Hostname: page-component-76d6cb85b7-2r2wp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-11T23:16:15.402Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Factor Structure and Factor Stability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Patients with Cancer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Stirling Moorey ,
Steven Greer ,
Maggie Watson ,
Christine Gorman ,
Linda Rowden ,
Robert Tunmore ,
Bernadette Robertson  and
Judith Bliss
Stirling Moorey*
Affiliation:
Cancer Research Campaign Psychological Medicine Group, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ
Steven Greer
Affiliation:
Cancer Research Campaign Psychological Medicine Group, Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT
Maggie Watson
Affiliation:
Cancer Research Campaign Psychological Medicine Group, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton
Christine Gorman
Affiliation:
CRC Psychological Medicine Group, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton
Linda Rowden
Affiliation:
Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton
Robert Tunmore
Affiliation:
Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road
Bernadette Robertson
Affiliation:
CRF Psychological Medicine Group, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road
Judith Bliss
Affiliation:
Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton
*
∗ Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An exploratory factor analysis of the HAD was carried out in 568 cancer patients. Two distinct, but correlated, factors emerged which corresponded to the questionnaire's anxiety and depression subscales. The factor structure proved stable when subsamples of the total sample were investigated. The internal consistency of the two subscales was also high. These results provide support for the use of the separate subscales of the HAD in studies of emotional disturbance in cancer patients.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 158 , Issue 2 , February 1991 , pp. 255 - 259
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1991 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM–III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Award, P. R. Gooding, J. H. McKenna, P. J. et al (1987) A validation Study of three anxiety and depression self-assessment scales. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31, 261–268.Google Scholar
Barczak, P. Kane, N. Andrews, S. et al (1988) Patterns of psychiatric morbidity in a genitourinary clinic: a validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 698–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T. Ward, C. H. Mendelson, M. M. et al (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BMDP (1988) Statistical Software. California: University of California.Google Scholar
Bramley, P. N. Easton, A. M. E. Morley, S. et al (1988) The differentiation of anxiety and depression by rating scales. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavica, 77, 136–139.Google Scholar
de Haes, J. C. J. M. Pruyn, J. F. A. & Van Knipperberg, F. C. G. (1983) Klachtenlijst voor kankerpatienten, eersts Ervaringen. Nederlands Tigdschrit voor Psychologic, 38, 403–422.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. (1972) The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Maudsley Monographs. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, J. (1982) A psychometric investigation of the standard and short form of the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychological Reports, 51, 1167–1170.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huppert, F. Walters, D. E. Day, N. E. et al (1989) The factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ): a reliability study on 6317 community residents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 178–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibbotson, T. Maouirb, P. Selby, P. et al (1989) Validating Self Rating Questionnaires. Paper presented to the Annual Conference of the British Psychosocial Oncology Group.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. H. & Wessely, S. C. (1990) Comparison of the General Health Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 860–864.Google Scholar
Klein, D. G. (1974) Endogenomorphic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 447–454.Google Scholar
Maguire, G. P. Lee, E. G. Bevington, D. J. et al (1978) Psychiatric problems in the first year after mastectomy. British Medical Journal, i, 963–965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moorey, S. & Greer, S. (1989) Psychological Therapy for Patients with Cancer: A New Approach. Oxford: Heinemann Medical Books.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C. (1978) Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
O'Brien, K. P. & Glaudin, V. (1988) Factorial structure and factor reliability of the Hamiltonian Rating Scale for Depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78, 114–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Razavi, D. Delvaux, N. Farvacques, C. et al (1990) Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in cancer in-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 79–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, R. P. Baugh, S. J. Clayden, A. D. et al (1982) The Clinical Anxiety Scale: an instrument derived from the Hamilton Rating Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 518–523.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. (1983) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–III. New York: New York State Institute.Google Scholar
Stavrakaki, C. & Vargo, B. (1986) The relationship of anxiety and depression: a review of the literature. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 7–16.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K. Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974) The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1979) WHO Handbook for Reporting Results of Cancer Treatment, Publication no. 48. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Zigmond, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. (1983) The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

This journal is not currently accepting new eletters.

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.