Hostname: page-component-76d6cb85b7-kcxw8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-24T14:16:22.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Forestry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2011

J. D. Matthews
J. D. Matthews
Affiliation:
Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB9 2UU
Get access

Extract

Anderson (F.R.S.E. 1952), in A History of Scottish Forestry (1967), pieced together from many varied historical sources a picture of the natural indigenous woodlands of Scotland, which has been confirmed by scientific studies based on pollen counts and botanical analysis (McVean 1964; Durno 1973; Godwin 1975). The species composition of these natural indigenous woodlands was closely associated with geology, soil and elevation. Around the coast and in the lower parts of the river valleys, the moist, fertile mineral soils carried deciduous woodland comprising oak (Quercus robur and Q. petraea), Wych elm (Ulmus glabra), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Black alder (Alnus glutinosa). On the drier soils, there was less ash and elm but more birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) along with the oak. Above the oak-ash-elm woodlands, on the lower and middle slopes of hills composed of igneous and rich metamorphic rocks, the woodlands included birch, alder, aspen (Populus tremuld), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), willow (Salix species) and hazel (Corylus avellana). Above this zone were short scrubby stands of birch and willow.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Anderson, A. W. 1950. The coming of the flowers. London: Williams and Moorgatc.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. L. 1967. A history of Scottish forestry. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Nelson.Google Scholar
Beresford-Pierse, Sir Henry. 1954. Forest policy and legislation affecting Scotland 1854–1953. Scott. For. 8,1, 15–25.Google Scholar
Bowman, J. C. 1980. Strategy for the UK forest industry. Centre for Agricultural Strategy, Report 6, University of Reading.Google Scholar
Boyd, J. 1918. Afforestation. Edinburgh: Chambers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. 1847. The forester (1st edn). Edinburgh: Blackwood.Google Scholar
Caborn, J. M. 1957. Shelterbclts and microclimate. For. Commn Bull. 29. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Callaham, R. Z. 1964. Provenance research: investigation of genetic diversity associated with geography. Unasylva 18, 2/3, 40–50.Google Scholar
Cannell, M. 1979. Biological opportunities for genetic improvement in forest productivity. In The ecology of even-aged forest plantations, pp. 119–144. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.Google Scholar
Cieslar, A. 1907. Die Bedeutung klimatischer Varietäten unserer Holzarten für den Waldbau. Centbl. ges. Forstw. 33, 1–19, 49–62.Google Scholar
Cieslar, A. 1923. Untersuchungen über die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Herkunft des Saatgutes der Stieleichc. Centbl. Ges. Forstw. 49.Google Scholar
Commonwealth Forestry Bureau. 1960. The work and growth of the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Oxford, 1939–1959. Oxford: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
Cox, E. H. M. 1935. A history of gardening in Scotland. London: Chatto and Windus.Google Scholar
Crooke, M. 1976. Animals and birds of the woodlands. In Forests of north-cast Scotland, pp. 32–42. For. Commn Guide. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Durno, S. E. 1973. Vegetation chronology. In The organic resources of Scotland, ed. Tivy, J., pp. 24–37. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Edlin, H. L. 1976. Forests of north-east Scotland. For Commn Guide. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Edwards, M. V. 1956. The design, layout and control of provenance experiments. Z. forstgenet. Forstpflzüeht 5, 5/6, 169–180.Google Scholar
Edwards, M. V. and Howell, R. S. 1962. Planning an experimental programme for species trials. Proc. 8th Br. Commonw. For. Conf. East Africa 1–11.Google Scholar
Elwes, H. J. and Henry, A. 1906–1913. The trees of Great Britain and Ireland. Vols 1 to 7. Edinburgh, published privately.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, R. 1979. The exploitation of genetic variation by selection and breeding. In The ecology of evenaged forest plantations, pp. 99–117. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.Google Scholar
Fletcher, H. R. and Brown, W. H. 1970. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, 1670–1970. Edinburgh: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Forestry Commission. 1943. Post-war forest policy. Report by HM Forestry Commissioners. Command 6447. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Godwin, H. 1975. History of the natural forests of Britain. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 271, 45–67.Google Scholar
Haddington, , 6th Earl of. 1756. A short treatise on forest trees. In The Scots Gardner, ed. Reid, J., 1766.Google Scholar
Haddington, 6th Earl of. 1761. A treatise on the manner of raising forest trees. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Henry, A. 1912. The artificial production of vigorous trees. J. Dep. Agric. Tech. Instruct. Ire. 15, 1.Google Scholar
Henry, A. 1920. The artificial production of vigorous trees by hybridisation. Q. Jl For. 14, 253–257.Google Scholar
Henry, A. and Flood, M. G. 1919. The history of the Dunkeld hybrid larch Larix eurolepis with notes on other hybrid conifers. Proc. Roy. Jr. Acad. 35B, 58–66.Google Scholar
Holmes, G. D. 1975. History of forestry and forest management. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 281, 69–80.Google Scholar
Horne, J. E. A. 1964. Glenlivet forest. Scott. For. 18, 2, 77–83.Google Scholar
Hutchison, R. 1879. On the progress of forestry in Scotland. Trans. Scott. Arboric. Soc. 9, 1, 1–26.Google Scholar
Kent, A. H. 1900. Veitch's manual of the Coniferae. Chelsea: James Veitch.Google Scholar
I.U.F.R.O. 1975. International Union of Forestry Research Organisations. Annual Report 1975, Vienna.Google Scholar
Langlet, I. 1971. Two hundred years of genecology. Taxon 20, 5/6, 653–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Last, F. T. 1975. Some aspects of genecology of trees. East Malling Res. Rep. 1974, pp. 25–40. Maidstone, Kent.Google Scholar
Lines, R. 1970. The beginnings of provenance studies. J. For. Commn 36, 81.Google Scholar
Locke, G. M. L. 1976. The place of forestry in Scotland. For. Commn Res. Dev. Pap. 113.Google Scholar
Loudon, J. C. 1804. Observations on the formation and management of useful and ornamental plantations. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Lovat, Lord and Stirling of Keir. 1911. Afforestation in Scotland. Forest Survey of Glen Mor. Trans. Roy. Scott. Arboric. Soc. 24, 1–91.Google Scholar
Macdonald, J. 1954. Forestry research and experiment in Scotland 1854–1953. Scott. For. 8, 3, 127–141.Google Scholar
Mantel, K. 1964. History of the international science of forestry, with special consideration of Central Europe. Int. Rev. For. Res. 1, 1–37.Google Scholar
Mather, A. S. 1970. Pre-1745 land use and conservation in a highland glen. Scott. Geogr. Mag. 86, 3, 159–169.Google Scholar
Matthews, J. D. 1975. Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen. Aberd. Univ. Rev. 46, 2, 154, 117–131.Google Scholar
Matthews, J. D. 1976. The development of forest science. Appl. Biol. 1, 49–88.Google Scholar
McVean, D. N. 1964. Woodland and scrub. In The vegetation of Scotland, ed. Burnett, J. H., pp. 144–167. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Ministry of Reconstruction. 1918. Forestry Sub-Committee, final report. Command 8881. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A. F. 1972. Conifers in the British Isles. For. Commn Bookl. 33. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Monteath, R. 1820. The forester's guide. Stirling.Google Scholar
Mutch, W. E. S. 1968. Public recreation in national forests. For. Commn Bookl. 21. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
N.S.A.S. 1845. New statistical account of Scotland. 15 vols. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Newton, J. P. 1981a. Employment in the hills and uplands. Scott. For. 35, 4, 239–248.Google Scholar
Newton, J. P. 1981b. More food and wood from the hills and uplands. Scott. For. 35, 4, 267–273.Google Scholar
Nicol, W. 1803. The practical planter, or a treatise on forest planting, 2nd edn. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
O'Riordan, T. 1982. Earth's Survival Report 7. Putting trust in the countryside. World Conservation Strategy. London: Nature Conservancy Council.Google Scholar
O.S.A.S., 1791. The statistical account of Scotland. Ed. Sinclair, Sir J.. 21 vols. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Royal Commission on Coast Erosion. 1909. Second report (on afforestation). Command 4460. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Schlich, W. 1916. Forestry in the United Kingdom. Q. Jl For. 10, 3, 165–185.Google Scholar
Sharp, L. 1975. Timber, science and economic reform in the seventeenth century. Forestry 48, 1, 51–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shioya, T. 1967. A short history of forestry and forestry research in east Asia. Int. Rev. For. Res. 2, 1–42.Google Scholar
Smith, A. 1776. The wealth of nations, ed. Skinner, A. (1970), p. 271. Harmsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Society of Forest History. 1960. A treatise on forestry by C. D. F. Reventlow. Hørsholm, Denmark.Google Scholar
Speer, J. 1973. IUFRO 1892–1972. Ås, Norway: International Union of Forestry Research Organisations.Google Scholar
Steel, Sir Samuel Strang. 1954. History and activities of the Royal Scottish Forestry Society. Scott. For. 8, 1, 8–14.Google Scholar
Steele, R. 1972. Wildlife conservation in woodlands. For. Commn Bookl. 29. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Steven, H. M. and Carlisle, A. 1959. The native pinewoods of Scotland. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Stewart, G. C. 1978. Inter-relations between agriculture and forestry in the uplands of Scotland: a forestry view. Scott. For. 32, 3, 153–181.Google Scholar
, S.W.O.A.C. 1978. Dumfries and Galloway Region, study of forest resources. Edinburgh: Scottish Woodland Owners Association (Commercial) Ltd.Google Scholar
Symon, J. A. 1959. Scottish farming, past and present. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Troup, R. S. 1928. Silvicultural systems, 1st edn. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Wight, A. 1778–1784. Present state of husbandry in Scotland. 4 vols. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Wilkes, W. and Weathers, J. 1892. Report of the conifer conference 1891. Jl Roy. Hon. Soc. Lond. 14.Google Scholar
Wood, R. F. 1974. Fifty years of forest research. For. Commn Bull. 50. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar