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Job security regulations in Western democracies: A fuzzy set analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Patrick Emmenegger
Patrick Emmenegger*
Affiliation:
Centre for Welfare State Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
*
Address for correspondence: Patrick Emmenegger, Centre for Welfare State Research, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark. Tel.: 0045 6550 4495; E‐mail: emm@sam.sdu.dk
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Abstract

This article uses fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to examine the determinants of job security regulations – here understood as restrictions on hiring and firing – in Western democracies. Unlike previous studies, the analysis reveals three different paths to high levels of job security regulations. The first path covers the Southern European state capitalist countries. In these countries, conflicts between forces pushing for liberal democracy and groups alienated from modernisation have led to high levels of statism and crowded out other societal actors. Job security regulations were enacted relatively early in order to provide social security by means available to the state. Due to fragmented welfare states, job security regulations have remained one of the most important pillars of the social protection regime. The second path covers the Continental European managed capitalist countries and is also characterised by high levels of statism. In these countries, repressive governments employed a stick‐and‐carrot strategy to weaken the labour movement and tie the loyalties of the individual to the state. After the Second World War, these countries developed corporatist intermediation systems and encompassing and generous welfare states. Finally, the third path covers the Nordic managed capitalist countries. This path is characterised by a high degree of non‐market coordination, strong labour movements and few institutional veto points. In the Nordic managed capitalist countries, job security regulations traditionally have been subject to collective agreements. However, in the 1960s, labour movements succeeded in pushing through the public legislation of job security despite opposition from employers' associations. Methodologically, this article demonstrates that cross‐national differences in the level of job security regulations can only be explained if the methods used allow for complex causality. In contrast, methods which focus on ‘net effects’ do not offer satisfactory explanations for the cross‐national differences in the level of job security regulations.

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Type
Research Article
Information
European Journal of Political Research , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , May 2011 , pp. 336 - 364
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 The Author(s). European Journal of Political Research © 2010 European Consortium for Political Research

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