Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-r6c6k Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-12T21:03:23.319Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Health and Safety at Work in the Transport Industry (TRANS-18): Factorial Structure, Reliability and Validity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Joan Boada-Grau ,
José-Carlos Sánchez-García ,
Aldo-Javier Prizmic-Kuzmica  and
Andreu Vigil-Colet
Joan Boada-Grau*
Affiliation:
Universidad Rovira i Virgili (Spain)
José-Carlos Sánchez-García
Affiliation:
Universidad de Salamanca (Spain)
Aldo-Javier Prizmic-Kuzmica
Affiliation:
Escuela de Alta Dirección y Administración (Spain)
Andreu Vigil-Colet
Affiliation:
Universidad Rovira i Virgili (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Joan Boada-Grau. “Centre de Recerca en Avaluació i Mesura de la Conducta”. Departamento de Psicología. Universidad Rovira i Virgili. 43007 Tarragona (Spain). E-mail: joan.boada@urv.cat
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this article, we study the psychometric properties of a short scale (TRANS-18) which was designed to detect safe behaviors (personal and vehicle-related) and psychophysiological disorders. 244 drivers participated in the study, including drivers of freight transport vehicles (regular, dangerous and special), cranes, and passenger transport (regular transport and chartered coaches), ambulances and taxis. After carrying out an exploratory factor analysis of the scale, the findings show a structure comprised of three factors related to psychophysiological disorders, and to both personal and vehicle-related safety behaviors. Furthermore, these three factors had adequate reliability and all three also showed validity with regard to burnout, fatigue and job tension. In short, this scale may be ideally suited for adequately identifying the safety behaviors and safety problems of transport drivers. Future research could use the TRANS-18 as a screening tool in combination with other instruments.

En el presente artículo estudiamos las propiedades psicométricas de una escala breve (TRANS-18) creada con el objetivo de detectar las conductas de seguridad (personales y en el vehículo) y los trastornos psicofisiológicos. Los participantes de la presente investigación son 244 conductores de vehículos de mercancías (comunes, peligrosas y especiales), grúas, pasajeros (línea regular y discrecional), ambulancias y taxis. Los resultados obtenidos constatan, después de realizar un análisis factorial exploratorio de la escala, una estructura constituida por tres factores que hacen referencia a los trastornos psicofisiológicos, a las conductas de seguridad tanto personales como de seguridad en el vehículo. Además, los tres factores obtenidos tienen una fiabilidad adecuada e igualmente se constatan indicios de validez de los tres factores si se toman como referencia el burnout, la fatiga y la tensión laboral. En suma, la presente escala puede resultar idónea para identificar de manera apropiada las conductas seguras y los trastornos que tienen los transportistas. Futuras investigaciones podrían utilizar el TRANS-18 como una herramienta de screening en combinación con otros instrumentos.

Keywords

safety behaviorspsychophysiological disorderstransportscaleinstrumental studyconductas segurastrastornos psicofisiológicostransporteescalaestudio instrumental

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , March 2012 , pp. 357 - 366
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adams, E. E. (1976). Accident causation and the management system. Professional Safety, 21, 26–29.Google Scholar
Ahsberg, E. (2000). Dimensions of fatigue in different working populations. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 41, 231–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00192CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahsberg, E., Gamberale, F., & Kjellberg, A. (1997). Perceived quality of fatigue during different occupational tasks. Development of a questionnaire. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 20, 121–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141(96)00044-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apparies, R. J., Riniolo, T. C., & Porges, S. W. (1998). A psychophysiological investigation of the effects of driving longer-combination vehicles. Ergonomics, 41, 581–592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001401398186766CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aronsson, G., & Rissler, A. (1998). Psychophysiological stress reactions in female and male urban bus drivers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 122–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.3.2.122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belkic, K., Pavolic, S., Djordjevic, M., Ugljesic, M., & Mickovic, L. (1992). Determinants of cardiac risk in professional drivers. Kardiologija, 13, 145–149.Google ScholarPubMed
Berraho, M., Nejjari, C., Elrhazi, K., El Fakir, S., Tessier, J. F., Ouedraogo, N., … Raiss, N. (2006). Mesure du stress professionnel des chauffeurs de taxi a Fes, Maroc. [Measurement of occupational stress of taxi drivers in Fes, Morocco]. Santé Publique, 18, 375–387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/spub.063.0375Google Scholar
Blanch, A., & Aluja, A. (2009). Validation study of the Spanish version of the Work-Family Conflict Questionnaire (CCTF). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12, 746–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blasco, R. D., Prieto, J. M., & Cornejo, J. M. (2003). Accident probability after accident occurrence. Safety Science, 41, 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(01)00080-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boada-Grau, J. (1999). Psicología del (Trabajo+Organizaciones+Recursos Humanos) [(Work+Organizations+Human Resources) Psychology]. Barcelona, Spain: PPU Ediciones.Google Scholar
Boada-Grau, J., De Diego, R., & Agulló, E. (2004). El burnout y las manifestaciones psicosomáticas como consecuentes del clima organizacional y de la motivación laboral [Burnout and psychosomatic symptoms as consequences of organisational climate and work motivation]. Psicothema, 16, 125–131Google Scholar
Boada-Grau, J., De Diego, R., Agulló, E., & Mañas, M. A. (2005). El absentismo laboral como consecuente de variables organizacionales [Work absenteeism as a consequence of organizational variables]. Psicothema, 17, 212–218.Google Scholar
Boada-Grau, J., González, S., Vigil-Colet, A., Mañas, M. A., & Agulló, S. (2009). CONS-32: Estructura factorial y propiedades psicométricas [CONS-32: Factor structure and psychometric properties]. Psicothema, 21, 165–169.Google Scholar
Boix, P., Benavides, F. G., Soriano, G., Moreno, N., Roe, J. M., & García-Gómez, M. (2000). Criterios básicos para la vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores: Decálogo sobre la vigilancia de la salud en el trabajo [Basic criteria for safeguarding workers' health: Decalogue on health promotion in the workplace]. Archivo de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, 3, 175–177.Google Scholar
Brison, C. (2000). Women, work and cardiovascular disease. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 15, 49–57.Google Scholar
Canto, J. M. (2000). Dinámica de Grupos: Aspectos técnicos, ámbitos de intervención y fundamentos teóricos [Group dynamics: Technical aspects, spheres of intervention and theoretical tenets]. Málaga, Spain: Aljibe.Google Scholar
Carter, N. (1992). Behavior analysis and the primary prevention of occupational injuries. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 21, 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16506079209455897CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The Scree Test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chhokar, J. S. (1990). Behavioral safety management. Vikalpa, 15, 15–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comisión Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (2007). Estrategia española de seguridad y salud en el trabajo (2007–2012) [Spanish strategy for safety and health in the workplace (2007–2012)]. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmi-gración – Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. D., Phillips, R. A., Sutherland, V. J., & Makin, P. J. (1994). Reducing accidents using goal setting and feedback: A field study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 219–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1994.tb00564.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Da Silva-Junior, F. P., Nunes de Pinho, R. S., Tulio de Mello, M., Sales de Bruin, V. M., & Carvalhedo de Bruin, P. F. (2009). Risk factors for depression in truck drivers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 125–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Croon, E. M., Blonk, R. W. B., de Zwart, B. C. H., Frings-Dresen, M. H. W., & Broersen, J. P. J. (2002). Job stress, fatigue, and job dissatisfaction in Dutch lorry drivers: Towards an occupational specific model of job demands and control. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59, 356–361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.6.356CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Croon, E. M., Sluiter, J. K., Blonk, R. W. B., Broersen, J. P. J., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. W. (2004). Stressful work, psychological job strain, and turnover: A 2-year prospective cohort study of truck drivers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 442–454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.442CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Vries, J., Van der Steeg, A. F., & Roukema, J. A. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) in women with breast problem. International Journal of Clinical and Health, 10, 125–139.Google Scholar
Dorrian, J., Hussey, F., & Dawson, D. (2007). Train driving efficiency and safety: Examining the cost of fatigue. Journal Sleep Research, 16, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00563.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eurostat (2009). Population and social conditions. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
Eurostat (2010). MEDSTAT II: Transport, energy and environment in the Mediterranean partner countries. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
European Commission (2007). Improving quality and productivity at work: Community strategy 2007–2012 on health and safety at work (2007–2012). Brussels, Belgium: Author.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W., & Johansson, G. (1998). Urban bus driving: An international arena for the study of occupational health psychology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.3.2.99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garwood, L., & Dorn, L. (2003). Stress vulnerability and choice of coping strategies in UK bus drivers (p. 55–64). In Dorn, L. (Ed.), Driver behavior and training. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Gil, F. (2004). Técnicas para generar ideas y para solucionar problemas [Techniques for generating ideas and solving problems.]. In Gil, F. & Alcover, C. M. (Coord.), Técnicas grupales en contextos organizacionales [Group techniques in organisational contexts] (pp. 145–170). Madrid, Spain: Pirámide.Google Scholar
Gimeno, D., Benavides, F. G., Mira, M., Martínez, J. M., & Benach, J. (2004). External validation of psychological job demands in a bus driver sample. Journal of Occupational Health, 46, 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.46.43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, J. (1990). Metodología de encuesta por muestreo. [Sample survey methodology]. In Arnau, J., Anguera, M. T., & Gómez, J., Metodología de la investigación en Ciencias del Comportamiento [Research methodology in Behavioral Sciences] (pp. 239–310). Murcia, Spain: Universidad de Murcia.Google Scholar
González, J. L., Moreno, B., Garrosa, E., & López, A. (2005). Spanish version of the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI): Factor replication, reliability and validity. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 737–746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2005.02.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grösbrink, A., & Mahr, A. (1998). Ergonomics of bus driving. In Stellman, J. M. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety (Vol. 3, pp. 102.123–102.125). Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.Google Scholar
Hammer, W. (1972). Handbook of system and product safety. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Hathaway, J. A., & Dingus, T. A. (1992). The effects of compliance cost and specific consequence information on the use of safety equipment. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 24, 577–584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(92)90010-GCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinrich, H. W., Petersen, O., & Roos, N. (1980). Industrial Accident Prevention. New York, NY: Mc Graw-Hill.Google Scholar
Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2000). Metodología de la investigación [Research methodology]. Mexico DF, Mexico: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
International Labour Organisation (2001a). Health and safety in the workplace encyclopaedia. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.Google Scholar
International Labour Organisation (2001b). Technical guidelines project on occupational safety and health management systems. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.Google Scholar
Issever, H., Onen, L., Sabuncu, H. H., & Altunkaynak, O. (2002). Personality characteristics, psychological symptoms and anxiety levels of drivers in charge of urban transportation in Istanbul. Occupational Medicine, 52, 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/52.6.297CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerlinger, F. N. (2001). Investigación del comportamiento: Métodos de investigación en ciencias sociales [Behavior research: Research methods in social sciences]. Mexico DF, Mexico: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Kompier, M. A. J., van den Berg, A-M., Aust, B., & Siegrist, J. (2000). Stress prevention in bus drivers: Evaluation of 13 natural experiments. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krantz, D. S., & McCeney, M. K. (2002). Effects of psychological and social factors on organic disease: A critical reassessment of research on coronary heart disease. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 341–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lal, S. K. L., & Craig, A. (2001). Electroencephalography activity associated with driver fatigue: Implications for a fatigue countermeasure device. Journal of Psychophysiology, 15, 183–189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.15.3.183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lattin, J., Carroll, D. J., & Green, P. E. (2003). Analyzing multivariate data. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press.Google Scholar
Lelito, R. H., Palumbo, L. O., & Hanley, M. (2001). Psychometric evaluation of a brief geriatric depression screen. Aging & Mental Health, 5, 387–393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860120080350CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenzo-Seva, U. (1999). Promin: A method for oblique factor rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34, 347–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3403_3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 38, 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03192753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machin, M. A., & Hoare, P. N. (2008). The role of workload and driver coping styles in predicting bus drivers' need for recovery, positive and negative affect, and physical symptoms. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 21, 359–375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800701766049CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meliá, J. L. (1994). La medición de la tensión en el trabajo [Measuring tension in the workplace]. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y Organizaciones, 10, 17–38.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L. (1995). Un proceso de intervención para reducir los accidentes laborales [An intervention procedure to reduce work accidents]. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 11, 51–65.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L. (1998). Un modelo causal psicosocial de los accidentes laborales [A causal psychosocial model of work accidents]. Anuario de Psicología, 29, 25–43.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L. (1999). Medición y métodos de intervención en psicología de la seguridad y prevención de accidentes [Measurement and intervention methods in safety psychology and accident prevention]. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 15, 237–266.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L. (2003). Batería Valencia PREVACC: Instrumentos diagnósticos para la prevención de accidentes laborales [The Valencia PREVACC battery: diagnostic instruments for the prevention of work accidents]. Valencia, Spain: Cristóbal Serrano.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L. (2004, June). La Batería Valenciana PREVACC de la Universidad de Valencia: La evaluación de las dimensiones comportamentales, grupales y organizacionales que afectan a los accidentes laborales [The Valencia PREVACC Battery of the University of Valencia: The evaluation of behavioral, group and organisational dimensions which affect work accidents]. Paper presented at the 3rd International Congress on Occupational Risk Prevention. Santiago de Compostela, Spain.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L. (2007). El factor humano en la seguridad laboral. Psicología de la Seguridad y Salud Laboral [The human factor in work safety. Safety and Occupational Health Psychology]. Bilbao, Spain: Lettera Publicaciones.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L., Sospedra, M. J., & Rodrigo, M. F. (1993). Una segunda replicación del estudio del Cuestionario para la medida del Riesgo Basal (RB 3/17): Fiabilidad, validez, estructura factorial y análisis diferenciales en una muestra de sujetos accidentados [A second replication of the Questionnaire study to measure Basal Risk (BR 3/17): Reliability, validity, factor structure and differential analyses in a sample of injured subjects]. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 9, 251–263.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L., Ricarte, J. J., & Arnedo, M. T. (1998a). La Psicología de la Seguridad (I): Una revisión de los modelos procesuales de inspiración mecanicista [Safety Psychology (I): A review of mechanicist inspired procedural models]. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 51, 37–54.Google Scholar
Meliá, J. L., Ricarte, J. J., & Arnedo, M. T. (1998b). La Psicología de la Seguridad (II): Modelos explicativos de inspiración psicosociológica [Safety Psychology (II): Explanational models of psychosociological inspiration]. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 51, 279–299.Google Scholar
Miró, E., Solanes, A., Martínez, P., Sánchez, A. I., & Rodríguez-Marín, J. (2007). Relación entre el burnout o “síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo”, la tensión laboral y las características del sueño [The relation between burnout, occupational tension and sleep characteristics]. Psicothema, 19, 388–394.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. L. (1998a). The Focus Group Guidebook. Focus Group Kit 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, D. L. (1998b). Planning Focus Group. Focus Group Kit 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthen, B., & Kaplan, D. (1992). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables: A note on the size of the model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45, 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1992.tb00975.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newnam, S., & Griffin, M. A. (2008). Safety in work vehicles: A multilevel study linking safety values and individual predictors to work-related driving crashes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 632–644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.632CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborn, A. F. (1953). Imaginación aplicada. Principios y procedimientos para pensar creando [Applied imagination. Principles and procedures for thinking while creating.]. Madrid, Spain: Verflex.Google Scholar
Padilla, J. L., Gómez, J., Hidalgo, M. D., & Muñiz, J. (2006). La evaluación de las consecuencias del uso de los tests en la teoría de la validez [Evaluation of the consequences of using tests on validity theory]. Psicothema, 18, 307–312.Google Scholar
Petersen, D. (1984). Human-error reduction and safety management. New York, NY: Aloray Inc.Google Scholar
Philip, P. (2005). Sleepiness of occupational drivers. Industrial Health, 43, 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.43.30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robb, M. J. M., & Mansfield, N. J. (2007). Self-reported musculoskeletal problems amongst professional truck drivers. Ergonomics, 50, 814–827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130701220341CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W. B., Llorens, S., Peiró, J. M., & Grau, R. (2000). Desde el ‘burnout’ al ‘engagement’: ¿Una nueva perspectiva?. [From burnout to engagement: A new perspective?]. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y las Organizaciones, 16, 117–134.Google Scholar
Sánchez, J. C. (2002). Psicología de los grupos. [Psychology of groups]. Madrid, Spain: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Salas, C., & Meliá, J. L. (2004, June). Evaluación de riesgos psicosociales y factores psicosociales que afectan a la probabilidad de accidente en una empresa de transporte urbano de economía social. [Evaluation of the psychosocial risks and psychosocial factors that affect accident probability in an urban transport social economy company]. Paper presented at the 3rd International Congress on Occupational Risk Prevention. Santiago de Compostela, Spain.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey. In Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (Eds.), The Maslach Burnout Inventory- Test Manual (3rd Ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Solé, M. D., & Balduque, M. (2006). El programa de ayuda al empleado (EAP): Intervención individual en la prevención de riesgos psicosociales [The Employee's Help Programme (EAP): Individual intervention in preventing psychosocial risks.]. Madrid, Spain Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo.Google Scholar
Spencer, M. B., Robertson, K. A., & Folkard, S. (2006). The development of a fatigue/risk index for shiftworkers (Research Rep. 446). Sudbury, England: HSE Books.Google Scholar
Strahan, C., Watson, B., & Lennonb, A. (2008). Can organisational safety climate and occupational stress predict work-related driver fatigue? Transportation Research part F-Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 11, 418–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2008.04.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thacker, S. B., & Berkelman, R. (1992). History of public health surveillance. In Halperin, W. & Barker, E. L. (Eds.), Public Health Surveillance. (pp. 62–75). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. H., & Dorn, L. (2006). Stress, fatigue, health, and risk of road traffic accidents among professional drivers: The contribution of physical inactivity. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 371–391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tse, J. L. M., Flin, R., & Mearns, K. (2006). Bus driver well-being review: 50 years of research. Transportation Research Part F, 9, 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2005.10.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tse, J. L. M., Flin, R., & Mearns, K. (2007). Facets of job effort in bus driver health: Deconstructing “effort” in the effort-reward imbalance model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.1.48CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, M. A., Ogle, S. J., Davidson, J. G., & Eilenberg, M. D. (1987). Validation of a brief screening test for depression in the elderly. Age Ageing, 16, 139–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/16.3.139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, P., & Rutherford, C. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between long work hours and health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 465–476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.465CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vahtera, J., Kivimäki, M., Pentti, J., & Theorell, T. (2000). Effect of change in the psychosocial work environment on sickness absence: A seven year follow up of initially healthy employees. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54, 484–493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.7.484CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verbeek, J. H., Van Dijk, F. J., Mailmivaraa, A., Hulshof, C., & Räsänen, K. (2002). Evidence-based medicine for occupational health. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment Health, 28, 197–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, O. A. (1971). Symptoms of operational error. Professional Safety, 16, 131–139.Google Scholar
Winkleby, M. A., Ragland, D. R., & Syme, S. L. (1988). Self-reported stressors and hypertension: Evidence of an inverse association. American Journal of Epidemiology, 127, 124–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486–493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed