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² Pye, Lucian W., ed., Communications and Political Development (Princeton 1963), 16.Google Scholar

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⁵ See, e.g., Almond, Gabriel A., “Political Systems and Political Change,” American Behavioral Scientist, VI (June 1963), 3–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ward and Rustow, eds., Political Modernization, 7.

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¹² Lerner, Passing of Traditional Society, chap.2.

¹³ For the reductio ad absurdum, see Khadduri, Majid, Modern Libya: A Study in Political Development (Baltimore 1963)Google Scholar, and Taylor, J. Clagett, The Political Development of Tanganyika (Stanford 1963).Google Scholar In the titles and content of both, “political development” has no analytical meaning. It is simply a synonym (euphemism?) for “political history.” Both books are good history, but they are not social science.

¹⁴ See, e.g., Esman, Milton J., “The Politics of Development Administration,” to be published in Montgomery, John D. and Siffin, William, eds., Politics, Administration and Change: Approaches to Development (New York 1965).Google Scholar Esman bases his analysis on the assumption that the political leaders of modernizing societies are motivated by the goals of nation-building and social-economic progress and not by desire for personal power, wealth, status, or the territorial expansion of their countries. This assumption has about the same degree of truth and usefulness in explaining politics in the contemporary “developing” areas as the assumption that Stalin's policies were devoted to building communism has to the explanation of Soviet politics in the 1930's.

¹⁵ On the “erosion of democracy” and political instability, see Emerson, Rupert, From Empire to Nation (Cambridge, Mass., 1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chap. 15; and Brecher, Michael, The New States of Asia (London 1963)Google Scholar, chap. 2.

¹⁶ Almond, American Behavioral Scientist, VI, 6.

¹⁷ The concept of institutionalization has, of course, been used by other writers concerned with political development—most notably, S. N. Eisenstadt. His definition, however, differs significantly from my approach here. See, in particular, his “Initial Institutional Patterns of Political Modernisation,” Civilisations, XII (No. 4, 1962), 461–72, and XIII (No. 1, 1963), 15–26; “Institutionalization and Change,” American Sociological Review, XXIX (April 1964), 235–47; “Social Change, Differentiation and Evolution,” ibid., XXIX (June 1964), 375–86.

¹⁸ Mehta, Ashoka, in Aron, Raymond, ed., World Technology and Human Destiny (Ann Arbor 1963), 133.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See the very useful discussion in Selznick's, Philip small classic, Leadership in Administration (New York 1957), 5ff.Google Scholar

²⁰ See Zald, Mayer N. and Denton, Patricia, “From Evangelism to General Service: The Transformation of the YMCA,” Administrative Science Quarterly, VIII (September 1963), 214ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²³ Sills, David L., The Volunteers (Glencoe 1957), p. 266.Google Scholar Chap. 9 of this book is an excellent discussion of organizational goal replacement with reference to the YMCA, WCTU, Townsend Movement, Red Cross, and other case studies.

²⁴ Neumann, Sigmund, “Toward a Comparative Study of Political Parties,” in Neumann, , ed., Modern Political Parties (Chicago 1956), 403–5.Google Scholar

²⁵ Politics (Barker, Ernest trans., London 1946), 254.Google Scholar

²⁶ Reflections on the Revolution in France (Gateway, edn., Chicago 1955), 37.Google Scholar

²⁷ Politics, 60, 206.

²⁸ Reflections on the Revolution in France, 92.

²⁹ See Huntington, Samuel P., “Patterns of Violence in World Politics,” in Huntington, , ed., Changing Patterns of Military Politics (New York 1962), 44–47.Google Scholar

³⁰ See, e.g., McCloskey, Herbert, “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics,” American Political Science Review, XVIII (June 1964), 361ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stouffer, Samuel, Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties (New York 1955)Google Scholar, passim.

³¹ Toynbee, Arnold J., A Study of History (Abridgement of Vols. I-VI by D. C. Somervell, New York 1947), 176–77.Google Scholar

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³³ Holbert Turney-High, Harry, Primitive War (Columbia, S.C., 1949), 235–36.Google Scholar

³⁴ Kornhauser, William, The Politics of Mass Society (Glencoe 1959), 145.Google Scholar

³⁵ Ibid., 146.

³⁶ See Olson, Mancur Jr., “Rapid Growth as a Destabilizing Force,” Journal of Economic History, XXVII (December 1963), 529–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Hoselitz, Bert F. and Weiner, Myron, “Economic Development and Political Stability in India,” Dissent, VIII (Spring 1961), 172–79Google Scholar.

³⁷ See Daniel Lerner, “Toward a Communication Theory of Modernization,” in Pye, ed., Communications and Political Development, 330ff.

³⁸ Cf. Deutsch, American Political Science Review, LV, 496.

³⁹ Daniel Lerner, “The Transformation of Institutions” (mimeo.), 19.

⁴⁰ Johnson, John J., The Military and Society in Latin America (Stanford 1964), 98–99Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Pye, Lucian W., Politics, Personality and Nation Building (New Haven 1962), 4–5Google Scholar.

⁴² See, in general, Wraith, Ronald E. and Simpkins, Edgar, Corruption in Developing Countries (London 1963)Google Scholar.

⁴³ These figures are calculated from the data in the Appendix of von der Mehden, Fred R., Politics of the Developing Nations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Computed from figures in Fitzgibbon, R. W., “Armies and Politics in Latin America,” paper, 7th Round Table, International Political Science Association, Opatija, Yugoslavia, September 1959, 8–9.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Macaulay, Thomas B., letter to Henry S. Randall, Courtlandt Village, New York, May 23, 1857, printed in “What Did Macaulay Say About America?” Bulletin of the New York Public Library, XXIX (July 1925), 477–79.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Bolivar, Simon, quoted in Silvert, K. H., ed., Expectant Peoples: Nationalism and Development (New York 1963), 347.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ El Dia, Quito, November 27, 1943, quoted in Wood, Bryce, The Making of the Good Neighbor Policy (New York 1961), 318.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Ralph Braibanti, “Public Bureaucracy and Judiciary in Pakistan,” in LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development, 373.

⁴⁹ Johnson, Military and Society, 143.

⁵⁰ See, in general, Schubert, Glendon, The Public Interest (Glencoe 1960)Google Scholar; Friedrich, Carl J., ed., Nomos V: The Public Interest (New York 1962)Google Scholar; Price, Douglas, “Theories of the Public Interest,” in Caldwell, Lynton K., ed., Politics and Public Affairs (Bloomington, Ind., 1962), 141–60.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Friedrich, Carl J., Man and His Government (New York 1963), 150Google Scholar; italics in original.

⁵² Politics, 267.

⁵³ See Lippmann, Walter, The Public Philosophy (Boston 1955)Google Scholar, esp. 42, for his definition of the public interest as “what men would choose if they saw clearly, thought rationally, acted disinterestedly and benevolently.”

⁵⁴ See Neustadt, Richard E., Presidential Power (New York 1960)Google Scholar, passim, but esp. 33–37. 150–51.

⁵⁵ Pye, Politics, Personality and Nation Building, 51.

⁵⁶ Banfield, Edward C., The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (Glencoe, Ill., 1958), 7–9. 15ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ For comments on the short time lag between independence and the first coup, see Rustow, Dankwart A., “The Military in Middle Eastern Society and Politics,” in Fisher, Sydney N., ed., The Military in the Middle East: Problems in Society and Government (Columbus, Ohio, 1963), 10.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See, in general, The Republic, Book VIII, and especially the description of the despotic regime (Cornford, trans., New York 1945), 291–93.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Perhaps the closest contemporary model comes not from a social scientist but from a novelist: William Golding. The schoolboys (newly independent elites) of The Lord of the Flies initially attempt to imitate the behavior patterns of adults (former Western rulers). Discipline and consensus, however, disintegrate. A demagogic military leader and his followers gain or coerce the support of a majority. The symbol of authority (the conch) is broken. The voices of responsibility (Ralph) and reason (Piggy) are deserted and harassed, and reason is destroyed. In the end, the naval officer (British Marine Commandos) arrives just in time to save Ralph (Nyerere) from the “hunters” (mutinous troops).

⁶⁰ Politics, 112.

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⁶⁴ Gibbon, Edward, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (New York 1899), 1Google Scholar, 235, quoted by Rapoport in Huntington, ed., Changing Patterns of Military Politics, 98.

⁶⁵ John Whitney Hall, “The Nature of Traditional Society: Japan,” in Ward and Rustow, eds., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, 19.

⁶⁶ See Deutsch, Karl W. and Foltz, William J., eds., Nation-Building (New York 1963)Google Scholar, passim, but especially the contributions of Joseph R. Strayer and Carl J. Fricdrich.

⁶⁷ These are not, of course, the only ways of slowing mobilization. Myron Werner, for instance, has suggested that one practical method is “localization": channeling political interests and activity away from the great issues of national politics to the more immediate and concrete problems of the village and community. This is certainly one motive behind both community development programs and “basic democracies.”

⁶⁸ Kornhauser, Politics of Mass Society, 150–58.

⁶⁹ Pye, Politics, Personality and Nation Building, 114.

⁷⁰ de Secondat, Charles, Montesquieu, Baron, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des romains et de leur décadence, in Oeuvres, 1 (Paris 1828), 119–20.Google Scholar

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⁷² Ibid., 123–24.

⁷³ Washington Post, February 9, 1964, p. A-17.

⁷⁴ See James S. Coleman, in Almond and Coleman, eds., Politics of the Developing Areas, Conclusion; Cutright, Phillips, “National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates,” in Polsby, Nelson W.Dentler, Robert A., and Smith, Paul A., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston 1963), 569–82Google Scholar; von der Mehden, Politics of the Developing Nations, 54–64.

⁷⁵ Ai Ssu-chi, quoted in Frederick T. C. Yu, “Communications and Politics in Communist China,” in Pye, ed., Communications and Political Development, 261–62.

⁷⁶ Lenin, V. I., One Step Forward, Two Steps Back (The Crisis in Our Party), in Collected Works (Fineberg, and Jochel, trans., London 1961), 396–97.Google Scholar

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⁷⁹ Pauker, World Politics, XI, 343.