Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T00:57:17.179Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Cognitive Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2022

By
Damon Salzman  and
Shakeel Tabish
Edited by
Néstor Gálvez-Jiménez ,
Amos D. Korczyn  and
Ramón Lugo-Sanchez
Néstor Gálvez-Jiménez
Affiliation:
Florida International University
Amos D. Korczyn
Affiliation:
Tel-Aviv University
Ramón Lugo-Sanchez
Affiliation:
Cleveland Clinic
Get access

Summary

In 1817, the English surgeon Dr James Parkinson penned his now classic work, “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy.” He describes the condition as, “an involuntary tremulous motion, with lessened muscular power, in parts not in action, and even when supported; with a propensity to bend the trunk forwards, and to pass from a walking to a running pace; the senses and intellects being uninjured” [1].

The description of this paralysis agitans (later renamed as Parkinson’s disease by Jean Marie Charcot) has largely remained unchanged today over 200 years later. However, we now realize that the latter part, that the senses and intellect being uninjured, is incorrect. This chapter will summarize the prevalence, incidence, pathophysiology, and the scope of the cognitive changes that are seen in this disease.

Type
Chapter
Information
Non-motor Parkinson's Disease , pp. 66 - 77
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Parkinson, J. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. Sherwood, Neely and Jones; 1817.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Global Action Plan on the Global Response to Dementia 2017–2025. Geneva; 2017.Google Scholar
Thaler, A, Posen, J, Giladi, N, et al. Appreciation of humor is decreased among patients with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18(2): 144–148.Google Scholar
Aarsland, D, Zaccai, J, Brayne, C. A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 1255–1263.Google Scholar
Cummings, JL. Intellectual impairment in Parkinson’s disease: clinical, pathologic, and biochemical correlates. Top Geriatr 1988; 1(1): 24–36.Google Scholar
Aarsland D, , Andersen K, , Larsen, JP, et al. Risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology Mar 2001; 56(6): 730–736.Google Scholar
Hobson, P, Meara, J. Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson’s disease in the United Kingdom. Mov Disord 2004; 19: 1043–1049.Google Scholar
Aarsland, D, Andersen, K, Larsen, JP, Lolk, A. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60(3): 387–392.Google Scholar
Butler, TC, van den Hout A, , Matthews, FE, et al. Dementia and survival in Parkinson disease: a 12-year population study. Neurology Mar 2008; 70(13): 1017–1022.Google Scholar
Poletti, M, Frosini, D, Pagni, C, et al. Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive-motor relationships in newly diagnosed drug-naive patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83: 601–606.Google Scholar
Muslimović D, , Post B, , Speelman JD, , Schmand B, . Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005; 65(8): 1239–1245.Google Scholar
Foltynie T, , Brayne CEG, , Robbins TW, , Barker RA, . The cognitive ability of an incident cohort of Parkinson’s patients in the UK. The CamPaIGN Study. Brain 2004; 127(3): 550–560.Google Scholar
Mayeux, R, Denaro, J, Hemenegildo, N, et al. A population-based investigation of Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia: relationship to age and gender. Arch Neurol 1992; 49(5): 492–497.Google Scholar
Levy, G, Schupf, N, Tang, MX, et al. Combined effect of age and severity on the risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 2002; 51: 722–729.Google Scholar
Anang JBM, , Gagnon JF, , Bertrand, JA, et al. Predictors of dementia in Parkinson disease: a prospective cohort study. Neurology 2014; 83(14): 1253–1260.Google Scholar
Anang JBM, , Gagnon JF, , Bertrand, JA, et al. Predictors of dementia in Parkinson disease: a prospective cohort study. Neurology 2014; 83(14): 1253–1260.Google Scholar
Jozwiak N, , Postuma RB, , Montplaisir, J, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Sleep 2017; 40(8): zsx101.Google Scholar
Anang JBM, , Gagnon JF, , Bertrand, JA, et al. Predictors of dementia in Parkinson disease: a prospective cohort study. Neurology 2014; 83(14): 1253–1260.Google Scholar
Alcalay RN, , Caccappolo E, , Mejia-Santana, H, et al. Cognitive performance of GBA mutation carriers with early-onset PD. Neurology 2012; 78(18): 1434–1440.Google Scholar
Chahine, LM, Qiang, J, Ashbridge, E, et al. Clinical and biochemical differences in patients having Parkinson disease with vs without GBA mutations. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70(7): 852–858.Google Scholar
Liu, G, Boot, B, Locascio, JJ, et al. Specifically neuropathic Gaucher’s mutations accelerate cognitive decline in Parkinson’s. Ann Neurol 2016; 80: 674–685.Google Scholar
Obi T, , Nishioka K, , Ross, OA, et al. Clinicopathologic study of a SNCA gene duplication patient with Parkinson disease and dementia. Neurology 2008; 70(3): 238–241.Google Scholar
Goris, A, Williams‐Gray, CH, Clark, GR, et al. Tau and α‐synuclein in susceptibility to, and dementia in, Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 2007; 62: 145–153.Google Scholar
Williams-Gray CH, , Evans JR, , Goris, AN, et al. The distinct cognitive syndromes of Parkinson’s disease: 5 year follow-up of the CamPaIGN cohort. Brain 2009; 132(11): 2958–2969.Google Scholar
Aarsland, D, Perry, R, Brown, A, et al. Neuropathology of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a prospective, community‐based study. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 773–776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apaydin, H, Ahlskog, JE, Parisi, JE, et al. Parkinson disease neuropathology: later-developing dementia and loss of the levodopa response. Arch Neurol 2002; 59(1): 102–112.Google Scholar
Kövari, E, Gold, G, Herrmann, FR, et al. Lewy body densities in the entorhinal and anterior cingulate cortex predict cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol 2003; 106: 83–88.Google Scholar
Edison, P, Rowe, CC, Rinne, JO, et al. Amyloid load in Parkinson’s disease dementia and Lewy body dementia measured with [11 C] PIB positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1331–1338.Google Scholar
Petrou, M, Bohnen, NI, Müller, MLTM, et al. Aβ-amyloid deposition in patients with Parkinson disease at risk for development of dementia. Neurology 2012; 79(11): 1161–1167.Google Scholar
Kotzbauer, PT, Cairns, NJ, Campbell, MC, et al. Pathologic accumulation of α-synuclein and Aβ in Parkinson disease patients with dementia. Arch Neurol 2012; 69(10): 1326–1331.Google Scholar
Irwin, DJ, White, MT, Toledo, JB, et al. Neuropathologic substrates of Parkinson disease dementia. Ann Neurol 2012; 72: 587–598.Google Scholar
Hall H, , Reyes S, , Landeck, N, et al. Hippocampal Lewy pathology and cholinergic dysfunction are associated with dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2014; 137(9): 2493–2508.Google Scholar
Siderowf A, , Xie SX, , Hurtig, H, et al. CSF amyloid β 1–42 predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2010; 75(12): 1055–1061.Google Scholar
Alves G, , Lange J, , Blennow, K, et al. CSF Aβ42 predicts early-onset dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2014; 82(20): 1784–1790.Google Scholar
Burton, EJ, McKeith, IG, Burn, DJ, O’Brien, JT. Brain atrophy rates in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia using serial magnetic resonance imaging. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 1571–1576.Google Scholar
Nagano-Saito A, , Washimi Y, , Arahata, Y, et al. Cerebral atrophy and its relation to cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005; 64(2): 224–229.Google Scholar
Beyer, MK, Janvin, CC, Larsen, JP, et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of patients with Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment and dementia using voxel-based morphometry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 254–259.Google Scholar
Melzer, TR, Watts, R, MacAskill, MR, et al. Grey matter atrophy in cognitively impaired Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83: 188–194.Google Scholar
Mori, H. Pathological substrate of dementia in Parkinson’s disease – its relation to DLB and DLBD. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005; 11: S41–S45.Google Scholar
Ballard C, , Ziabreva I, , Perry, R, et al. Differences in neuropathologic characteristics across the Lewy body dementia spectrum. Neurology 2006; 67(11): 1931–1934.Google Scholar
Shimada H, , Hirano S, , Shinotoh, H, et al. Mapping of brain acetylcholinesterase alterations in Lewy body disease by PET. Neurology 2009; 73(4): 273–278.Google Scholar
Bohnen, NI, Kaufer, DI, Hendrickson, R, et al. Cognitive correlates of cortical cholinergic denervation in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonian dementia. J Neurol 2006; 253: 242–247.Google Scholar
Bohnen, NI, Kaufer, DI, Ivanco, LS, et al. Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in Parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60(12): 1745–1748.Google Scholar
Mattila, PM, Röyttä, M, Lönnberg, P, et al. Choline acetyltransferase activity and striatal dopamine receptors in Parkinson’s disease in relation to cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathol 2001; 102: 160–166.Google Scholar
Perry, EK, Curtis, M, Dick, DJ, et al. Cholinergic correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: comparisons with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 413–421.Google Scholar
Ehrt, U, Broich, K, Larsen, JP, et al. Use of drugs with anticholinergic effect and impact on cognition in Parkinson’s disease: a cohort study. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 160–165.Google Scholar
Bohnen, NI, Albin, RL, Müller, MLTM, et al. Frequency of cholinergic and caudate nucleus dopaminergic deficits across the predemented cognitive spectrum of Parkinson disease and evidence of interaction effects. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72(2): 194–200.Google Scholar
Morrison, C, Borod, J, Brin, M, et al. Effects of levodopa on cognitive functioning in moderate-to-severe Parkinson’s disease (MSPD). J Neural Transm 2004; 111: 1333–1341.Google Scholar
Stern, Y, Richards, M, Sano, M, Mayeux, R. Comparison of cognitive changes in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 1993; 50(10): 1040–1045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levin BE, , Llabre MM, , Reisman, S, et al. Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1991; 41(3): 365.Google Scholar
Muslimović D, , Post B, , Speelman JD, Schmand B. Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005; 65(8): 1239–1245.Google Scholar
Aarsland D, , Brønnick K, , Larsen, JP, et al. Cognitive impairment in incident, untreated Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009; 72(13): 1121–1126.Google Scholar
Pillon, B, Deweer, B, Agid, Y, Dubois, B. Explicit memory in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. Arch Neurol 1993; 50(4): 374–379.Google Scholar
Emre, M, Aarsland, D, Albanese, A, et al.Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2509–2518.Google Scholar
Tröster, AI, Browner, N. Movement disorders with dementia in older adults. In Ravdin, LD and Katzen HL, (eds.). Handbook on the Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementia. Springer Science + Business Media; 2013, 333–361.Google Scholar
Janvin, CC, Larsen, JP, Salmon, DP, et al. Cognitive profiles of individual patients with Parkinson’s disease and dementia: comparison with dementia with lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 337–342.Google Scholar
Lewis, SJG, Foltynie, T, Blackwell, AD, et al. Heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease in the early clinical stages using a data driven approach. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 343–348.Google Scholar
Aarsland, D, Andersen, K, Larsen, JP, Prevalence, Lolk A. and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60(3): 387–392.Google Scholar
Fénelon G, , Mahieux F, , Huon R, , Ziégler M, . Hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain 2000; 123(4): 733–745.Google Scholar
Aarsland, D, Andersen, K, Larsen, JP, Lolk, A. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60(3): 387–392.Google Scholar
Aarsland, D, Larsen, JP, Tandberg, E, Laake, K. Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson’s disease: a population‐based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 938–942.Google Scholar
Emre, M, Aarsland, D, Brown, R, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 1689–1707.Google Scholar
McKeith, IG, Burn D. Spectrum of Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s dementia, and Lewy body dementia. Neurolog Clin 2000; 18(4): 865–883.Google Scholar
McKeith IG, , Dickson DW, , Lowe, J, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2005; 65(12): 1863–1872.Google Scholar
Noe, E, Marder, K, Bell, KL, et al. Comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies to Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Mov Disord 2004; 19: 60–67.Google Scholar
Ballard CG, , Aarsland D, , McKeith, I, et al. Fluctuations in attention. Neurology 2002; 59(11): 1714–1720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pillon, B, Deweer, B, Agid, Y, Dubois, B. Explicit memory in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. Arch Neurol 1993; 50(4): 374–379.Google Scholar
Starkstein, SE, Sabe, L, Petracca, G, et al. Neuropsychological and psychiatric differences between Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61: 381–387.Google Scholar
Cahn-Weiner, DA, Williams, K, Grace, J, et al. Discrimination of dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease using the Clock Drawing Test. Cog Behav Neurol 2003; 16(2): 85–92.Google Scholar
Mosimann UP, , Mather G, , Wesnes, KA, et al. Visual perception in Parkinson disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2004; 63(11): 2091–2096.Google Scholar
Fénelon G, , Mahieux F, , Huon R, , Ziégler M, . Hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain 2000; 123 (4): 733–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aarsland, D, Ballard, C, Larsen, JP, McKeith, I. A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 2001; 16: 528–536.Google Scholar
Engelborghs, S, Maertens, K, Nagels, G, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: cross‐sectional analysis from a prospective, longitudinal Belgian study. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 2005; 20: 1028–1037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aarsland, D, Brønnick, K, Ehrt, U, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease and dementia: frequency, profile and associated care giver stress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 36–42.Google Scholar
Gjerstad MD, , Aarsland D, , Larsen, JP. Development of daytime somnolence over time in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2002; 58(10): 1544–1546.Google Scholar
Emre, M, Aarsland, D, Albanese, A, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2509–2518.Google Scholar
Dubois, B, Tolosa, E, Katzenschlager, R, et al. Donepezil in Parkinson’s disease dementia: a randomized, double‐blind efficacy and safety study. Mov Disord 2012; 27: 1230–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aarsland, D, Ballard B, Walker Z, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8(7): 613–618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×