. Participants called for investment in place-based approaches, participatory monitoring, and governance structures promoting inclusion. The paper concludes by aligning NbS with One Health and Just Transition principles, urging a shift from isolated interventions to systems-oriented transformations that redress power imbalances in environmental and health governance.

Emerging scholarship on global governance offers ever-more detailed analyses of private regulatory regimes. These regimes aim to regulate some area of social activity without a mandate from, or participation of, states or international organizations. While there are numerous empirical studies of these regimes, the normative theoretical literature has arguably struggled to keep pace with such developments. This is unfortunate, as the proliferation of private regulatory regimes raises important issues about legitimacy in global governance. The aim of this paper is to address some of these issues by elaborating a theoretical framework that can orientate normative investigation of these schemes. It does this through turning to the idea of experimentalist governance. It is argued that experimentalism can provide an important and provocative set of insights about the processes and logics of emerging governance schemes. The critical purchase of this theory is illustrated through an application to the case of primary commodities roundtables, part of ongoing attempts by non-governmental organizations, producers, and buyers to set sustainability criteria for commodity production across a range of sectors. The idea of experimentalist governance, we argue, can lend much needed theoretical structure to debates about the normative legitimacy of private regulatory regimes.