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1 results

  • 7 - Two Systems: A Descriptive Model That Explains How People Make Decisions

  • from Introduction to Part II: Cognitive Processes of Decision Making
  • Harvey J. Langholtz, William & Mary
  • Book:
    Making Decisions: Analytics, Cognition, and Application
    Published online:
    23 October 2025
    Print publication:
    06 November 2025, pp 91-99

  • Summary

    The two-systems descriptive model of human decision making was popularized by Daniel Kahneman in his book Thinking Fast and Slow ( 2011). System 1 is on whenever we are awake, requires almost no deliberate effort, and is quick. When System 1 detects that a question or decision requires more thoughtful or deliberate analysis, it will call in System 2. However, System 1 can sometimes be impetuous and overconfident and make snap decisions before System 2 has had the opportunity to review what System 1 is doing. System 2, while capable of more deliberate thinking, can often be lazy and simply accept the conclusion that System 1 has reached. This descriptive model explains how people will sometimes arrive quickly at a conclusion with no effort, and how a more thorough analysis will be conducted if and when System 2 engages.