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The Origins of the ‘Wang—Chiang Cooperation’ in 1932
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 November 2008
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In January 1932 Wang Ching-wei and Chiang Kai-shek came to an agreement and formed a joint leadership in the Kuomintang (KMT) Government. The alliance between the two men lasted until December 1938 when Wang defected to the Japanese side during the Sino-Japanese War. Chinese historians often term this period as the era of ‘Wang-Chiang cooperation’ (Wang Chiang ho-tso). In fact, this was not the first time when these two men came to ally with each other in the party. The first time when Wang and Chiang formed a joint leadership was in August 1925 after the assassination of Liao Chung-k'ai. The death of Liao at that time had great repercussions throughout the party and both Wang and Chiang eventually emerged as the beneficiaries in the ensuing power struggle; for a time they jointly ruled the party. However, this alliance did not last long. The outbreak of the March Twentieth Incident in 1926 made Wang Ching-wei decide to let Chiang have his way and he later led a self-imposed exiled life in Europe. It was not until April 1927 when the KMT was seriously divided on the communist issue that Wang went back to China. Immediately after that was a split in the party with Wuhan and Nanking as the two rival centres, each of which claimed to be the legitimate Party Central. Wang and Chiang respectively became the leaders of these two Party Centrals.
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References
1 Throughout the period of ‘Wang–Chiang cooperation’, Wang twice retired from the government and went to Europe. The first time was in October 1932 when Wang, irritated by Chang Hsueh-liang's non-resistance policy towards Japan, resigned in protest and went to Europe. He came back in March 1933. The second time was in November 1935 when he was wounded by an assassin and retired to Europe in Febrauary 1936. He was back on the political stage in January 1937 after the outbreak of the Sian Incident. See Li, Li, Ch'ao, Hsia, Wang C'hing-wei p'ing-chuan (Wuhan, 1988), pp. 201–14, 244–56.Google Scholar
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114 Ibid. (17 January 1932), p. 3.
115 In October 1931, when Hu Han-min and Wang Ching-wei met in Shanghai, they agreed to nominate Sun Fo as President of the Executive Yuan. In the event, Wang did not back Sun Fo when he reached an understanding with Chiang Kai-shek. Hu was said to have been enraged by Wang's ‘betrayal’. See Hsi-chang, Ch'en, Kuang-chou shu-fu shih-hua (Tainan, 1974), p. 270;Google ScholarT'ien-ku, Ch'eng, Ch'eng T'ien-ku hid-i lu, p. 236. Eye-witnesses' accounts confirmed that Hu Han-min strongly supported Sun Fo's government. See Chou I-chih, ‘“Fei-ch'ang hui-i”’, pp. 93–4; Ch'en Ming-shu, ‘“Ning-yueh ho-tso”’, pp. 72–3; Meng Hsi, ‘Kuan-yu “fei-ch'ang hui-i”’, p. 107. Hu's firm support for Sun Fo was most clearly expressed in his telegram (8 January 1932) to Wang Ching-wei and Chiang Kai-shek where he frankly stated that he hoped that Sun Fo could still be allowed to carry out his government duties and policies.Google Scholar For the telegram, see ‘Fu Wang Ching-wei Chiang Chieh-shih liang hsiensheng yen shih-cheng tien’, in Han-min, Hu, Hu Han-min hsien-sheng-cheng-lun hsuan-pien (Canton, 1934), p. 669.Google Scholar
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117 Ibid., pp. 180–1; Ch'en Ming-shu, ‘“Ning-yueh ho-tso”’, pp. 76–8; Chou Ichih, ‘“Fei-ch'ang hui-i”’, pp. 95–6.
118 Ta-kung pao (9 January 1932), p. 3, (22 January 1932), p. 3.Google Scholar
119 Ibid.
120 Furuya, Keiji, Chiang Kai-shek, pp. 346–7;Google ScholarTong, Hollington K., Chiang Kai-shek, vol. 2, p. 337;Google ScholarMing-shu, Ch'en, ‘“Ning-yueh ho-tso”’, pp. 79–80; Chou I-chih, ‘“Fei-ch'ang hui-i”’, p. 96.Google Scholar
121 In a publication printed by Hu Han-min's supporters in Canton in 1934, it was alleged that both Wang and Chiang had forced Sun Fo to resign. See Fan-Chiang yun-tung shih, pp. 552, 557.
122 Furuya, Keiji, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 347.Google Scholar
123 Kung-po, Ch'en, K'u-hsiao lu, pp. 327–32;Google ScholarYu-sui, Fan, ‘Wo so chih-tao ti kai-tsu p'ai”, in Wen-shih tsu-liao hsuan, vol. 45, p. 230.Google Scholar