Hostname: page-component-76d6cb85b7-ntvhh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-26T17:26:10.871Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2008

T. Tin ,
Z.L. Fleming ,
K.A. Hughes ,
D.G. Ainley ,
P. Convey ,
C.A. Moreno ,
S. Pfeiffer ,
J. Scott  and
I. Snape
T. Tin*
Affiliation:
Antarctic Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC), BP 80358, 45163 Olivet, CEDEX 3, France
Z.L. Fleming
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
K.A. Hughes
Affiliation:
British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
D.G. Ainley
Affiliation:
H.T. Harvey and Associates, 983 University Avenue, Bldg D, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA
P. Convey
Affiliation:
British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
C.A. Moreno
Affiliation:
Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
S. Pfeiffer
Affiliation:
University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
J. Scott
Affiliation:
School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
I. Snape
Affiliation:
Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia
*
*tinatink@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We review the scientific literature, especially from the past decade, on the impacts of human activities on the Antarctic environment. A range of impacts has been identified at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Chemical contamination and sewage disposal on the continent have been found to be long-lived. Contemporary sewage management practices at many coastal stations are insufficient to prevent local contamination but no introduction of non-indigenous organisms through this route has yet been demonstrated. Human activities, particularly construction and transport, have led to disturbances of flora and fauna. A small number of non-indigenous plant and animal species has become established, mostly on the northern Antarctic Peninsula and southern archipelagos of the Scotia Arc. There is little indication of recovery of overexploited fish stocks, and ramifications of fishing activity on bycatch species and the ecosystem could also be far-reaching. The Antarctic Treaty System and its instruments, in particular the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and the Environmental Protocol, provide a framework within which management of human activities take place. In the face of the continuing expansion of human activities in Antarctica, a more effective implementation of a wide range of measures is essential, in order to ensure comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment, including its intrinsic, wilderness and scientific values which remains a fundamental principle of the Antarctic Treaty System. These measures include effective environmental impact assessments, long-term monitoring, mitigation measures for non-indigenous species, ecosystem-based management of living resources, and increased regulation of National Antarctic Programmes and tourism activities.

Keywords

Antarctic Treaty Systemcontaminationecosystem based managementhuman impactsnon-indigenous speciestourism

Information

Type
Review
Information
Antarctic Science , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , February 2009 , pp. 3 - 33
Copyright
Copyright © Antarctic Science Ltd 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adamson, E., Adamson, H. & Seppelt, R. 1994. Cement dust contamination of Ceratodon purpureus at Casey, East Antarctica: damage and capacity for recovery. Journal of Bryology, 18, 127–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, D.J. 2004. Fishing south – the history and management of South Georgia fisheries. St. Albans: Penna Press, 123 pp.Google Scholar
Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Peatman, T., Pitcher, T.J. & Pramod, G. 2008. The global extent of illegal fishing. London: MRAG, 32 pp.Google Scholar
Ainley, D.G. & Blight, L.K. 2008. Ecological repercussions of historical fish extraction from the Southern Ocean. Fish & Fisheries, 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00293.x.Google Scholar
Ainley, D.G., Ballard, G., Ackley, S., Blight, L.K., Eastman, J.T., Emslie, S.D., Lescroël, A., Olmastroni, S., Townsend, S.E., Tynan, C.T., Wilson, P. & Woehler, E. 2007. Paradigm lost, or, is top-down forcing no longer significant in the Antarctic marine ecosystem? Antarctic Science, 19, 283–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aislabie, J., Fraser, R., Duncan, S. & Farrell, R.L. 2001. Effects of oil spills on microbial heterotrophs in Antarctic soils. Polar Biology, 24, 308–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aislabie, J.M., Balks, M.R., Foght, J.M. & Waterhouse, E.J. 2004. Hydrocarbon spills on Antarctic soils: effects and management. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 1265–1274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alonzo, S.H., Switzer, P.V. & Mangel, M. 2003. An ecosystem-based approach to management: using individual behavior to predict the indirect effects of Antarctic krill fisheries on penguin foraging. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 692–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ASOC (Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition). 2004. Environmental reports of Fildes Peninsula, 1988–1997: benchmarks for environmental management. Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition report, December 2004, 15 pp.Google Scholar
ATS (Antarctic Treaty Secretariat). 1994. Recommendation XVIII-1: guidelines for tourism. Final Report of the eighteenth Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingKyoto11–22 April 1994.Google Scholar
ATS (Antarctic Treaty Secretariat). 2008a. Resolution 2 (2008): site guidelines for visitors. Final Report of the XXXI Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingKiev2–13 June 2008.Google Scholar
ATS (Antarctic Treaty Secretariat). 2008b. Final report of XXX Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingNew Delhi30 April–11 May 2007.Google Scholar
Australia. 2005. Scott Base and McMurdo Station: report of an inspection under Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty and Article 14 of the Protocol on Environmental Protection. June 2005. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia. Working Paper 16 for XXVIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingStockholm6–17 June 2005.Google Scholar
Azmi, O.R. & Seppelt, R.D. 1998. The broad-scale distribution of microfungi in the Windmill Islands region, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 19, 92–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, C.S. & Clapham, P.J. 2002. Marine mammal exploitation: whales and whaling. In Douglas, I., ed. Encyclopaedia of global environmental change: vol. 3. Causes and consequences of global environmental change. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 446–450.Google Scholar
Baker, G., Tow, L.A. & Cowan, D.A. 2003. Detection of non-indigenous micro-organisms in ‘pristine’ environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 53, 157–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballance, L., Pitman, R.L., Hewitt, R.P., Siniff, D.B., Trivelpiece, W.Z., Clapham, P.J. & Brownell, R.L. Jr, 2006. The removal of large whales from the Southern Ocean: evidence for long-term ecosystem effects? In Estes, J.A., Demaster, D.P., Doak, D.F., Williams, T.E. & Brownell, R.L. Jr, eds. Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 215–230.Google Scholar
Ballard, G., Ainley, D.G., Ribic, C.A. & Barton, K.R. 2001. Effect of instrument attachment on foraging trip duration and nesting success of Adélie penguins. Condor, 103, 481–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargagli, R. 2005. Antarctic ecosystems: environmental contamination, climate change, and human impact. Berlin: Springer, 395 pp.Google Scholar
Barnes, D.K.A., Hodgson, D.A., Convey, P., Allen, C.S. & Clarke, A. 2006. Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 121–142.Google Scholar
Barrera-Oro, E.R. & Marschoff, E. 2007. Information on the status of fjord Notothenia rossii, Gobionotothem gibberifrons and Notothenia coriiceps in the lower South Shetland Islands, derived from 2000–2006 monitoring program at Potter cove. CCAMLR Science, 14, 83–86.Google Scholar
BAS (British Antarctic Survey). 2004. Antarctica, 1: 10 000 000 scale map. BAS (Misc) 11. Cambridge: British Antarctic Survey.Google Scholar
Bastmeijer, C.J. & Roura, R. 2004. Regulating Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle. American Journal of International Law, 98, 763–781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bastmeijer, C.J. & Roura, R. 2007. Environmental impact assessment in Antarctica. In Bastmeijer, C.J. & Koivurova, T., eds. Theory and practice of transboundary environmental impact assessment. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 175–219.Google Scholar
Bertram, E. 2007. Antarctic ship-borne tourism: an expanding industry. In Snyder, J.M. & Stonehouse, B., eds. Prospects for polar tourism. Wallingford: CABI International, 149–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergstrom, D.M. & Chown, S.L. 1999. Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14, 472–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergstrom, D.M., Convey, P. & Huiskes, A.H.L. 2006. Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator. Dordrecht: Springer, 365 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyer, L. & Bölter, M. 2002. Geoecology of Antarctic ice free coastal landscapes. Berlin: Springer, 463 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, A. 2005. Light induced seabird mortality on vessels operating in the Southern Ocean: incidents and mitigation measures. Antarctic Science, 17, 67–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchette, R., Held, B.W., Jurgens, J.A., Aislabie, J., Duncan, S. & Farrell, R.L. 2004. Environmental pollutants from the Scott and Shackleton expeditions during the “Heroic Age” of Antarctic exploration. Polar Record, 40, 143–151.Google Scholar
Boenigk, J., Pfandl, K., Garstecki, T., Harms, H., Novarino, G. & Chatzinotas, A. 2006. Evidence for geographic isolation and signs of endemism within a protistan morphospecies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 5159–5164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bricher, P.K., Lucieer, A. & Woehler, E.J. 2008. Population trends of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding colonies: a spatial analysis of the effects of snow accumulation and human activities. Polar Biology, 10.1007/s00300-008-0479-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broady, P.A. 1996. Diversity, distribution and dispersal of Antarctic terrestrial algae. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 1307–1335.Google Scholar
Brown, C.R. & Adams, N.J. 1983. The effect of underwater explosions on rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome. Cormorant, 11, 68.Google Scholar
Bugoni, L., Neves, T.S., Leite, N.O. Jr, Carvalho, D., Sales, G., Furness, R.W., Stein, C.E., Peppes, F.V., Giffoni, B.B. & Monteiro, D.S. 2007. Potential bycatch of seabirds and turtles in hook-and-line fisheries of the Itaipava fleet, Brazil. Fisheries Research, 90, 217–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burger, J. & Gochfeld, M. 2007. Responses of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) to encounters with ecotourists while commuting to and from their breeding colony. Polar Biology, 30, 1303–1313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, H. & van den Hoff, J. 2002. Humans and the southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina. Australian Mammalogy, 24, 127–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, I.B., Claridge, G.G.C. & Balks, M.R. 1998. Short and long-term impacts of human disturbance on snow-free surfaces in Antarctica. Polar Record, 34, 15–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlini, A.R., Coria, N.R., Santos, M.M., Libertelli, M.M. & Donini, G. 2007. Breeding success and population trends in Adélie Penguins in areas with low and high levels of human disturbance. Polar Biology, 30, 917–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CCAMLR. 1990. Statistical bulletin, Vol. 1 (1970–1979). Hobart: CCAMLR, 61 pp.Google Scholar
CCAMLR. 2002. Report of the Twenty-first Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart: CCAMLR, 524 pp, paragraph 5.19.Google Scholar
CCAMLR. 2003. Report of the Twenty-second Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart: CCAMLR, 524 pp.Google Scholar
CCAMLR. 2005. CCAMLR symposium. 5–8 April 2005. Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. Volume 1: Report of the Chairs, Chile and Australia. Kingston: Australian Antarctic Division, 32 pp.Google Scholar
CCAMLR. 2007. Report of the Twenty-sixth Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart: CCAMLR, 702 pp.Google Scholar
CCAMLR Performance Review Panel. 2008. Report of the CCAMLR performance review panel. Hobart: CCAMLR, 180 pp.Google Scholar
Chapman, P.M. & Riddle, M.J. 2005. Toxic effects of contaminants in polar marine environments. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 200A–207A.Google Scholar
Chapman, P.M., McDonald, B.G., Kickham, P.E. & McKinnon, S. 2006. Global geographic differences in marine metals toxicity. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 1081–1084.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, J. & Blume, H.-P. 1997. Impact of human activities on the terrestrial ecosystem of Antarctica: a review. Polarforschung, 65, 83–92.Google Scholar
Chown, S.L. & Convey, P. 2007. Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B362, 2307–2331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. 2003, Evolution, adaptation and diversity: global ecology in an Antarctic context. In Huiskes, A.H.L, Gieskes, W.W.C., Rozema, J., Schorno, R.M.L., Van Der Vries, S.M. & Wolff, W.J., eds. Antarctic biology in a global context. Leiden: Backhuys, 3–17.Google Scholar
Clarke, A. & Harris, C.M. 2003. Polar marine ecosystems: major threats and future change. Environmental Conservation, 30, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A., Barnes, D.K.A. & Hodgson, D.A. 2005. How isolated is Antarctica? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, J. & Kerry, K. 1998. Implanted transponders in penguins: implantation, reliability, and long term effects. Journal of Field Ornithology, 69, 149–159.Google Scholar
Clayton, M.N., Wiencke, C. & Klöser, H. 1997. New records and sub-Antarctic marine benthic macroalgae from Antarctica. Polar Biology, 17, 141–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobley, N.D. & Shears, J.R. 1999. Breeding performance of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at a colony exposed to high levels of human disturbance. Polar Biology, 21, 355–360.Google Scholar
COMNAP (Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs). 1999. An assessment of environmental emergencies arising from activities in Antarctica. Working Paper 16 for XXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingLima24 May–4 June 1999.Google Scholar
Conlan, K.E., Rau, G.H. & Kvitek, R.G. 2006. delta C-13 and delta N-15 shifts in benthic invertebrates exposed to sewage from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 1695–1707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conlan, K.E., Kim, S.L., Lenihan, H.S. & Oliver, J.S. 2004. Benthic changes during 10 years of organic enrichment by McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49, 43–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, M.A. 2008. Wastewater treatment in Antarctica. Polar Record, 44, 165–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constable, A.J. 2001. The ecosystem approach to managing fisheries: achieving conservation objectives for predators of fished species. CCAMLR Science, 8, 37–64.Google Scholar
Constable, A.J. 2002. CCAMLR ecosystem monitoring and management: future work. CCAMLR Science, 9, 233–253.Google Scholar
Constable, A.J. 2004. Managing fisheries effects on marine food webs in Antarctica: trade-offs among harvest strategies, monitoring, and assessment in achieving conservation objectives. Bulletin of Marine Science, 74, 583–605.Google Scholar
Convey, P. 1996. The influence of environmental characteristics on the life history attributes of Antarctic terrestrial biota. Biological Reviews, 71, 191–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Convey, P. 2006. Antarctic climate change and its influences on terrestrial ecosystems. In Bergstrom, D.B., Convey, P. & Huiskes, A.H.L., eds. Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems. Antarctica as a global indicator. Dordrecht: Springer, 253–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Convey, P. 2007. Antarctic ecosystems. In Levin, S.A., ed. Encyclopedia of biodiversity, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Elsevier, 10.1016/B0-12-226865-2/00014-6.Google Scholar
Convey, P. 2008. Non-native species in Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater environments: presence, sources, impacts and predictions. In Rogan-Finnemore, M., ed. Non-native species in the Antarctic: Proceedings. Christchurch: Gateway Antarctica, 97–130.Google Scholar
Convey, P. & Block, W. 1996. Antarctic dipterans: ecology, physiology and distribution. European Journal of Entomology, 93, 1–13.Google Scholar
Convey, P. & McInnes, S.J. 2005. Exceptional, tardigrade dominated, ecosystems from Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. Ecology, 86, 519–527.Google Scholar
Convey, P. & Stevens, M.I. 2007. Antarctic biodiversity. Science, 317, 1877–1878.Google Scholar
Convey, P., Barnes, D.K.A. & Morton, A. 2002. Artefact accumulation on Antarctic oceanic island shores. Polar Biology, 25, 612–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Convey, P., Greenslade, P. & Pugh, P.J.A. 2000a. Terrestrial fauna of the South Sandwich Islands. Journal of Natural History, 34, 597–609.Google Scholar
Convey, P., Frenot, F., Gremmen, N. & Bergstrom, D. 2006. Biological invasions. In Bergstrom, D.B., Convey, P. & Huiskes, A.H.L., eds. Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems. Antarctica as a global indicator. Dordrecht: Springer, 193–220.Google Scholar
Convey, P., Smith, R.I.L., Peat, H.J. & Pugh, P.J.A. 2000b. The terrestrial biota of Charcot Island, eastern Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica an example of extreme isolation. Antarctic Science, 12, 406–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Convey, P., Gibson, J., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Hodgson, D.A., Pugh, P.J.A., Smellie, J.L. & Stevens, M.I. 2008. Antarctic terrestrial life - challenging the history of the frozen continent? Biological Reviews, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00034.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooney, R. & Dickson, B. 2005. Biodiversity and the precautionary principle: risk and uncertainty in conservation and sustainable use. London: Earthscan, 314 pp.Google Scholar
Crockett, A.B. & White, G.J. 2003. Mapping sediment contamination and toxicity in Winter Quarters Bay, McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 85, 257–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croxall, J.P. & Nicol, S. 2004. Management of Southern Ocean fisheries: global forces and future sustainability. Antarctic Science, 16, 569–584.Google Scholar
Croxall, J.P., Rivera, K. & Moreno, C.A. 2007. Seabird by-catch mitigation: the southern Ocean (CCAMLR) experience, chapter 8. In Kennelly, S.J., ed. By-catch reduction in the world's fisheries. New York: Springer, 271–281.Google Scholar
Croxall, J.P., Prince, P.A., Rothery, P. & Wood, A.G. 1998. Population changes in albatross at South Georgia. In Robertson, G. & Gales, R., eds. The albatross: their biology and conservation. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty & Sons, 69–83.Google Scholar
Crumrine, K.Z. 1992. Surface remediation at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Proceedings of the fifth symposium on Antarctic logistics and operationsSan Carlos de Bariloche, Republica Argentina8–10 June, 1992, 41–60.Google Scholar
Daskalov, G.M., Grishin, A.N., Rodionov, S. & Mihneva, V. 2007. Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 10518–10523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Leeuw, C. 1994. Tourism in Antarctica and its impact on vegetation. PhD thesis, Groningen: Arctic Centre, University of Groningen. [Unpublished].Google Scholar
Delille, D. & Delille, E. 2000. Distribution of enteric bacteria in Antarctic seawater surrounding the Dumont d'Urville permanent station (Adélie Land). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 869–872.Google Scholar
Delille, D., Coulon, F. & Pelletier, E. 2004. Biostimulation of natural microbial assemblages in oil-amended vegetated and desert sub-Antarctic soils. Microbial Ecology, 47, 407–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delord, K., Gasco, N., Weimerskirch, H. & Barbraud, C. 2005. Seabird mortality in the Patagonian toothfish longline fishery around Crozet and Kerguelen islands, 2001–2003. CCAMLR Science, 12, 53–80.Google Scholar
de Poorter, M., Gilbert, N., Storey, B. & Rogan-Finnemore, M. 2006. Final report of the non-native species in the Antarctic workshop. Christchurch: Gateway Antarctica, 40 pp.Google Scholar
de Villiers, M. 2008. Review of recent research into the effects of human disturbance on wildlife in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic region. In Human disturbance to wildlife in the broader Antarctic region: a review of findings. Appendix 1. Working Paper 12 for XXXI Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingKiev, Ukraine2–13 June 2008.Google Scholar
de Villiers, M., Bause, M., Giese, M. & Fourie, A. 2006. Hardly hard-hearted: heart rate responses of incubating northern giant petrels (Macronectes halli) to human disturbance on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Polar Biology, 29, 717–720.Google Scholar
DeVries, A.L., Ainley, D.G. & Ballard, G. 2008. Decline of the Antarctic toothfish and its predators in McMurdo sound and the southern Ross Sea, and recommendations for restoration. CCAMLR Document, WG-EMM-08/xx. Hobart, TAS: CCAMLR.Google Scholar
Dózsa-Farkas, K. & Convey, P. 1997. Christensenia, a new enchytraeid genus from Antarctica. Polar Biology, 17, 482–486. [this paper subsequently modified – see Erratum, Polar Biology, 20, 292 (1998)].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dugger, K.M., Ballard, G. Ainley, D.G. & Barton, K. 2006. Effects of flipper-bands on apparent survival and foraging behavior of Adélie penguins. The Auk, 123, 858–869.Google Scholar
Duhamel, G., Gasco, P. & Davaine, P. 2005. Poissons des Îles Kerguelen et Crozet. Guide Régional de l'Océan Austral. Paris: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 419 pp.Google Scholar
Edwards, D.D., McFeters, G.A. & Venkatsean, M.I. 1998. Distribution of Clostridium perfringens and fecal sterols in a benthic coastal marine environment influenced by the sewage outfall from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 2596–2600.Google Scholar
Emslie, S.D. & Patterson, W.P. 2007. Abrupt recent shift in δ13 and δ15 N values in Adélie penguin eggshell in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 11 666–11 669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, C.W., Hills, J.M. & Dickson, J.M.J. 2000. Heavy metal pollution in Antarctica: a molecular ecotoxicological approach to exposure assessment. Journal of Fish Biology, 57, A8–A19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filler, D., Snape, I. & Barnes, D., eds. 2008. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 288 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, G.S. 1999. Behavioral and hormonal responses of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to tourism and nest site visitation. Biological Conservation, 90, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, W.R. & Patterson, D.L. 1997. Human disturbance and long-term changes in Adélie penguin populations: a natural experiment at Palmer Station, Antarctic Peninsula. In Battaglia, B., Valencia, J., Walton, D.W.H., eds. Antarctic communities: species, structure and survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 445–452.Google Scholar
Freckman, D.W. & Virginia, R.A. 1997, Low-diversity Antarctic soil nematode communities: distribution and response to disturbance. Ecology, 78, 363–369.Google Scholar
Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom, D. 2005. Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews, 80, 45–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frenot, Y., Convey, P., Lebouvier, M., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom, D.M. 2008. Antarctic biological invasions: sources, extents, impacts and implications. In Rogan-Finnemore, M., ed. Non-native species in the Antarctic: proceedings. Christchurch: Gateway Antarctica, 53–96.Google Scholar
Gasparon, M., Ehrler, K., Matschullat, J. & Melles, M. 2007. Temporal and spatial variability of geochemical backgrounds in the Windmill Islands, East Antarctica: implications for climatic changes and human impacts. Applied Geochemistry, 22, 888–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K.J., Jones, A.G., Hänel, C. & Chown, S.L. 2003. Rates of species introduction to a remote oceanic island. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B270, 1091–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauthier-Clerc, M., Gendner, J.-P., Ribic, C.A., Fraser, W.R., Woehler, E.J., Descamps, S., Gilly, C., Bohec, C.L. & Maho, Y.L. 2004. Long-term effects of flipper bands on penguins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B271, S423–S426.Google Scholar
George, A.L. 2002. Seasonal factors affecting surfactant biodegradation in Antarctic coastal waters: comparison of a polluted and pristine site. Marine Environmental Research, 53, 403–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giese, M. & Riddle, M. 1999. Disturbance of emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri chicks by helicopters. Polar Biology, 22, 366–371.Google Scholar
Goerke, H., Weber, K., Bornemann, H., Ramdohr, S. & Plotz, J. 2004. Increasing levels and biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Antarctic biota. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 295–302.Google Scholar
Gon, O. & Heemstra, P.C. 1990. Fishes of the Southern Ocean. Grahamstown: JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology, 462 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gore, D.B., Revill, A.T. & Guille, D. 1999. Petroleum hydrocarbons ten years after spillage at a helipad in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 11, 427–429.Google Scholar
Green, G., Skerratt, J.H., Leeming, R. & Nichols, P.D. 1992. Hydrocarbon and coprostanol levels in seawater, sea-ice algae and sediments near Davis Station in eastern Antarctica - a regional survey and preliminary-results for a field fuel spill experiment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 25, 293–302.Google Scholar
Greenslade, P. 1995. Collembola from the Scotia Arc and Antarctic Peninsula including descriptions of two new species and notes on biogeography. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 64, 305–319.Google Scholar
Greenslade, P. 2006. The invertebrates of Macquarie Island. Kingston: Australian Antarctic Division, xvi + 326 pp.Google Scholar
Greenslade, P. & Wise, K.A.J. 1984. Additions to the collembolan fauna of the Antarctic. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 108, 203–205.Google Scholar
Gregory, M.R. & Ryan, P.G. 1997. Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris: a review of Southern Hemisphere perspectives. In Coe, J.M. & Rogers, D.B., eds. Marine debris: sources, impacts and solutions. New York: Springer, 49–66.Google Scholar
Gremmen, N. & Smith, V. 2004. The flora of Marion and Prince Edward islands. Diever: Data Analyse Ecologie, CD-ROM.Google Scholar
Gremmen, N.J.M., Smith, V.R. & van Tongeren, O.F.R. 2003. Impact of trampling on the vegetation of subantarctic Marion Island. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 35, 442–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gröndahl, F., Sidenmark, J. & Thomsen, A. 2008. Survey of waste water disposal practices at Antarctic research stations. Polar Research, 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00056.xGoogle Scholar
Hale, R.C., Kim, S.L., Harvey, E., La Guardia, M.J., Mainor, T.M., Bush, E.O. & Jacobs, E.M. 2008. Antarctic research bases: local sources of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 1452–1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., D’Agrosa, C., Bruno, J.F., Casey, K.S., Ebert, C., Fox, H.E., Fujita, R., Heinemann, D., Lenihan, H.S., Madin, E.M.P., Perry, M.T., Selig, E.R., Spalding, M., Steneck, R. & Watson, R. 2008. A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 319, 948–952.Google Scholar
Hansom, J.D. & Gordon, J.E. 1998. Antarctic environments and resources. Harlow: Longman, 402 pp.Google Scholar
Harris, C.M. 1991. Environmental management on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Polar Record, 27, 313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, C.M. 2005. Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: the development of practical guidelines. Biological Conservation, 125, 309–322.Google Scholar
Hee, J.H., Ahn, I.-Y., Lees, K.S., Chung, H. & Choi, H.-G. 2007. Vegetation of Barton Peninsula in the neighbourhood of King Sejong Station (King George Island, maritime Antarctica). Polar Biology, 30, 903–916.Google Scholar
Hemmings, A.D. 1997. Cumulative impact on Antarctic intrinsic, wilderness and aesthetic values. In de Poorter, M. & Dalziell, J.C., eds. Environmental impacts in Antarctica: minimisation and management. Proceedings of the IUCN Workshop 18–21 September 1996, Washington DC, 62–64.Google Scholar
Hemmings, A.D. & Roura, R. 2003. A square peg in a round hole: fitting impact assessment under the Antarctic Environmental Protocol to Antarctic tourism. Impact assessment and project appraisal, 21, 13–24.Google Scholar
Hernandez, J., Prado, V., Torres, D., Waldemstrom, J., Haemig, P.D. & Olsen, B. 2007. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella. Polar Biology, 30, 1227–1229.Google Scholar
Hofman, R. & Jatko, J. 2000. Assessment of the possible cumulative environmental impacts of commercial ship-based tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula Area. Proceedings of a workshop held in La Jolla, June 2000, National Science Foundation, Washington, 94 pp.Google Scholar
Hogg, I.D., Cary, S.C., Convey, P., Newsham, K.K., O’Donnell, T., Adams, B.J., Aislabie, J., Frati, F.F., Stevens, M.I. & Wall, D.H. 2006. Biotic interactions in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems: are they a factor? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 3035–3040.Google Scholar
Holmes, N. 2007. Comparing king, gentoo, and royal penguin responses to pedestrian visitation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71, 2575–2582.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., Giese, M. & Kriwoken, L.K. 2008. Linking variation in penguin responses to pedestrian activity for best practise management on subantarctic Macquarie Island. Polarforschung, 77, 7–15Google Scholar
Howington, J.P., McFeters, G.A., Barry, J.P. & Smith, J.J. 1992. Distribution of McMurdo Station sewage plume. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 25, 324–327.Google Scholar
Hughes, K.A. 2003a. Influence of seasonal environmental variables on the distribution of presumptive fecal coliforms around an Antarctic research station. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 4884–4891.Google Scholar
Hughes, K.A. 2003b. Aerial dispersal and survival of sewage-derived faecal coliforms in Antarctica. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 3147–3155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, K.A. 2004. Reducing sewage pollution in the Antarctic marine environment using a sewage treatment plant. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49, 850–853.Google Scholar
Hughes, K.A. 2005. Effect of Antarctic solar radiation on sewage bacteria viability. Water Research, 39, 2237–2244.Google Scholar
Hughes, K.A. 2006. Bird Island path survey. Cambridge: British Antarctic Survey, Internal report, 53 pp.Google Scholar
Hughes, K.A. & Blenkharn, N. 2003. A simple method to reduce discharge of sewage microorganisms from an Antarctic research station. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 353–357.Google Scholar
Hughes, K.A. & Nobbs, S.J. 2004. Long-term survival of human faecal microorganisms on the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic Science, 16, 293–297.Google Scholar
Hughes, K.A. & Thompson, A. 2004. Distribution of sewage pollution around a maritime Antarctic research station indicated by faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and faecal sterol markers. Environmental Pollution, 127, 315–321.Google Scholar
Hughes, K., Ott, S., Bölter, M. & Convey, P. 2006. Colonisation processes. In Bergstrom, D.B., Convey, P. & Huiskes, A.H.L., eds. Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems. Antarctica as a global indicator. Dordrecht: Springer, 35–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, K.A., Walsh, S., Convey, P., Richards, S. & Bergstrom, D.M. 2005. Alien fly populations established at two Antarctic research stations. Polar Biology, 28, 568–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, K.A., Waluda, C.M., Stone, R.E., Ridout, M.S. & Shears, J.R. 2008. Short-term responses of king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus to helicopter disturbance at South Georgia. Polar Biology, 10.1007/s00300-008-0492-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huiskes, A.H.L., Bergstrom, D.B. & Convey, P. 2006. Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems. Antarctica as a global indicator. In Bergstrom, D.B., Convey, P. & Huiskes, A.H.L., eds. Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems. Antarctica as a global indicator. Dordrecht: Springer, 1–15.Google Scholar
IAATO (International Association for Antarctic Tour Operations). 2007. Report of the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators 2006–2007. Information Paper 134 for XXX Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingNew Delhi30 April–11 May 2007.Google Scholar
IAATO (International Association for Antarctic Tour Operations). 2008. IAATO overview of Antarctic tourism 2007–2008 Antarctic season and preliminary estimates for 2008–2009 Antarctic season. Information Paper 85 for XXXI Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingKiev2–13 June 2008.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. & Wilson, R.P. 2002. The potential costs of flipper-bands to penguins. Functional Ecology, 16, 141–148.Google Scholar
Japan. 1996. A grass (seed plant) found in Syowa Station area, East Antarctica. Information Paper 66 for XX Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingUtrecht29 April–10 May 1996.Google Scholar
Jones, C.D., Kock, K.-H. & Balguerías, E. 2000. Changes in bioamass of eight species of finfish around the South Orkney Islands (subarea 48.2) from three bottom trawl surveys. CCAMLR Science, 7, 53–74.Google Scholar
Jouventin, P. & Weimerskirch, H. 1990. Longterm changes in seabirds and seal population in the Southern Ocean. In Kerry, K.R. & Hempel, G., eds. Antarctic ecosystems: ecological change and conservation. Berlin: Springer, 208–213.Google Scholar
Jouventin, P., Stahl, J.C., Weimerskirch, H. & Mougin, J.L. 1984. The seabirds of the French subantarctic islands and Adélie Land: their status and conservation. In Croxall, J.P., Evans, P.G.H. & Schreiber, R.W., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication No. 2. Cambridge: ICBP, 609–625.Google Scholar
Kennicutt, M.C. 2003. Spatial and temporal scales of human disturbance: McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Final Report. Austin, TX: Geochemical and Environmental Research Group and Department of Geography, College of Geosciences, Texas A&M University and Marine Science Institute, 184 pp.Google Scholar
Kennicutt, M.C., Sweet, S.T., Fraser, W.R., Stochton, W.L. & Culver, M. 1991. Grounding of the Bahia Paraiso at Arthur Harbor, Antarctica. 1. Distribution and fate of oil spill related hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 509–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerry, K., Riddle, M. & Clarke, J. 1999. Diseases of Antarctic wildlife. A Report for The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and The Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP), 104pp.Google Scholar
Keys, H. 1999. Towards additional protection of Antarctic wilderness areas. Information Paper 80 for XXXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingLima24 May–4 June 1999.Google Scholar
Kim, S.L., Thurber, A., Hammerstrom, K. & Conlan, K. 2007. Seastar response to organic enrichment in an oligotrophic polar habitat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 346, 66–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, C.K. & Riddle, M.J. 2001. Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons with tropical and temperate echinoids. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 215, 143–154.Google Scholar
Kock, K.-H. 1992. Antarctic fish and fisheries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 359 pp.Google Scholar
Kock, K.-H. 1998. Changes in the fish biomass around Elephant Island (subarea 48.1) from 1976 to 1996. CCAMLR Science, 5, 165–189.Google Scholar
Kock, K.-H., Belchier, M. & Jones, C.D. 2004. Is the attempt to estimate the biomass of Antarctic fish from a multi-species survey appropriate for all targeted species? Notothenia rossii in the Atlantic Ocean sector revisited. CCAMLR Science, 11, 141–153.Google Scholar
Kock, K.-H., Purves, M.G. & Duhamel, G. 2006. Interactions between cetacean and fisheries in the Southern Ocean. Polar Biology, 29, 379–388.Google Scholar
Kock, K.-H., Reid, K., Croxall, J. & Nicol, S. 2007. Fisheries in the Southern Ocean: an ecosystem approach. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B362, 2333–2349.Google Scholar
Kohnen, H. & Lukin, V. 1998. Dismantling of Georg Forster Station and clean-up of the eastern Schirmacher Oasis. In Hall, J., ed. Proceedings of 7th Symposium on Antarctic logistics and operations. Cambridge: British Antarctic Survey, 289–295.Google Scholar
Knox, G.A. 2006. The biology of the Southern Ocean, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 640 pp.Google Scholar
Kremser, U., Klemm, P. & Kötz, W.-D. 2005. Estimating the risk of temporary acoustic threshold shift, caused by hydroacoustic devices, in whales in the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science, 17, 3–10.Google Scholar
Kriwoken, L.K. & Rootes, D. 2000. Tourism on ice: environmental impact assessment of Antarctic tourism. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 18, 138–150.Google Scholar
Lawley, B., Ripley, S., Bridge, P. & Convey, P. 2004. Molecular analysis of geographic patterns of eukaryotic diversity in Antarctic soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 5963–5972.Google Scholar
Laws, R.M. 1994. History and present status of southern elephant seal populations. In LeBoeuf, B.J. & Laws, R.M., eds. Elephant seals: population ecology, behaviour, and physiology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 49–65.Google Scholar
Lee, J.E. & Chown, S.L. 2007. Mytilus on the move: transport of an invasive bivalve o the Antarctic. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 339, 307–310.Google Scholar
Lenihan, H.S., Kiest, K.A., Conlan, K.E., Slattery, P.N., Konar, B.H. & Oliver, J.S. 1995. Patterns of survival and behaviour in Antarctic benthic invertebrates exposed to contaminated sediments: field and laboratory bioassay experiments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 192, 233–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, P.N., Bergstrom, D.M. & Whinam, J. 2006. Barging in: a temperate marine community travels to the Subantarctic. Biological Invasions, 8, 787–795.Google Scholar
Lewis, P.N., Riddle, M.J. & Smith, S.D.A. 2005. Assisted passage or passive drift: a comparison of alternative transport mechanisms for non-indigenous coastal species into the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science, 17, 183–191.Google Scholar
Lewis, P.N., Hewitt, C.L., Riddle, M.J. & McMinn, A. 2003. Marine introductions in the Southern Ocean: an unrecognised hazard to biodiversity. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 213–223.Google Scholar
Lisle, J.T., Smith, J.J., Edwards, D.D. & McFeters, G.A. 2004. Occurrence of microbial indicators and Clostridium perfringens in wastewater, water column samples, sediments, drinking water, and Weddell Seal feces collected at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 7269–7276.Google Scholar
Lohan, M.C., Statham, P.J. & Peck, L. 2001. Trace metals in the Antarctic soft-shelled clam Laternula elliptica: implications for metal pollution from Antarctic research stations. Polar Biology, 24, 808–817.Google Scholar
Martin, J., de Neve, L., Fargallo, J.A., Polo, V. & Soler, M. 2004. Factors affecting the escape behaviour of juvenile chinstrap penguins, Pygoscelis antarctica, in response to human disturbance. Polar Biology, 27, 775–781.Google Scholar
Martins, C.C., Venkatesan, M.I. & Montone, R.C. 2002. Sterols and linear alkylbenzenes in marine sediments from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. Antarctic Science, 14, 244–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, C.C., Bicego, M.C., Taniguchi, S. & Montone, R.C. 2004. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 16, 117–122.Google Scholar
McClintock, J., Ducklow, H. & Fraser, W. 2008. Ecological responses to climate change on the Antarctic Peninsula. American Scientist, 96, 302.Google Scholar
McDonald, I.R. & Murrell, J.C. 1997. The methanol dehydrogenase structural gene mxaF and its use as a functional gene probe for methanotrophs and methylotrophs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 3218–3224.Google Scholar
McIntyre, C.P., Harvey, P.M., Ferguson, S., Wressnig, A.M., Snape, I. & George, S.C. 2007. Determining the extent of weathering of spilled fuel in contaminated soil using the diastereomers of pristane and phytane. Organic Geochemistry, 38, 2131–2134.Google Scholar
Micol, T. & Jouventin, P. 2001. Long-term population trends in seven Antarctic seabirds at Pointe Géologie (Terre Adélie): human impact compared with environmental change. Polar Biology, 24, 175–185.Google Scholar
Moreno, C.A. 1995. By-catch of juvenile fishes in the Antarctic krill fishery. UBC Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 3, 26–34.Google Scholar
Morris, C.E., George, J., Tate, P.M. & Cathers, B. 2000. Impacts of wastewater discharge to the Antarctic marine environment. In Hughson, T. & Ruckstuhl, C., eds. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Cold Region Development, Hobart, 155–158.Google Scholar
Muller-Schwarze, D. 1984. Possible human impact on penguin populations in the Antarctic Peninsula area. Antarctic Journal of the United States, 19, 158–159.Google Scholar
Myers, R.A. & Worm, B. 2003. Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature, 423, 280–283.Google Scholar
Naveen, R. 2003. Compendium of Antarctic Peninsula Visitor Sites, 2nd ed. A Report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. US Environmental Protection Agency.Google Scholar
Naveen, R. 2004. Indicators of cumulative impacts on bird and plant populations: approaches taken by the Antarctic Site Inventory. In Practical Biological Indicators of Human Impacts in Antarctica. SCAR/NSF/COMNAP Workshop, Bryan/College Station, TX, 16–18 March 2005, 8 pp.Google Scholar
Negri, A., Burns, K., Boyle, S., Brinkman, D. & Webster, N. 2006. Contamination in sediments, bivalves and sponges of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution, 143, 456–467.Google Scholar
Negri, A.P., Hales, L.T., Battershill, C., Wolff, C. & Webster, N.S. 2004. TBT contamination identified in Antarctic marine sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 1142–1144.Google Scholar
Nel, D.C., Ryan, P.G. & Watkins, B.P. 2002. Seabird mortality in the Patagonian toothfish longline fishery around the Prince Edward Islands, 1996–2000. Antarctic Science, 14, 151–161.Google Scholar
Nicol, S. & Endo, Y. 1997. Krill fisheries of the world. Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 367, 100 pp.Google Scholar
Nicol, S. & Foster, J. 2003. Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill. Aquatic Living Resources, 16, 42–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicol, S., Croxall, J., Trathan, P., Gale, N. & Murphy, E. 2007. Paradigm misplaced? Antarctic marine ecosystems are affected by climate change as well as biological processes and harvesting. Antarctic Science, 19, 291–295.Google Scholar
Northcott, K.A., Snape, I., Scales, P.J. & Stevens, G.W. 2005. Dewatering behaviour of water treatment sludges associated with contaminated site remediation in Antarctica. Chemical Engineering Science, 60, 6835–6843.Google Scholar
Norway. 2001. Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Inspection under Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty and Article 14 of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, January 2001. Working Paper 25 for XXIV Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingSt Petersburg9–20 July 2001.Google Scholar
National Science Foundation/COMNAP/SCAR. 2005. Practical biological indicators of human impacts in Antarctica. Bryan, College Station, TX: Workshop Report, 16–18 March 2005. Vols 1 (24 pp) and 2 (15 pp).Google Scholar
O’Brien, J.S., Todd, J.J. & Kriwoken, L.K. 2004. Incineration of waste at Casey Station, Australian Antarctic Territory. Polar Record, 40, 221–234.Google Scholar
Ohtani, S., Suvama, K. & Kanda, H. 2000. Environmental monitoring by means of soil algae and microorganisms in the vicinity of Syowa Station. Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record), 44, 265–276.Google Scholar
Olech, M. 1996. Human impact on terrestrial ecosystems in West Antarctica. NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology, Proceedings, No. 9, 299–306.Google Scholar
Osterblöm, H., Casini, M., Olsson, O. & Bignert, A. 2006. Fish, seabirds and trophic cascades in the Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 323, 233–238.Google Scholar
Osterblöm, H., Hansson, S., Larsson, U., Hjerne, O., Wulff, F., Elmgren, R. & Folke, C. 2007. Human-induced trophic cascades and ecological regime shifts in the Baltic Sea. Ecosystems, 10, 877–889.Google Scholar
Otley, H. 2005. Nature-based tourism: experiences at the Volunteer Point penguin colony in the Falkland Islands. Marine Ornithology, 33, 181–187.Google Scholar
Pauly, D. & Maclean, J. 2003. In a perfect ocean: the state of fisheries and ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean. Washington, DC: Island Press, 175 pp.Google Scholar
Pauly, D. & Palomares, M.L. 2005. Fishing down marine food webs: it is far more pervasive than we thought. Bulletin of Marine Science, 76, 197–211.Google Scholar
Peat, H.J., Clarke, A. & Convey, P. 2007. Diversity and biogeography of the Antarctic flora. Journal of Biogeography, 34, 132–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peter, H.-U., Buesser, C., Mustafa, O. & Pfeiffer, S. 2008. Risk assessment for the Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island, and development of management plans for their designation as Specially Protected or Specially Managed Areas. Dessau: German Environmental Agency, http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3478.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pfeiffer, S. 2005. Effects of human activities on southern giant petrels and skuas in the Antarctic. PhD thesis, Ecology Institute, University of Jena. Available at: www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/derivateservlet/derivate-6345/Pfeiffer.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pfeiffer, S. & Peter, H.-U. 2003. Umsetzung des Umweltschutzprotokoll-Ausführungsgesetzes (AUG), Teilvorhaben 3: Bestandsaufnahme und Managementpläne für zwei touristisch genutzte Gebiete der Antarktis. Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, 247 pp.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, S. & Peter, H.-U. 2004. Ecological studies toward the management of an Antarctic tourist landing site (Penguin Island, South Shetland Islands. Polar Record, 40, 345–353.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, S., Buesser, C., Mustafa, O. & Peter, H.-U. 2006. Tourism growth and proposed management solutions in the Fildes Peninsula Region (King George Island, Antarctica). Tourism in Marine Environments, 4, 151–165.Google Scholar
Phillips, R.A., Xavier, J. & Croxall, J.P. 2003. Effects of satellite transmitters on albatrosses and petrels. Auk, 120, 1082–1090.Google Scholar
Pineschi, L. 2001. The duty of prior environmental impact assessment of Antarctic activities under the Madrid Protocol and its implementation in the Italian legal system. In Caroli, S., Cescon, P. & Walton, D.W.H., eds. Environmental contamination in Antarctica: a challenge to analytical chemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 363–380.Google Scholar
Poland, J.S., Riddle, M.J. & Zeeb, B.A. 2003. Contaminants in the Arctic and the Antarctic: a comparison of sources, impacts, and remediation options. Polar Record, 39, 369–383.Google Scholar
Poncet, S., Robertson, G., Phillips, R.A., Lawton, K., Phalan, B., Trathan, P.N. & Croxall, J.P. 2006. Status and distribution of wandering, black browed and grey-headed albatrosses breeding at South Georgia. Polar Biology, 29, 772–781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayner, J.L., Snape, I., Walworth, J.L., Harvey, P.M. & Ferguson, S.H. 2007. Petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination and remediation by microbioventing at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 48, 139–153.Google Scholar
Revill, A.T., Snape, I., Lucieer, A. & Guille, D. 2007. Constraints on transport and weathering of petroleum contamination at Casey Station, Antarctica. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 48, 154–167.Google Scholar
Ropert-Coudert, Y., Wilson, R.P., Yoda, K. & Kato, A. 2007. Assessing performance constraints in penguins with externally-attached devices. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 333, 281–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rounsevell, D. & Binns, D. 1991. Mass deaths of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica) at Lusitania Bay, Macquarie Island. Aurora, 10, 8–10.Google Scholar
Rounsevell, D.E. & Copson, G.R. 1982. Growth rate and recovery of a king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, population after exploitation. Australian Wildlife Research, 9, 519–25.Google Scholar
Roura, R. 2004. Monitoring and remediation of hydrocarbon contamination at the former site of Greenpeace's World Park Base, Cape Evans, Ross Island, Antarctica. Polar Record, 40, 51–67.Google Scholar
Salwicka, K. & Stonehouse, B. 2000. Visual monitoring of heartbeat and respiration in Antarctic seals. Polish Polar Research, 21, 189–197.Google Scholar
Santos, I.R., Silva, E.V., Schaefer, C.E.G.R., Alburquerque, M.R. & Campos, L.S. 2005. Heavy metal contamination in coastal sediments and soils near the Brazilian Antarctic Station, King George Island. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 185–194.Google Scholar
SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research). 2006a. SCAR report on marine acoustics on the Southern Ocean. Working Paper 41 for XXIX Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingEdinburgh12–23 June 2006, 17 pp.Google Scholar
SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research). 2006b. Proposal to de-list fur seals as specially protected species. Working Paper 39 for XXIX Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingEdinburgh12–23 June 2006, 13 pp.Google Scholar
Scott, J.J. & Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1994. Effects of human trampling on the sub-Antarctic vegetation of Macquarie Island. Polar Record, 30, 207–220.Google Scholar
Schafer, A.N., Snape, I. & Siciliano, S.D. 2007. Soil biogeochemical toxicity endpoints for sub-Antarctic islands contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26, 890–897.Google Scholar
Seco-Pon, J.P., Gandini, P.A. & Favero, M. 2007. Effect of longline configuration on seabird mortality in the Argentine semi-pelagic kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) fishery. Fisheries Research, 85, 101–105.Google Scholar
Sheppard, D.S., Claridge, G.G.C. & Campbell, I.B. 2000. Metal contamination of soils at Scott Base, Antarctica. Applied Geochemistry, 15, 513–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjoling, S. & Cowan, D.A. 2000. Detecting human bacterial contamination in Antarctic soils. Polar Biology, 23, 644–650.Google Scholar
Sladen, W.L. & Leresche, R.E. 1970. New and developing techniques in Antarctic ornithology. Antarctic Ecology, 1, 585–596.Google Scholar
Smith, R.I.L. 1996. Introduced plants in Antarctica: potential impacts and conservation issues. Biological Conservation, 76, 135–146.Google Scholar
Smith, R.I.L. 2003. The enigma of Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica in Antarctica. In Huiskes, A.H.L., Gieskes, W.W.C., Rozema, J., Schorno, R.M.L., van der Vies, S.M., Wolff, W.J., eds. Antarctic biology in a global context. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 234–239.Google Scholar
Smith, R.I.L. 2005. The bryophyte flora of geothermal habitats on Deception Island, Antarctica. Journal of Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 97, 233–248.Google Scholar
Snape, I., Morris, C.E. & Cole, C.M. 2001a. The use of permeable reactive barriers to control contaminant dispersal during site remediation in Antarctica. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 32, 157–174.Google Scholar
Snape, I., Ferguson, S.H., Harvey, P.M. & Riddle, M.J. 2006. Investigation of evaporation and biodegradation of fuel spills in Antarctica: II - extent of natural attenuation at Casey Station. Chemosphere, 63, 89–98.Google Scholar
Snape, I., Gore, D.B., Cole, C.M. & Riddle, M.J. 2002. Contaminant dispersal and mitigation at Casey Station: an example of how applied geoscience research can reduce environmental risks in Antarctica. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin, 35, 641–648.Google Scholar
Snape, I., Harvey, P.M., Ferguson, S.H., Rayner, J.L. & Revill, A.T. 2005. Investigation of evaporation and biodegradation of fuel spills in Antarctica: I - a chemical approach using GC-FID. Chemosphere, 61, 1485–1494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snape, I., Stark, J.S., Cole, C.M., Gore, D.G., Duquesne, S. & Riddle, M.J. 2001b. Management and remediation of contaminated sites at Casey Station, Antarctica. Polar Record, 37, 199–214.Google Scholar
Snape, I., Acomb, L., Barnes, D.I., Bainbridge, S., Eno, R., Filler, M., Plato, N., Pol, J.S., Raymond, T.C., Rayner, J.L., Riddle, M.J., Rike, A.G., Rutter, A., Schafer, A.L., Siciliano, S.D. & Walworth, J.L. 2008. Contamination, regulation and remediation: an introduction to bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold regions. In Filler, D., Snape, I. & Barnes, D., eds. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold regions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–37.Google Scholar
Southwell, C. 2005. Response behaviour of seals and penguins to helicopter surveys over the pack ice off East Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 17, 328–334.Google Scholar
Stark, J.S., Riddle, M.J. & Simpson, R.D. 2003a. Human impacts in soft-sediment assemblages at Casey Station, East Antarctica: spatial variation, taxonomic resolution and data transformation. Austral Ecology, 28, 287–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, J.S., Snape, I. & Riddle, M.J. 2003c. The effects of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contamination of marine sediments on recruitment of Antarctic soft-sediment assemblages: a field experimental investigation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 283, 21–50.Google Scholar
Stark, J.S., Snape, I. & Riddle, M.J. 2006. Abandoned Antarctic waste disposal sites: monitoring remediation outcomes and limitations at Casey Station. Ecological Management and Restoration, 7, 21–31.Google Scholar
Stark, J.S., Riddle, M.J., Snape, I. & Scouller, R.C. 2003b. Human impacts in Antarctic marine soft-sediment assemblages: correlations between multivariate biological patterns and environmental variables at Casey Station. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 56, 717–734.Google Scholar
Stark, J.S., Snape, I., Riddle, M.J. & Stark, S.C. 2005. Constraints on spatial variability in soft-sediment communities affected by contamination from an Antarctic waste disposal site. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 276–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Summerson, R. & Riddle, M.J. 2000. Assessing wilderness and aesthetic values in Antarctica. In Davison, W., Howard-Williams, C. & Broady, P., eds. Antarctic ecosystems: models for wider ecological understanding. Christchurch: Caxton Press, 303–307.Google Scholar
Tavares, M. & de Melo, G.A.S. 2004. Discovery of the first known benthic invasive species in the Southern Ocean: the North Atlantic spider crab Hyas araneus found in the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic Science, 16, 129–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tejedo, P., Austel, A., Benayas, J., Rico, E., Convey, P. & Quesada, A. In press. Human impact on soils in an Antarctic Specially Protected Areas: tools to evaluate SCAR recommendations. Antarctic Science, 21.Google Scholar
Thatje, S., Anger, K., Calcagno, J.A., Lovrich, G.A., Portner, H.O. & Arntz, W.E. 2005. Challenging the cold: crabs reconquer the Antarctic. Ecology, 86, 619–625.Google Scholar
Thompson, B.A.W., Goldsworthy, P.M., Riddle, M.J., Snape, I. & Stark, J.S. 2007. Contamination effects by a ‘conventional’ and a ‘biodegradable’ lubricant oil on infaunal recruitment to Antarctic sediments: a field experiment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 340, 213–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thor, G. 1997. Establishment of permanent plots with lichens and mosses for monitoring local human impact on environment in Heimefrontfjella and Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record), 41, 652–672.Google Scholar
Townsend, A. & Snape, I. 2008. Multiple Pb sources in marine sediments near the Australian Antarctic Station, Casey. Science of the Total Environment, 389, 466–474.Google Scholar
Townsend, A.T. & Snape, I. 2002. The use of Pb isotope ratios determined by magnetic sector ICP-MS for tracing Pb pollution in marine sediments near Casey Station, East Antarctica. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 17, 922–928.Google Scholar
Trathan, P.N., Forcada, J., Atkinson, R., Downie, R.H. & Shears, J. In press. Population assessments of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) breeding at an important Antarctic tourist site, Goudier Island, Port Lockroy, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Biological Conservation.Google Scholar
Turner, J., Colwell, S.R., Marshall, G.J., Lachlan-Cope, T.A., Carleton, A.M., Jones, P.D., Lagun, V., Reid, P.A. & Iagovkina, S. 2005. Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 279–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Kingdom Australia & Peru. 2005. Antarctic Treaty Inspections 2005. Report of Antarctic Treaty Inspections undertaken jointly by the UK, Australia and Peru in accordance with Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty and Article 14 of the Environmental Protocol. Working Paper 32 for XXVIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingStockholm6–17 June 2005.Google Scholar
United States. 2001. Team report of the Inspection conducted in accordance with Article VII of the Antarctic treaty and Article XIV of the Protocol under the auspices of the United States Department of State. February 2–16, 2001. Information Paper 17 for XXIV Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingSt Petersburg9–20 July 2001.Google Scholar
Upton, M., Pennington, T.H. & Haston, W. 1997. Detecting commensals in the area around an Antarctic research station. Antarctic Science, 9, 156–161.Google Scholar
Van Ngan, P., Gomes, V., Passos, M.J.A.C.R., Ussami, K.A., Campos, D.Y.F. & Rocha, A.J.D. 2007. Biomonitoring of the genotoxic potential (micronucleus and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities assay) of the Admiralty Bay water surrounding the Brazilian Antarctic Research Station “Comandante Ferraz,” King George Island. Polar Biology, 30, 209–217.Google Scholar
van Polanen Petel, T.D., Giese, M.A., Wotherspoon, S. & Hindell, M.A. 2007. The behavioural response of lactating Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) to over-snow vehicles: a case study. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85, 488–496.Google Scholar
van Polanen Petel, T.D., Terhune, J.N., Hindell, M.A. & Giese, M.A. 2006. An assessment of the audibility of sound from human transport by breeding Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). Wildlife Research, 33, 275–291.Google Scholar
Walworth, J., Reynolds, C.M., Rutter, A. & Snape, I. 2008. Landfarming. In Filler, D., Snape, I. & Barnes, D., eds. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 170–189.Google Scholar
Weber, K. & Goerke, H. 2003. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Antarctic fish: levels, patterns, changes. Chemosphere, 53, 667–678.Google Scholar
Weimerskirch, H., Shaffer, S.A., Mabille, G., Martin, J., Boutard, O. & Rouanet, J.L. 2002. Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating wandering albatrosses: basal levels, natural variation, and the effects of human disturbance. Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 475–483.Google Scholar
Wheeler, M., de Villiers, M.S. & Majiedt, P.A. 2008. The effect of frequency and nature of pedestrian approaches on the behaviour of wandering albatrosses at sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Polar Biology, 10.1007/s00300-008-0520-2.Google Scholar
Whinam, J., Chilcott, N. & Bergstrom, D.M. 2004. Subantarctic hitchhikers: expeditioners as vectors for the introduction of alien organisms. Biological Conservation, 121, 207–219.Google Scholar
Willock, A. & Lack, M. 2006. Follow the leader: learning from experience and best practice in regional fisheries management organizations. Gland: WWF International and TRAFFIC International, 57 pp.Google Scholar
Wilson, R.P., Culik, B. & Adelung, D. 1991. People in Antarctica - how much do Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae care? Polar Biology, 11, 363–370.Google Scholar
Wilson, R.P., Coria, N.R., Spairani, H.J., Adelung, D. & Culik, B. 1989. Human-induced behaviour in Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae. Polar Biology, 10, 77–80.Google Scholar
Woehler, E.J., Riddle, M.J. & Ribic, C.A. 2003. Long-term population trends in southern giant petrels in East Antarctica. In Huiskes, A.H.L., Gieskes, W.W.C., Rozema, J., Schorno, R.M.L., van der Vies, S.M. & Wolff, W.J., eds. Antarctic biology in a global context. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 290–295.Google Scholar
Worm, B., Barbier, E.B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J.E., Folke, C., Halpern, B.S., Jackson, J.B.C., Lotze, H.K., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S.R., Sala, E., Selkoe, K.A., Stachowicz, J.J. & Watson, R. 2006. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, 314, 787–790.Google Scholar
Yergeau, E., Bokhorst, S., Huiskes, A.H.L., Boschker, H.T.S., Aerts, R. & Kowalchuk, G.A. 2007. Size and structure of bacterial, fungal and nematode communities along an Antarctic environmental gradient. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 59, 436–451.Google Scholar