Albert algebras provide key tools for understanding exceptional groups and related structures such as symmetric spaces. This self-contained book provides the first comprehensive reference on Albert algebras over fields without any restrictions on the characteristic of the field. As well as covering results in characteristic 2 and 3, many results are proven for Albert algebras over an arbitrary commutative ring, showing that they hold in this greater generality. The book extensively covers requisite knowledge, such as non-associative algebras over commutative rings, scalar extensions, projective modules, alternative algebras, and composition algebras over commutative rings, with a special focus on octonion algebras. It then goes into Jordan algebras, Lie algebras, and group schemes, providing exercises so readers can apply concepts. This centralized resource illuminates the interplay between results that use only the structure of Albert algebras and those that employ theorems about group schemes, and is ideal for mathematics and physics researchers.

This text, the second of two volumes, builds on the foundational material on ergodic theory and geometric measure theory provided in Volume I, and applies all the techniques discussed to describe the beautiful and rich dynamics of elliptic functions. The text begins with an introduction to topological dynamics of transcendental meromorphic functions, before progressing to elliptic functions, discussing at length their classical properties, measurable dynamics and fractal geometry. The authors then look in depth at compactly non-recurrent elliptic functions. Much of this material is appearing for the first time in book or paper form. Both senior and junior researchers working in ergodic theory and dynamical systems will appreciate what is sure to be an indispensable reference.

This text, the first of two volumes, provides a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to a wide range of fundamental results from ergodic theory and geometric measure theory. Topics covered include: finite and infinite abstract ergodic theory, Young's towers, measure-theoretic Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, thermodynamics formalism, geometric function theory, various kinds of conformal measures, conformal graph directed Markov systems and iterated functions systems, semi-local dynamics of analytic functions, and nice sets. Many examples are included, along with detailed explanations of essential concepts and full proofs, in what is sure to be an indispensable reference for both researchers and graduate students.

Bruhat–Tits theory is an important topic in number theory, representation theory, harmonic analysis, and algebraic geometry. This book gives the first comprehensive treatment of this theory over discretely valued Henselian fields. It can serve both as a reference for researchers in the field and as a thorough introduction for graduate students and early career mathematicians. Part I of the book gives a review of the relevant background material, touching upon Lie theory, metric geometry, algebraic groups, and integral models. Part II gives a complete, detailed, and motivated treatment of the core theory as well as an axiomatic summary of Bruhat–Tits theory that suffices for the main applications. Part III treats modern topics that have become important in current research. Part IV provides a few sample applications of the theory. The appendices contain further details on the topic of integral models, including a detailed study of integral models.

Arithmetic groups are generalisations, to the setting of algebraic groups over a global field, of the subgroups of finite index in the general linear group with entries in the ring of integers of an algebraic number field. They are rich, diverse structures and they arise in many areas of study. This text enables you to build a solid, rigorous foundation in the subject. It first develops essential geometric and number theoretical components to the investigations of arithmetic groups, and then examines a number of different themes, including reduction theory, (semi)-stable lattices, arithmetic groups in forms of the special linear group, unipotent groups and tori, and reduction theory for adelic coset spaces. Also included is a thorough treatment of the construction of geometric cycles in arithmetically defined locally symmetric spaces, and some associated cohomological questions. Written by a renowned expert, this book is a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students.

This book presents the probabilistic methods around Hardy martingales for an audience interested in their applications to complex, harmonic, and functional analysis. Building on work of Bourgain, Garling, Jones, Maurey, Pisier, and Varopoulos, it discusses in detail those martingale spaces that reflect characteristic qualities of complex analytic functions. Its particular themes are holomorphic random variables on Wiener space, and Hardy martingales on the infinite torus product, and numerous deep applications to the geometry and classification of complex Banach spaces, e.g., the SL∞ estimates for Doob's projection operator, the embedding of L1 into L1/H1, the isomorphic classification theorem for the polydisk algebras, or the real variables characterization of Banach spaces with the analytic Radon Nikodym property. Due to the inclusion of key background material on stochastic analysis and Banach space theory, it's suitable for a wide spectrum of researchers and graduate students working in classical and functional analysis.

In 1988, E. Verlinde gave a remarkable conjectural formula for the dimension of conformal blocks over a smooth curve in terms of representations of affine Lie algebras. Verlinde's formula arose from physical considerations, but it attracted further attention from mathematicians when it was realized that the space of conformal blocks admits an interpretation as the space of generalized theta functions. A proof followed through the work of many mathematicians in the 1990s. This book gives an authoritative treatment of all aspects of this theory. It presents a complete proof of the Verlinde formula and full details of the connection with generalized theta functions, including the construction of the relevant moduli spaces and stacks of G-bundles. Featuring numerous exercises of varying difficulty, guides to the wider literature and short appendices on essential concepts, it will be of interest to senior graduate students and researchers in geometry, representation theory and theoretical physics.

Factorization algebras are local-to-global objects that play a role in classical and quantum field theory that is similar to the role of sheaves in geometry: they conveniently organize complicated information. Their local structure encompasses examples like associative and vertex algebras; in these examples, their global structure encompasses Hochschild homology and conformal blocks. In this second volume, the authors show how factorization algebras arise from interacting field theories, both classical and quantum, and how they encode essential information such as operator product expansions, Noether currents, and anomalies. Along with a systematic reworking of the Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism via derived geometry and factorization algebras, this book offers concrete examples from physics, ranging from angular momentum and Virasoro symmetries to a five-dimensional gauge theory.

The long-standing Kervaire invariant problem in homotopy theory arose from geometric and differential topology in the 1960s and was quickly recognised as one of the most important problems in the field. In 2009 the authors of this book announced a solution to the problem, which was published to wide acclaim in a landmark Annals of Mathematics paper. The proof is long and involved, using many sophisticated tools of modern (equivariant) stable homotopy theory that are unfamiliar to non-experts. This book presents the proof together with a full development of all the background material to make it accessible to a graduate student with an elementary algebraic topology knowledge. There are explicit examples of constructions used in solving the problem.Also featuring a motivating history of the problem and numerous conceptual and expository improvements on the proof, this is the definitive account of the resolution of the Kervaire invariant problem.

This book provides a complete and reasonably self-contained account of a new classification of connected Lie groups into two classes. The first part describes the use of tools from potential theory to establish the classification and to show that the analytic and algebraic approaches to the classification are equivalent. Part II covers geometric theory of the same classification and a proof that it is equivalent to the algebraic approach. Part III is a new approach to the geometric classification that requires more advanced geometric technology, namely homotopy, homology and the theory of currents. Using these methods, a more direct, but also more sophisticated, approach to the equivalence of the geometric and algebraic classification is made. Background material is introduced gradually to familiarise readers with ideas from areas such as Lie groups, differential topology and probability, in particular, random walks on groups. Numerous open problems inspire students to explore further.

Intersection homology is a version of homology theory that extends Poincaré duality and its applications to stratified spaces, such as singular varieties. This is the first comprehensive expository book-length introduction to intersection homology from the viewpoint of singular and piecewise-linear chains. Recent breakthroughs have made this approach viable by providing intersection homology and cohomology versions of all the standard tools in the homology tool box, making the subject readily accessible to graduate students and researchers in topology as well as researchers from other fields. This text includes both new research material and new proofs of previously-known results in intersection homology, as well as treatments of many classical topics in algebraic and manifold topology. Written in a detailed but expository style, this book is suitable as an introduction to intersection homology or as a thorough reference.

The theory of unitary group representations began with finite groups, and blossomed in the twentieth century both as a natural abstraction of classical harmonic analysis, and as a tool for understanding various physical phenomena. Combining basic theory and new results, this monograph is a fresh and self-contained exposition of group representations and harmonic analysis on solvable Lie groups. Covering a range of topics from stratification methods for linear solvable actions in a finite-dimensional vector space, to complete proofs of essential elements of Mackey theory and a unified development of the main features of the orbit method for solvable Lie groups, the authors provide both well-known and new examples, with a focus on those relevant to contemporary applications. Clear explanations of the basic theory make this an invaluable reference guide for graduate students as well as researchers.

Over 100 years ago Harald Bohr identified a deep problem about the convergence of Dirichlet series, and introduced an ingenious idea relating Dirichlet series and holomorphic functions in high dimensions. Elaborating on this work, almost twnety years later Bohnenblust and Hille solved the problem posed by Bohr. In recent years there has been a substantial revival of interest in the research area opened up by these early contributions. This involves the intertwining of the classical work with modern functional analysis, harmonic analysis, infinite dimensional holomorphy and probability theory as well as analytic number theory. New challenging research problems have crystallized and been solved in recent decades. The goal of this book is to describe in detail some of the key elements of this new research area to a wide audience. The approach is based on three pillars: Dirichlet series, infinite dimensional holomorphy and harmonic analysis.

Spectral spaces are a class of topological spaces. They are a tool linking algebraic structures, in a very wide sense, with geometry. They were invented to give a functional representation of Boolean algebras and distributive lattices and subsequently gained great prominence as a consequence of Grothendieck's invention of schemes. There are more than 1,000 research articles about spectral spaces, but this is the first monograph. It provides an introduction to the subject and is a unified treatment of results scattered across the literature, filling in gaps and showing the connections between different results. The book includes new research going beyond the existing literature, answering questions that naturally arise from this comprehensive approach. The authors serve graduates by starting gently with the basics. For experts, they lead them to the frontiers of current research, making this book a valuable reference source.

Symmetrization is a rich area of mathematical analysis whose history reaches back to antiquity. This book presents many aspects of the theory, including symmetric decreasing rearrangement and circular and Steiner symmetrization in Euclidean spaces, spheres and hyperbolic spaces. Many energies, frequencies, capacities, eigenvalues, perimeters and function norms are shown to either decrease or increase under symmetrization. The book begins by focusing on Euclidean space, building up from two-point polarization with respect to hyperplanes. Background material in geometric measure theory and analysis is carefully developed, yielding self-contained proofs of all the major theorems. This leads to the analysis of functions defined on spheres and hyperbolic spaces, and then to convolutions, multiple integrals and hypercontractivity of the Poisson semigroup. The author's 'star function' method, which preserves subharmonicity, is developed with applications to semilinear PDEs. The book concludes with a thorough self-contained account of the star function's role in complex analysis, covering value distribution theory, conformal mapping and the hyperbolic metric.

Equivariant homotopy theory started from geometrically motivated questions about symmetries of manifolds. Several important equivariant phenomena occur not just for a particular group, but in a uniform way for all groups. Prominent examples include stable homotopy, K-theory or bordism. Global equivariant homotopy theory studies such uniform phenomena, i.e. universal symmetries encoded by simultaneous and compatible actions of all compact Lie groups. This book introduces graduate students and researchers to global equivariant homotopy theory. The framework is based on the new notion of global equivalences for orthogonal spectra, a much finer notion of equivalence than is traditionally considered. The treatment is largely self-contained and contains many examples, making it suitable as a textbook for an advanced graduate class. At the same time, the book is a comprehensive research monograph with detailed calculations that reveal the intrinsic beauty of global equivariant phenomena.

Factorization algebras are local-to-global objects that play a role in classical and quantum field theory which is similar to the role of sheaves in geometry: they conveniently organize complicated information. Their local structure encompasses examples like associative and vertex algebras; in these examples, their global structure encompasses Hochschild homology and conformal blocks. In this first volume, the authors develop the theory of factorization algebras in depth, but with a focus upon examples exhibiting their use in field theory, such as the recovery of a vertex algebra from a chiral conformal field theory and a quantum group from Abelian Chern-Simons theory. Expositions of the relevant background in homological algebra, sheaves and functional analysis are also included, thus making this book ideal for researchers and graduates working at the interface between mathematics and physics.

Discriminant equations are an important class of Diophantine equations with close ties to algebraic number theory, Diophantine approximation and Diophantine geometry. This book is the first comprehensive account of discriminant equations and their applications. It brings together many aspects, including effective results over number fields, effective results over finitely generated domains, estimates on the number of solutions, applications to algebraic integers of given discriminant, power integral bases, canonical number systems, root separation of polynomials and reduction of hyperelliptic curves. The authors' previous title, Unit Equations in Diophantine Number Theory, laid the groundwork by presenting important results that are used as tools in the present book. This material is briefly summarized in the introductory chapters along with the necessary basic algebra and algebraic number theory, making the book accessible to experts and young researchers alike.

An H(b) space is defined as a collection of analytic functions that are in the image of an operator. The theory of H(b) spaces bridges two classical subjects, complex analysis and operator theory, which makes it both appealing and demanding. Volume 1 of this comprehensive treatment is devoted to the preliminary subjects required to understand the foundation of H(b) spaces, such as Hardy spaces, Fourier analysis, integral representation theorems, Carleson measures, Toeplitz and Hankel operators, various types of shift operators and Clark measures. Volume 2 focuses on the central theory. Both books are accessible to graduate students as well as researchers: each volume contains numerous exercises and hints, and figures are included throughout to illustrate the theory. Together, these two volumes provide everything the reader needs to understand and appreciate this beautiful branch of mathematics.

This book presents a detailed and contemporary account of the classical theory of convergence of semigroups and its more recent development treating the case where the limit semigroup, in contrast to the approximating semigroups, acts merely on a subspace of the original Banach space (this is the case, for example, with singular perturbations). The author demonstrates the far-reaching applications of this theory using real examples from various branches of pure and applied mathematics, with a particular emphasis on mathematical biology. The book may serve as a useful reference, containing a significant number of new results ranging from the analysis of fish populations to signaling pathways in living cells. It comprises many short chapters, which allows readers to pick and choose those topics most relevant to them, and it contains 160 end-of-chapter exercises so that readers can test their understanding of the material as they go along.