Hostname: page-component-76d6cb85b7-vdhp9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-19T04:45:28.440Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Affects Vegetation More Than Seed Banks in Mixed-Grass Prairies of the Northern Great Plains

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Dustin F. Haines ,
Diane L. Larson  and
Jennifer L. Larson
Dustin F. Haines*
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
Diane L. Larson
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, St. Paul, MN 55108
Jennifer L. Larson
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: hain0072@umn.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Exotic plants have the ability to modify soil seed banks in habitats they invade, but little is known about the legacy of invasion on seed banks once an exotic plant has successfully been controlled. Natural areas previously invaded by leafy spurge in the northern Great Plains typically have one of two fates following its removal: a return of native plants, or a secondary invasion of other exotic plants. It is unknown, however, if this difference in plant communities following leafy spurge control is due to seed bank differences. To answer this question, we monitored seed banks and standing vegetation for 2 yr in mixed-grass prairies that were previously invaded by leafy spurge but controlled within 5 yr of our study. We found that native plant seed banks were largely intact in areas previously invaded by leafy spurge, regardless of the current living plant community, and leafy spurge invasion history had a larger impact on cover and diversity of the vegetation than on the seed banks. Differences in plant communities following leafy spurge control do not appear to be related to the seed banks, and soil conditions may be more important in determining trajectories of these postinvasion communities.

Keywords

Leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. EPHESNorth Dakotapost-invasion dynamicsvegetation coverTheodore Roosevelt National Park

Information

Type
Research
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 6 , Issue 3 , September 2013 , pp. 416 - 432
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Literature Cited

Abella, S. R., Chiquoine, L. P., and Backer, D. M. 2012. Ecological characteristics of sites invaded by buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare). Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 5:443–453.Google Scholar
Aerts, R., Huiszoon, A., VanOostrum, J. H. A., VandeVijver, C., and Willems, J. H. 1995. The potential for heathland restoration on formerly arable land at a site in Drenthe, the Netherlands. J. Appl. Ecol. 32:827–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, G. L. 1995. Using remote sensing and geographic information systems for mapping noxious weed infestations within North Dakota. Pages 28–32 in Proceedings of the Alien Plant Invasions: Increasing Deterioration of Rangeland Ecosystem Health Symposium. Phoenix, AZ Bureau of Land Management.Google Scholar
Anderson, G. L. 1998. South Unit—1993 Leafy Spurge Inventory (trsuspgp). Weslaco, TX U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service.Google Scholar
Anderson, G. L., Everitt, J. H., Escobar, D. E., Spencer, N. R., and Andrascik, R. J. 1996. Mapping leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) infestations using aerial photography and geographic information systems. Geocarto Int. 11:81–89.Google Scholar
Anderson, G. L., Kokaly, R. F., Hager, S. N., and Root, R. R. 2004. Evaluating leafy spurge change over a ten-year period in Theodore Roosevelt National Park using multiple aerial imaging platforms. TEAM Leafy Spurge Symposium, Society for Range Management 57th Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, UT TEAM Leafy Spurge, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Andrascik, R. J. 1994. A post workshop review: discussion, process, and highlights for developing a leafy spurge strategic management plan within Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Pages 109–117 in Leafy Spurge Strategic Planning Workshop. Dickinson, ND U.S. Department of the Interior.Google Scholar
Baer, S. G., Collins, S. L., Blair, J. M., Knapp, A. K., and Fiedler, A. K. 2005. Soil heterogeneity effects on tallgrass prairie community heterogeneity: an application of ecological theory to restoration ecology. Restor. Ecol. 13:413–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, W-J., Mitchley, J., and Jiao, J-Y. 2010. Soil seed bank and standing vegetation of abandoned croplands on Chinese Loess Plateau: implications for restoration. Arid Land Res. Manag. 24:98–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, J. P. and Berendse, F. 1999. Constraints in the restoration of ecological diversity in grassland and heathland communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14:63–68.Google Scholar
Bakker, J. P., Poschlod, P., Strykstra, R., Bekker, R., and Thompson, K. 1996. Seed banks and seed dispersal: important topics in restoration ecology. Acta Bot. Neerl. 45:461–490.Google Scholar
Bartuszevige, A. M. and Endress, B. A. 2008. Do ungulates facilitate native and exotic plant spread?: Seed dispersal by cattle, elk and deer in northeastern Oregon. J. Arid Environ. 72:904–913.Google Scholar
Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. 1998. Seeds: ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy and germination. San Diego Academic. 666 p.Google Scholar
Bekker, R. M., Verweij, G. L., Smith, R. E. N., Reine, R., Bakker, J. P., and Schneider, S. 1997. Soil seed banks in European grasslands: does land use affect regeneration perspectives? J. Appl. Ecol. 34:1293–1310.Google Scholar
Belcher, J. W. and Wilson, S. D. 1989. Leafy spurge and the species composition of a mixed-grass prairie. J. Range Manag. 42:172–175.Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S. 2003. Soil texture involvement in germination and emergence of buried weed seeds. Agron. J. 95:191–198.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, D. M., Jordan, N. R., and Svenson, E. L. 2003. Weed control as a rationale for restoration: the example of tallgrass prairie. Conserv. Ecol. 7:6 p.–.Google Scholar
Bossuyt, B. and Hermy, M. 2003. The potential of soil seedbanks in the ecological restoration of grassland and heathland communities. Belg. J. Bot. 136:23–34.Google Scholar
Bossuyt, B. and Honnay, O. 2008. Can the seed bank be used for ecological restoration? An overview of seed bank characteristics in European communities. J. Veg. Sci. 19:875–884.Google Scholar
Bowes, G. G. and Thomas, A. G. 1978. Longevity of leafy spurge seeds in the soil following various control programs. J. Range Manag. 31:137–140.Google Scholar
Butler, J. L. and Cogan, D. R. 2004. Leafy spurge effects on patterns of plant species richness. J. Range Manag. 57:305–311.Google Scholar
Chancellor, R. J. 1966. The Identification of Weed Seedlings of Farm and Garden. Oxford, UK Blackwell Scientific. 88 p.Google Scholar
Cione, N. K., Padgett, P. E., and Allen, E. B. 2002. Restoration of a native shrubland impacted by exotic grasses, frequent fire, and nitrogen deposition in southern California. Restor. Ecol. 10:376–384.Google Scholar
Cline, D., Juricek, C., Lym, R. G., and Kirby, D. R. 2008. Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control with Aphthona spp. affects seedbank composition and native grass reestablishment. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 1:120–132.Google Scholar
Cornett, M. W., Bauman, P. J., and Breyfogle, D. D. 2006. Can we control leafy spurge? Adaptive management and the recovery of native vegetation. Ecol. Restor. 24:145–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, R. and Allen, E. 2008. Composition of soil seed banks in southern California coastal sage scrub and adjacent exotic grassland. Plant Ecol. 198:37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crimmins, T. M. and McPherson, G. R. 2008. Vegetation and seedbank response to Eragrostis lehmanniana removal in semi-desert communities. Weed Res. 48:542–551.Google Scholar
Cuevas, Y. A. and Zalba, S. M. 2010. Recovery of native grasslands after removing invasive pines. Restor. Ecol. 18:711–719.Google Scholar
Day, P. R. 1965. Particle fractionation and particle size analysis. Pages 545–567 in Black, C. A., ed. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Madison, WI American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America.Google Scholar
DiTomaso, J. M. and Healy, E. A. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Vol. 1. Oakland, CA University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1808 p.Google Scholar
Drake, D. R. 1998. Relationships among the seed rain, seed bank and vegetation of a Hawaiian forest. J. Veg. Sci. 9:103–112.Google Scholar
Dremann, C. C. and Shaw, M. 2002. Releasing the native seedbank: an innovative approach to restoring a coastal California ecosystem. Ecol. Restor. 20:103–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, C. A., Jachetta, J. J., Brown, M. L., Carrithers, V. F., Clark, J. K., DiTomaso, J. M., Lym, R. G., McDaniel, K. C., Renz, M. J., and Rice, P. M. 2004. Assessing the economic, environmental, and societal losses from invasive plants on rangeland and wildlands. Weed Technol. 18:1411–1416.Google Scholar
Dunn, P. H. 1985. Origins of leafy spurge in North America. Pages 7–13 in Watson, A. K., ed. Leafy Spurge. Champaign, IL Weed Science Society of America.Google Scholar
Dutoit, T. and Alard, D. 1995. Permanent seed banks in chalk grassland under various management regimes: their role in the restoration of species-rich plant communities. Biodivers. Conserv. 4:939–950.Google Scholar
Evans, R. A. and Young, J. A. 1975. Enhancing germination of dormant seeds of downy brome. Weed Sci. 23:354–357.Google Scholar
Fagan, K., Pywell, R., Bullock, J., and Marrs, R. 2010. The seed banks of English lowland calcareous grasslands along a restoration chronosequence. Plant Ecol. 208:199–211.Google Scholar
Fahnestock, J. T., Larson, D. L., Plumb, G. E., and Detling, J. K. 2003. Effects of ungulates and prairie dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie. Plant Ecol. 167:255–268.Google Scholar
Fenner, M. 1985. Seed Ecology. London, New York Chapman and Hall. 151 p.Google Scholar
Fenner, M. 1995. Ecology of Seed Banks. Pages 507–523 in Kigel, J., and Galili, G., eds. Seed Development and Germination. New York M. Dekker.Google Scholar
Fisher, J. L., Loneragan, W. A., Dixon, K., and Veneklaas, E. J. 2009. Soil seed bank compositional change constrains biodiversity in an invaded species-rich woodland. Biol. Conserv. 142:256–269.Google Scholar
Folmar, L. C., Sanders, H. O., and Julin, A. M. 1979. Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8:269–278.Google Scholar
Giantomasi, A., Tecco, P. A., Funes, G., Gurvich, D. E., and Cabido, M. 2008. Canopy effects of the invasive shrub Pyracantha angustifolia on seed bank composition, richness and density in a montane shrubland (Córdoba, Argentina). Austral Ecol. 33:68–77.Google Scholar
Gioria, M. and Osborne, B. 2010. Similarities in the impact of three large invasive plant species on soil seed bank communities. Biol. Invasions 12:1671–1683.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. 1981. The role of seed dormancy in vegetation dynamics. Ann. Appl. Biol. 98:555–558.Google Scholar
Hager, S. 1998. South Unit Biocontrol Sites. Medora, ND Theodore Roosevelt National Park.Google Scholar
Henderson, D. C. and Naeth, M. A. 2005. Multi-scale impacts of crested wheatgrass invasion in mixed-grass prairie. Biol. Invasions 7:639–650.Google Scholar
Holl, K. D., Steele, H. N., Fusari, M. H., and Fox, L. R. 2000. Seed banks of maritime chaparral and abandoned roads: potential for vegetation recovery. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 127:207–220.Google Scholar
Holmes, P. M. 2002. Depth distribution and composition of seed-banks in alien-invaded and uninvaded fynbos vegetation. Austral Ecol. 27:110–120.Google Scholar
Hutchings, M. J. and Booth, K. D. 1996. Studies on the feasibility of re-creating chalk grassland vegetation on ex-arable land. 1. The potential roles of the seed bank and the seed rain. J. Appl. Ecol. 33:1171–1181.Google Scholar
Jonsen, I. D., Bourchier, R. S., and Roland, J. 2001. The influence of matrix habitat on Aphthona flea beetle immigration to leafy spurge patches. Oecologia 127:287–294.Google Scholar
Jordan, N., Larson, D., and Huerd, S. 2008. Soil modification by invasive plants: effects on native and invasive species of mixed-grass prairies. Biol. Invasions 10:177–190.Google Scholar
Jordan, N. R., Larson, D. L., and Huerd, S. C. 2011. Evidence of qualitative differences between soil-occupancy effects of invasive vs. native grassland plant species. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 4:11–21.Google Scholar
Joshi, A. 2008. Integrating flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) with herbicide and grasses for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) management. Weed Technol. 22:523–529.Google Scholar
Kalamees, R., Püssa, K., Zobel, K., and Zobel, M. 2012. Restoration potential of the persistent soil seed bank in successional calcareous (alvar) grasslands in Estonia. Appl. Veg. Sci. 15:208–218.Google Scholar
Keddy, P. 1992. Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology. J. Veg. Sci. 3:157–164.Google Scholar
Kirby, D. R., Lym, R. G., Sterling, J. J., and Sieg, C. H. 2003. Observation: leafy spurge control in western prairie fringed orchid habitat. J. Range Manag. 56:466–473.Google Scholar
Kokaly, R. F., Anderson, G. L., Root, R. R., Brown, K. E., Mladinich, C. S., Hager, S. N., and Dudek, K. B. 2004. Mapping leafy spurge by identifying signatures of vegetation field spectra in Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data. Proceedings of the Society for Range Management 57th Annual Meeting, Pp. 249–260, Salt Lake City, UT Society for Range Management.Google Scholar
Kummer, A. P. 1951. Weed Seedlings. Chicago University of Chicago Press. 435 p.Google Scholar
Lambert, D. 1992. Zero-inflated Poisson regression, with an application to defects in manufacturing. Technometrics 34:1–14.Google Scholar
Larson, D. L. and Grace, J. B. 2004. Temporal dynamics of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and two species of flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) used as biological control agents. Biol. Control 29:207–214.Google Scholar
Larson, D. L., Grace, J. B., Rabie, P. A., and Andersen, P. 2007. Short-term disruption of a leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) biocontrol program following herbicide application. Biol. Control 40:1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, D. L. and Larson, J. L. 2010. Control of one invasive plant species allows exotic grasses to become dominant in northern Great Plains grasslands. Biol. Conserv. 143:1901–1910.Google Scholar
Larson, D. L., Royer, R. A., and Royer, M. R. 2006. Insect visitation and pollen deposition in an invaded prairie plant community. Biol. Conserv. 130:148–159.Google Scholar
Laufmann, J. A. 2006. Biological Control affects Native Vegetation and Recovery Potential in Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota. PhD dissertation. Fort Collins, CO Colorado State University. 155 p.Google Scholar
Leistritz, F. L., Bangsund, D. A., and Hodur, N. M. 2004. Assessing the economic impact of invasive weeds: the case of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Technol. 18:1392–1395.Google Scholar
Lesica, P. and Hanna, D. 2009. Effect of biological control on leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and diversity of associated grasslands over 14 years. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 2:151–157.Google Scholar
Littell, R. C., Milliken, G. A., Stroup, W. W., Wolfinger, R. D., and Schabenberger, O. 2006. SAS for Mixed Models. Boston, MA Safari Tech Books Online. 840 p.Google Scholar
Loh, R. and Daehler, C. 2008. Influence of woody invader control methods and seed availability on native and invasive species establishment in a Hawaiian forest. Biol. Invasions 10:805–819.Google Scholar
Lym, R. G. 2005. Integration of biological control agents with other weed management technologies: successes from the leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) IPM program. Biol. Control 35:366–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manitoba Agriculture Food and Rural Initiatives. 2004. Weed Seedling Identification Guide. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Publications. 25 p.Google Scholar
Marchante, H., Freitas, H., and Hoffmann, J. H. 2011. The potential role of seed banks in the recovery of dune ecosystems after removal of invasive plant species. Appl. Veg. Sci. 14:107–119.Google Scholar
Martin, L. M. and Wilsey, B. J. 2006. Assessing grassland restoration success: relative roles of seed additions and native ungulate activities. J. Appl. Ecol. 43:1098–1109.Google Scholar
Martin, L. M. and Wilsey, B. J. 2012. Assembly history alters alpha and beta diversity, exotic–native proportions and functioning of restored prairie plant communities. J. Appl. Ecol. 49:1436–1445.Google Scholar
Mason, T. J., French, K., and Russell, K. G. 2007. Moderate impacts of plant invasion and management regimes in coastal hind dune seed banks. Biol. Conserv. 134:428–439.Google Scholar
McCune, B. and Grace, J. B. 2002. Analysis of Ecological Communities. Gleneden Beach, OR MjM Software Design. 300 p.Google Scholar
McGregor, R. L. and Barkley, T. M. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS University Press of Kansas. 1392 p.Google Scholar
McKinney, M. L. 2004. Measuring floristic homogenization by non-native plants in North America. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 13:47–53.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, S. P. and Bowers, J. E. 2007. Effects of exotic grasses on soil seed banks in southeastern Arizona grasslands. West. N. Am. Nat. 67:206–218.Google Scholar
McLerran, D. 2008. Re: Is It True That a Zero-Inflated Gamma Model is Not Possible in Either GENMOD or NLMIXED? http://listserv.uga.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2 = ind0805A&L = sas-l&P = R20779. Accessed May 7, 2012.Google Scholar
Mladinich, C. S., Bustos, M. R., Stitt, S., Root, R., Brown, K., Anderson, G. L., and Hager, S. 2006. The use of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus for mapping leafy spurge. Rangeland Ecol. Manag. 59:500–506.Google Scholar
Murphy, R. K. and Grant, T. A. 2005. Land management history and floristics in mixed-grass prairie, North Dakota, USA. Nat. Areas J. 25:351–358.Google Scholar
National Park Service. 2005. Northern Great Plains Exotic Plant Management Plan and Environmental Assessment. Medora, ND National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 364 p.Google Scholar
[NCDC] National Climatic Data Center. 2012. Asheville, NC National Climatic Data Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html. Accessed: Jan 28, 2013.Google Scholar
Ogden, J. A. E. and Rejmánek, M. 2005. Recovery of native plant communities after the control of a dominant invasive plant species, Foeniculum vulgare: implications for management. Biol. Conserv. 125:427–439.Google Scholar
O'Neill, M., Ustin, S. L., Hager, S., and Root, R. 2000. Mapping the distribution of leafy spurge at Theodore Roosevelt National Park using AVIRIS. Pasadena, CA, AVIRIS Airbone Geoscience WorkshopJet Propulsion Laboratory. 9 p.Google Scholar
Otfinowski, R., Kenkel, N. C., and Van Acker, R. C. 2008. Reconciling seed dispersal and seed bank observations to predict smooth brome (Bromus inermis) invasions of a northern prairie. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 1:279–286.Google Scholar
Pahel, B. T., Preisser, J. S., Stearns, S. C., and Rozier, R. G. 2011. Multiple imputation of dental caries data using a zero-inflated Poisson regression model. J. Public Health Dent. 71:71–78.Google Scholar
Plassmann, K., Brown, N., Jones, M. L. M., and Edwards-Jones, G. 2009. Can soil seed banks contribute to the restoration of dune slacks under conservation management? Appl. Veg. Sci. 12:199–210.Google Scholar
Progar, R. A., Markin, G., Milan, J., Barbouletos, T., and Rinella, M. J. 2010. Inundative release of Aphthona spp. flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a biological “herbicide” on leafy spurge in riparian areas. J. Econ. Entomol. 103:242–248.Google Scholar
Prosser, C. W. 2004. TEAM Leafy Spurge and Theodore Roosevelt National Park: a partnership for the management and control of leafy spurge. Park Sci 2:5.Google Scholar
Reid, F. A. 2006. Mammals of North America. 4th ed. Boston Houghton Mifflin. 579 p.Google Scholar
Richardson, L. A., Juricek, C. J., Lym, R. G., Kirby, D. R., and Tober, D. A. 2008. Integrated leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control using imazapic, Aphthona spp. biological control agents, and seeded native grasses. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 1:255–264.Google Scholar
Richter, R. and Stromberg, J. C. 2005. Soil seed banks of two montane riparian areas: implications for restoration. Biodivers. Conserv. 14:993–1016.Google Scholar
Rinella, M. J., Maxwell, B. D., Fay, P. K., Weaver, T., and Sheley, R. L. 2009. Control effort exacerbates invasive-species problem. Ecol. Appl. 19:155–162.Google Scholar
Roberts, H. A. 1981. Seed banks in soils. Adv. Appl. Biol. 6:1–55.Google Scholar
Robertson, G. P., Coleman, D. C., Bledsoe, C. S., and Sollins, P., eds. 1999. Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research. New York Oxford University Press. 462 p.Google Scholar
Robertson, S. and Hickman, K. 2012. Aboveground plant community and seed bank composition along an invasion gradient. Plant Ecol. 213:1461–1475.Google Scholar
Rosas, C. A., Engle, D. M., Shaw, J. H., and Palmer, M. W. 2008. Seed dispersal by Bison bison in a tallgrass prairie. J. Veg. Sci. 19:769–778.Google Scholar
Rosburg, T. R., Jurik, T. W., and Glenn-Lewin, D. C. 1994. Seed banks of communities in the Iowa Loess Hills: ecology and potential contribution to restoration of native grassland. Pages 221–237 in Proceedings of the 13th North American Prairie Conference: Spirit of the Land, Our Prairie Legacy. Windsor, ON, Canada Department of Parks and Recreation, Windsor, ON, Canada.Google Scholar
Rosef, L. 2008. Germinable soil seed banks in abandoned grasslands in central and western Norway and their significance for restoration. Appl. Veg. Sci. 11:223–230.Google Scholar
Royer, F. and Dickinson, R. 1999. Weeds of Canada and the Northern United States. Edmonton, AB, Canada Lone Pine and University of Alberta Press. 434 p.Google Scholar
Samuel, L. W. and Lym, R. G. 2008. Aminopyralid effects on Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) and native plant species. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 1:265–278.Google Scholar
SAS Institute. 2011. SAS/STAT 9.3 User's Guide. Cary, NC SAS Institute, http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/63962/HTML/default/viewer.htm#titlepage.htm. Accessed: March 15, 2013.Google Scholar
Seabloom, E. W., Borer, E. T., Boucher, V. L., Burton, R. S., Cottingham, K. L., Goldwasser, L., Gram, W. K., Kendall, B. E., and Micheli, F. 2003. Competition, seed limitation, disturbance, and reestablishment of California native annual forbs. Ecol. Appl. 13:575–592.Google Scholar
Setter, C. M. and Lym, R. 2013. Change in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) density and soil seedbank composition 10 years following release of Aphthona spp. biological control agents. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag 6:147–160.Google Scholar
Steel, R. G. D. 1960. A rank sum test for comparing all pairs of treatments. Technometrics 2:197–207.Google Scholar
Stitt, S., Root, R., Brown, K., Hager, S., Mladinich, C., Anderson, G. L., Dudek, K., Bustos, M. R., and Kokaly, R. 2006. Classification of leafy spurge with Earth Observing-1 Advanced Land Imager. Rangeland Ecol. Manag. 59:507–511.Google Scholar
Stucky, J. M., Monaco, T. J., and Worsham, A. D. 1981. Identifying seedling and mature weeds common in the southeastern United States. Raleigh, NC The North Carolina Agricultural Research Service and The North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 197 p.Google Scholar
Symstad, A. J., Wienk, C. L., and Thorstenson, A. D. 2008. Precision, repeatability, and efficiency of two canopy-cover estimate methods in northern Great Plains vegetation. Rangeland Ecol. Manag. 61:419–429.Google Scholar
Thompson, K. and Grime, J. P. 1979. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. J. Ecol. 67:893–921.Google Scholar
Tracy, B. F. and Sanderson, M. A. 2000. Seedbank diversity in grazing lands of the northeast United States. J. Range Manag. 53:114–118.Google Scholar
Trammell, M. A. and Butler, J. L. 1995. Effects of exotic plants on native ungulate use of habitat. J. Wildl. Manag. 59:808–816.Google Scholar
Turnbull, L. A., Crawley, M. J., and Rees, M. 2000. Are plant populations seed-limited? A review of seed sowing experiments. Oikos 88:225–238.Google Scholar
[USDA NRCS] U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2012. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed February 1, 2012.Google Scholar
Vaillancourt, G., ed. 1996. Weed Seedling Guide. Edmonton, AB, Canada Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development. 62 p.Google Scholar
van der Valk, A. G. and Pederson, R. L. 1989. Seed banks and the management and restoration of natural vegetation. Pages 329–346 in Leck, M. A., Parker, V. T., and Simpson, R. L., eds. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. San Diego Academic.Google Scholar
Van Riper, L. and Larson, D. 2009. Role of invasive Melilotus officinalis in two native plant communities. Plant Ecol. 200:129–139.Google Scholar
Vécrin, M. P., Grévilliot, F., and Muller, S. 2007. The contribution of persistent soil seed banks and flooding to the restoration of alluvial meadows. J. Nat. Conserv. 15:59–69.Google Scholar
Vilà, M. and Gimeno, I. 2009. Does invasion by an alien plant species affect the soil seed bank? J. Veg. Sci. 18:423–430.Google Scholar
Von Loh, J., Cogan, D., Butler, J., Faber-Langendoen, D., Crawford, D., and Pucherelli, M. J. 2000. USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program: Theodore Roosevelt National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior and Bureau of Reclamation's Remote Sensing and GIS Group. Denver, CO Denver Federal Center. 252 p.Google Scholar
Wang, N., Jiao, J-Y., Jia, Y-F., Bai, W-J., and Zhang, Z-G. 2010. Germinable soil seed banks and the restoration potential of abandoned cropland on the Chinese hilly-gullied Loess Plateau. Environ. Manag. 46:367–377.Google Scholar
Wellstein, C., Otte, A., and Waldhardt, R. 2007. Seed bank diversity in mesic grasslands in relation to vegetation type, management and site conditions. J. Veg. Sci. 18:153–162.Google Scholar
Wetzel, P. R., van der Valk, A. G., and Toth, L. A. 2001. Restoration of wetland vegetation on the Kissimmee River floodplain: potential role of seed banks. Wetlands 21:189–198.Google Scholar
Wheeler, G. C. and Wheeler, E. W. 1944. The Ants of North Dakota. N. Dak. Hist. Quart. 11:231–271.Google Scholar
Whitson, T. D., ed. 2002. Weeds of the West. 9th ed. Newark, CA Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Universities Cooperative Extension Services. 626 p.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. D. and Partel, M. 2003. Extirpation or coexistence? Management of a persistent introduced grass in a prairie restoration. Restor. Ecol. 11:410–416.Google Scholar
Young, J. A. and Young, C. G. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Portland, OR Timber. 236 p.Google Scholar
Zhan, X., Li, L., and Cheng, W. 2007. Restoration of Stipa kryloviisteppes in Inner Mongolia of China: assesment of seed banks and vegetation composition. J. Arid Environ. 68:298–307.Google Scholar
Zuur, A. F., leno, E. N., Walker, N. J., Saveliev, A. A., and Smith, G. M. 2009. Zero-truncated and zero-inflated models for count data. Pages 1–33 in Zuur, A. F., leno, E. N., Walker, N. J., Saveliev, A., and Smith, G. M., eds. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R. New York, NY Springer.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Haines supplementary material

Supplementary material

Download Haines supplementary material(File)
File 61 KB