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2107 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 1 of 106

Writing in Bronze Age Crete

Writing in Bronze Age Crete
  • ‘Minoan' Linear A
  • Ester Salgarella
  • Published online:
    21 August 2025
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    30 September 2025
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  • The Bronze Age Aegean and Cyprus were home to a plethora of scripts, including Cretan Hieroglyphic, Linear A and Linear B, Cypro-Minoan and Cypro-Syllabic. This Element is dedicated to the conventionally named 'Minoan' Linear A script, used on Crete and the Aegean islands during the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 1800–1450 BCE). Linear A is still undeciphered, and the language it encodes ('Minoan') thus remains elusive. Notwithstanding, scholars have been able to extract a good amount of information from Linear A inscriptions and their contexts of use. Current ongoing research, integrating the materiality of script with linguistic analysis, offers a cutting-edge approach with promising results. This Element considers Linear A within an investigative framework as well as narrative, shedding light on a number of burning questions in the field, often the subject of intense academic debate.
Assessment of a Patient in Coma

Assessment of a Patient in Coma
  • Alexander Shah, Holly Roy
  • Published online:
    21 August 2025
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    30 September 2025
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  • The authors start with definitions and classification of a depressed conscious state and proceed to detail practical tips in the initial assessment of patients with coma, focussing on the history and examination. They impress the number of non-neurological causes of coma, which may need to be considered. The assessment of pupillary responses, eye movement abnormalities and abnormal breathing patterns are described. They also explore the utility of basic initial investigations, including blood gases and briefly discuss specialist neuro-imaging and electroencephalography.
World Englishes as Components of a Complex Dynamic System

World Englishes as Components of a Complex Dynamic System
  • Edgar W. Schneider
  • Published online:
    18 August 2025
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    04 September 2025
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  • This Element proposes to view World Englishes as components of an overarching Complex Dynamic System of Englishes, against the conventional view of regarding them as discrete, rule-governed, categorial systems. After outlining this basic idea and setting it off from mainstream linguistic theories, it introduces the theory of Complex Dynamic Systems and the main properties of such systems (systemness, complexity, perpetual dynamics, network relationships, the interplay of order and chaos, emergentism and self-organization, nonlinearity and fractals, and attractors), and surveys earlier applications to language. Usage-based linguistics and construction grammar are outlined as suitable frameworks to explain how the Complex Systems principles manifest themselves in linguistic reality. Many structural properties and examples from several World Englishes are presented to illustrate the manifestations of Complex Systems principles in specific features of World Englishes. Finally, the option of employing the NetLogo programming environment to simulate variety emergence via agent-based modeling is suggested.
Kierkegaard's <i>Two Ages</i>

Kierkegaard's Two Ages
  • A Literary Review
  • Lee C. Barrett
  • Published online:
    18 August 2025
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    30 September 2025
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  • This Element explores Kierkegaard's Two Ages, his literary review of a contemporary novella, situating it in the context of his other writings from the same period of his life and his cultural/political context. It investigates his review's analysis of the vices and virtues of romance and political associations, which he treats in parallel fashion. It traces a theme that certain types of both romance and political association can foster virtues that are necessary for the religious life, although the political ethos of his contemporary age mostly encouraged vices.
Kierkegaard and Phenomenology

Kierkegaard and Phenomenology
  • Kevin Hart
  • Published online:
    16 August 2025
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    11 September 2025
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  • Is Kierkegaard a phenomenologist? Much depends on what we take 'phenomenology' to mean, since the word has been stretched in all possible directions since Edmund Husserl wrote his major works. What have phenomenologists made of his writings? This question is easier to answer: he has been a constant reference point for many of them, although there is little agreement about his significance. This short book argues that he is a phenomenologist in the context of discovery, not justification. One finds attention to attunements in Kierkegaard, and one also finds modes of bracketing and reduction. Even so, his styles of thinking phenomenologically differ from those of most writers in this philosophical school. His phenomenology takes a theological path, one that leads from 'world' to 'kingdom,' and one that often turns on what he calls 'the moment.'
Voters' Perceptions of Party Brands

Voters' Perceptions of Party Brands
  • David Fortunato, Thiago N. Silva, Laron K. Williams
  • Published online:
    15 August 2025
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    04 September 2025
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  • In order to cast a satisfying vote, understand politics, or otherwise participate in political discourse or processes, voters must have some idea of what policies parties are pursuing and, more generally, 'who goes with whom.' This Element aims to both advance the study of how voters formulate and update their perceptions of party brands and persuade our colleagues to join us in studying these processes. To make this endeavor more enticing, but no less rigorous, the authors make three contributions to this emerging field of study: presenting a framework for building and interrogating theoretical arguments, aggregating a large, comprehensive data archive, and recommending a parsimonious strategy for statistical analysis. In the process, they provide a definition for voters' perceptions of party brands and an analytical schema to study them, attempt to contextualize and rationalize some competing findings in the existing literature, and derive and test several new hypotheses.
Feminist Imagining in Polish and Ukrainian Theatres

Feminist Imagining in Polish and Ukrainian Theatres
  • Ewa Bal, Kasia Lech
  • Published online:
    14 August 2025
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    11 September 2025
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  • This Element explores how women theatre artists in Ukraine and Poland – separately and together – respond to their dynamically shifting socio-political realities after the early 2010s events: the pro-European Maidan Revolution in Ukraine and the traditionalist, anti-European governance in Poland, both of which ignited mass women's protests. Engaging with diverse works – new writing, adaptations of classics, musicals, puppetry, and devised productions – Feminist Imagining features artists that explore the connections between patriarchy-rooted violence, gendered nationalism, women's reproductive rights, and decolonial critique. These underpin their transcultural and intersectional alliances and their proposals for concrete scenarios that redefine the past, present, and future, creating specific feminist imaginaries and epistemologies situated in Central-Eastern Europe. The Element captures the feminist turns in Polish and Ukrainian theatres, highlighting the practices of women artists from the so-called Eastern Europe, whose voices have long been nationally and internationally silenced.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Two Theories for Explaining 15 Universal Sex Differences in Cognition and Behavior

Strengths and Weaknesses of Two Theories for Explaining 15 Universal Sex Differences in Cognition and Behavior
  • Lee Ellis
  • Published online:
    14 August 2025
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    11 September 2025
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The Undulating Capacity of the State

The Undulating Capacity of the State
  • Autochthony and Infrastructure Development in African Cities
  • Ato Kwamena Onoma
  • Published online:
    11 August 2025
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    04 September 2025
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  • This Element weaves together literatures on autochthony and belonging and on African urbanism to shed new light on the ability of the African state to undertake development interventions in some of the most important urban centers on the continent. It explains variations in levels of trust in the African state that shape neighborhoods' responses to states' development interventions. Focusing on the Senegalese state's construction of the VDN 2 highway on the outskirts of the capital, Dakar, the author argues that in major African cities with colonial origins, whether neighborhoods project themselves as 'autochthonous' or 'migrant' communities shapes general attitudes toward the state and influences the capacity of the state to carry out development interventions in these areas. In these cities, states are more likely to successfully intervene in neighborhoods dominated by 'new' migrants to the city than in those neighborhoods that portray themselves as 'autochthones' of these cities.
Data Rights in Transition

Data Rights in Transition
  • Rachelle Bosua, Damian Clifford, Jing Qian, Megan Richardson
  • Published online:
    08 August 2025
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    04 September 2025
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  • Data Rights in Transition maps the development of data rights that formed and reformed in response to the socio-technical transformations of the postwar twentieth century. The authors situate these rights, with their early pragmatic emphasis on fair information processing, as different from and less symbolically powerful than utopian human rights of older centuries. They argue that, if an essential role of human rights is 'to capture the world's imagination', the next generation of data rights needs to come closer to realising that vision – even while maintaining their pragmatic focus on effectiveness. After a brief introduction, the sections that follow focus on socio-technical transformations, emergence of the right to data protection, and new and emerging rights such as the right to be forgotten and the right not to be subject to automated decision-making, along with new mechanisms of governance and enforcement.
The Imagination Pulse

The Imagination Pulse
  • From Flickers to Firestorms in Reading
  • Sarah Bro Trasmundi
  • Published online:
    08 August 2025
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    04 September 2025
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  • This Element explores the transformative power of reading as a deeply imaginative, embodied process. It challenges conventional views of reading as mere decoding and argues that reading involves a dynamic interplay between perception, imagination, and the body. Drawing from ecological-embodied theories and cross-disciplinary insights, it introduces the concept of 'breaks' in reading – moments of pause, disruption, and reflection – as essential to fostering rich imaginative engagement. By focusing on multiscalar attention, pacemaking, and material engagement, the Element proposes a novel framework for understanding reading as an active, creative process that enhances cognitive and emotional depth. Through a cognitive ethnography of reading, the Element demonstrates how these imaginative breaks can cultivate more meaningful and sustained interactions with texts, offering insights for education and reading practices. Ultimately, the Element seeks to reimagine the role of reading in enhancing imaginative capacities and navigating today's complex social and global challenges.
Narratives of Sino-Middle Eastern Futures

Narratives of Sino-Middle Eastern Futures
  • In the Eye of the Beholder
  • Mohammed Alsudairi, Andrea Ghiselli
  • Published online:
    08 August 2025
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    21 August 2025
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  • Narratives of Sino-Middle Eastern Futures attempts to discern the future trajectory and endpoint of Sino-Middle Eastern relations – are we on the precipice of a post-American Chinese hegemony in the region? Or are we reaching the outer limits of what is feasible within what are essentially transactional ties? Drawing on a wide range of multilingual sources from 2010 to 2023, and based on a framework of thin constructivism, the Element delves into the Saudi, Syrian and Chinese elite narratives regarding the Middle Eastern regional order and China's envisaged place within it. By centering local perspectives, it offers insights into how these actors –with diverse positionalities in the region (vis-à-vis the United States) and different national capabilities– are debating the future of China in the Middle East, and what the juxtaposition of their multiple narratives mean for where things are headed. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Karma and Rebirth in Hinduism

Karma and Rebirth in Hinduism
  • Swami Medhananda
  • Published online:
    08 August 2025
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    21 August 2025
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  • This Element provides an argumentative introduction to the doctrines of karma and rebirth in Hinduism. It explains how various Hindu texts, traditions, and figures have understood the philosophical nuances of karma and rebirth. It also acquaints readers with some of the most important academic debates about these doctrines. The Element's primary argumentative aim is to defend the rationality of accepting the truth of karma and rebirth through a critical examination of an array of arguments for and against these doctrines. It concludes by highlighting the relevance of karma and rebirth to contemporary philosophical debates on a variety of issues.
Defending Community, Territory, and Indigenous Environmental Relations

Defending Community, Territory, and Indigenous Environmental Relations
  • Levi Gahman, Filiberto Penados, Cristina Coc, Shelda-Jane Smith
  • Published online:
    08 August 2025
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    11 September 2025
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  • This Element addresses a range of pressing challenges and crises by introducing readers to the Maya struggle for land and self-determination in Belize, a former British colony situated in the Caribbean and Central America. In addition to foregrounding environmental relations, the text provides deeper understandings of Qʼeqchiʼ and Mopan Maya people's dynamic conceptions and collective defence of community and territory. To do so, the authors centre the voices, worldviews, and experiences of Maya leaders, youth, and organisers who are engaged in frontline resistance and mobilisations against institutionalised racism and contemporary forms of dispossession. Broadly, the content offers an example of how Indigenous communities are reckoning with the legacies of empire whilst confronting the structural violence and threats to land and life posed by the driving forces of capital accumulation, neoliberal development, and coloniality of the state. Ultimately, this Element illustrates the realities, repercussions, and transformative potential of grassroots movement-building 'from below.' This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Human Cognitive Diversity

Human Cognitive Diversity
  • Ingo Brigandt
  • Published online:
    05 August 2025
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    04 September 2025
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  • We humans are diverse. But how to understand human diversity in the case of cognitive diversity? This Element discusses how to properly investigate human behavioural and cognitive diversity, how to scientifically represent, and how to explain cognitive diversity. Since there are various methodological approaches and explanatory agendas across the cognitive and behavioural sciences, which can be more or less useful for understanding human diversity, a critical analysis is needed. And as the controversial study of sex and gender differences in cognition illustrates, the scientific representations and explanations put forward matter to society and impact public policy, including policies on mental health. But how to square the vision of human cognitive diversity with the assumption that we all share one human nature? Is cognitive diversity something to be positively valued? The author engages with these questions in connection with the issues of neurodiversity, cognitive disability, and essentialist construals of human nature.
How To Normatively Transform Food Systems

How To Normatively Transform Food Systems
  • Propositions of a Holistic Framework of Politics
  • Abdul-Rahim Abdulai, Christophe Béné
  • Published online:
    05 August 2025
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    11 September 2025
  • Draws from an extensive literature review on food politics to propose a Framework of Holistic Politics for Food System Transformation. The Framework posits that food systems transformation would be a process/outcome of interrelated political configurations of actions across four processes or stages: 1) Identifying resistance to change in the current regime, 2) Creating and sustaining new momentum, 3) Converting new momentum into sustainable options; -and cross-cutting, 4) Managing trade-offs, reducing incoherence, and prioritization. At each stage, four domains of politics must be considered, including 1) Power, the political economy of actors, knowledge, and evidence; 2) Cultural dynamics, norms, and behavior; 3) Capacity and financial resources; and 4) Technological innovations). To deliver normative transformation, these actions must be carried out in four distinct processes. The Framework underscores the need for normative and goal-oriented processes, the multi-dimensionality of politics, and the normative driving environment in governance food systems transformation.
Kant’s Natural Philosophy

Kant’s Natural Philosophy
  • Marius Stan
  • Published online:
    04 August 2025
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    21 August 2025
  • This Element analyzes Kant's metaphysics and epistemology of the exact science of nature. It explains his theory of true motion and ontology of matter. In addition, it reconstructs the patterns of evidential reasoning behind Kant's foundational doctrines.
God and Technology

God and Technology
  • Heidi A. Campbell
  • Published online:
    04 August 2025
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    21 August 2025
  • This Element brings work from the philosophy of technology into conversation with media, religion, culture studies, and work in digital religion studies to explore examples of how popular media and emerging technologies are increasingly framed and understood through a distinct range of spiritual myths, metaphors, images, and representations of God. Working with three case studies about how internet memes, popular films, and media coverage of public philosophy link ideas about God and technology, this Element draws attention to common conceptions that describe a perceived relationship between religion and technology today. It synthesizes these discussions and categories and presents them in four distinct models, showing a range of ways in which the relationship between God and technology is commonly depicted. The Element seeks to create a platform for scholarly study and critical discourse on technology's religious and spiritual representation in digital and emerging media cultures and contexts through this work.
E. E. Constance Jones

E. E. Constance Jones
  • Gary Ostertag
  • Published online:
    01 August 2025
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    04 September 2025
  • E. E. Constance Jones (1848–1922) published widely in philosophical logic and in ethics and moral psychology and was an active member of the British philosophical community from 1890 until her death. Her contributions to philosophical logic were wide-ranging and sophisticated, anticipating celebrated insights of later twentiethcentury philosophy of language and logic. In ethics, her writings on hedonism and practical reason, though influenced by her mentor, Henry Sidgwick, were innovative and merit further examination.
Unrealized Arguments and the Grammar of Context

Unrealized Arguments and the Grammar of Context
  • Rui P. Chaves, Paul Kay, Laura A. Michaelis
  • Published online:
    31 July 2025
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    04 September 2025
  • In null instantiation (NI) an optionally unexpressed argument receives either anaphoric or existential interpretation. One cannot accurately predict a predicator's NI potential based either on semantic factors (e.g., Aktionsart class of the verb) or pragmatic factors (e.g., relative discourse prominence of arguments), but NI potential, while highly constrained, is not simply lexical idiosyncrasy. It is instead the product of both lexical and constructional licensing. In the latter case, a construction can endow a verb with NI potential that it would not otherwise have. Using representational tools of sign based construction grammar, this Element offers a lexical treatment of English null instantiation that covers both distinct patterns of construal of null-instantiated arguments and the difference between listeme-based and contextually licensed, thus construction-based, null complementation.

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