Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-lqqdg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-02T16:03:07.815Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Environmental Phenomena and Application to Design

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 September 2009

Jeom Kee Paik  and
Anil Kumar Thayamballi
Jeom Kee Paik
Affiliation:
Pusan National University, Korea
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Actions arising from environmental phenomena on a ship-shaped offshore unit are different from those on a trading tanker. The nature of the offshore structures and their operation are such that winds, currents, and waves, among other factors, may induce significant actions and action effects on structures. Whereas waves are often the primary source of environmental actions on trading ships at sea, considerations related to specialized operations such as berthing are somewhat different. In the case of offshore structures, a good knowledge of the environmental conditions in the areas where the structures will be installed is necessary in order to design for and assure the required high-operational uptimes. Such information is also important for specialized weather-sensitive operations such as installation on site, the berthing of supply boats, and the design of mooring and station- keeping.

This chapter presents environmental phenomena and discusses selected engineering practices helpful for the determination and treatment of environmental conditions for ship-shaped offshore units, considering design, transport, installation, and operations. Primary environmental phenomena that induce significant actions and action effects on offshore structures are presented. Although winds are typically regarded as a more elementary source of actions than waves because waves are caused by winds, this chapter starts its discussion with waves first. This is perhaps appropriate only because waves are a major source of actions on the particular types of offshore structures with which we are concerned.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Ship-Shaped Offshore Installations
Design, Building, and Operation
 , pp. 82 - 110
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Aage, C., Hvid, S. L., Hughes, P. H., and Leer-Andersen, M. (1997). “Wind loads on ships and offshore structures estimated by CFD.” Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Behaviour of Offshore Structures (BOSS'97), Delft, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
ABS (2004a). Guidance notes on nonlinear finite-element analysis of side structures subject to ice loads.American Bureau of Shipping, Houston.
ABS (2004b). Guide for building and classing floating production, storage, and offloading systems. American Bureau of Shipping, Houston.
ABS (2005). Guidance notes on ice class. American Bureau of Shipping, Houston.
Adhia, G., Pelleguino, S., Ximenes, M. C., Awashima, Y., Kakimoto, M., and Ando, T. (2004). Owner and shipyard perspective on new build FPSO contracting scheme, standards, and lessons. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 16706, Houston, May.Google Scholar
API (1991). Recommended practice for design, analysis and maintenance for mooring for floating production systems. (API RP 2FP1), American Petroleum Institute.
API (1993a). Recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforms – Working stress design. (API RP 2A-WSD), American Petroleum Institute.
API (1993b). Recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforms – Load and resistance factor design. (API RP 2A-LRFD), American Petroleum Institute.
Barltrop, N. D. P. (1998). Floating structures: A guide for design and analysis.The Centre for Marine and Petroleum Technology (CMPT), Herefordshire, England: Oilfield Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Barltrop, N. D. P., and Xu, L. (2004). Research on bow impact loading in Glasgow. Proceedings of OMAE Specialty Symposium on Integrity of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Systems, OMAE–FPSO'04-0063, Houston, August 30–September 2.Google Scholar
Bruen, F. J., Byrd, R. C., Vivatrat, V. and Watt, B. J. (1982). Selection of local design ice pressures for arctic systems. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 4334, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchner, B. (1995). The impact of green water on FPSO design. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 7698, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchner, B. (1996). The influence of the bow shape of FPSOs on drift forces and green water. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 8073, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchner, B. (1999). “Green water from the side of a weathervaning FPSO.” Proceedings of OMAE'99, OFT 4022. St. Johns, Newfoundland, July.Google Scholar
Buchner, (2002). Green water on ship-type offshore structures. Ph. D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Buchner, B., Voogt, A. J., Duggal, A. S., and Heyl, C. N. (2000). Green water evaluation for FPSOs in the Gulf of Mexico. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 14192, Houston, May.Google Scholar
DEn (1990). Offshore installations: Guidance on design, construction, and certification. The Department of Energy, UK.
DNV (1991). Environmental conditions and environmental loads. (Classification Notes, No. 30.5), Det Norske Veritas, Oslo.
DNV (2000). Structural design of offshore ships. (Offshore Standards, DNV-OS-C102), Det Norske Veritas, Oslo.
DNV (2002). Structural design of offshore units (WSD method). (Offshore Standards, DNV-OS-C201), Det Norske Veritas, Oslo.
Doyle, T., and Leitch, J. (2000). Terra Nova FPSO design and construction. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 11920, Houston, May.Google Scholar
Souza, R. (1999). Major technical and regulatory issues for monohull floating production systems in the Gulf of Mexico. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 10704, Houston, May.Google Scholar
Ersdal, G., and Kvitrud, A. (2000). “Green water on Norwegian production ships.” Proceedings of ISOPE Conference, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Seattle, May.Google Scholar
Faltinsen, O. M. (1990). Sea loads on ships and offshore structures. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
FMA (2002). Finnish-Swedish ice class rules. (FMA Bulletin No. 13/1.10), Finnish Maritime Administration, Finland.
FMA (2003a). Tentative guidelines for application of direct calculation methods for longitudinally framed hull structure. Finnish Maritime Administration, Finland, June.
FMA (2003b). Background for the tentative guidelines for application of direct calculation methods for longitudinally framed hull structure. Finnish Maritime Administration and Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, June.
FMA (2004). Guidelines for the application of the Finnish–Swedish ice class rules. Finnish Maritime Administration, Finland.
Frieze, P. A., and Paik, J. K. (2004). “General requirements for limit state assessment of ship structures.” SNAME Transactions, 112: 368–384.Google Scholar
Hasselmann, K., Ross, B., Muller, P., and Sell, W. (1976). “A parametric wave prediction model.” Journal of Physical Oceanography, 6: 200–228.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinkel, R. M., Thibodeau, S. L., and Hippman, A. (1988). Experience with drillship operations in the U.S. Beaufort Sea. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 5685, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hnatiuk, J. (1984). Current and future offshore activities in Canada. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 4707, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HMSO (2000). Re-opened formal investigation – Loss of the M. V. Derbyshire. (Executive Summary to Report), HMSO (Her Majesty Stationary Office), London, November.
HSE (1989a). Metocean parameters – Parameters other than waves – Supporting document to “Offshore installations: Guidance on design, construction, and certification – Environmental consideration.” (Offshore Technology Report, OTH 1989/299), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1989b). Wave parameters – Supporting document to “Offshore installations: Guidance on design, construction and certification – Environmental consideration.” (Offshore Technology Report, OTH 1989/300), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1997). Green seas damage on FPSOs, and FSUs. (Offshore Technology Report, OTH 1997/486), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000a). Review of model testing requirements for FPSO's. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 2000/123), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000b). Review of green water and wave-slam design and specification requirements for FPSO/FSUs. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 2000/004), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2001a). Environmental considerations. (Offshore Technology Report, OTC 2001/010), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2001b). Loads. (Offshore Technology Report, OTC 2001/013), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2001c). Analysis of green water susceptibility of FPSO/FSU's on the UKCS. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 2001/005), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2005a). Wave slap loading on FPSO bows. (Research Report, No. 324), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2005b). Findings of expert panel engaged to conduct a scooping study on survival design of floating production storage and offloading vessels against extreme metocean condition. (Research Report, No. 357), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
IACS (2001). Unified requirements for polar ships. International Association of Classification Societies, London, November.
IACS (2005). Common structural rules for double hull oil tankers. International Association of Classification Societies, London, December.
Kreider, J. R., Zahn, P. B., and Chabot, L. G. (1985). Probabilistic design criteria for Beaufort Sea structures: Combining limited driving force and limit-stress predictions. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 5052, Houston, May.Google Scholar
Kujala, P. (1994). On the statistics of ice-loads on ship hull in the Baltic. Finnish Academy of Technology, Finland.Google Scholar
Lacey, P., Hee, D., Chen, H., and Cardone, V. (2003). “Tow simulation.” SNAME Transactions, 111: 79–96.Google Scholar
Lee, W. T., Bales, W. L., and Stowby, S. E. (1985). Standardized wind and wave environments for North Pacific Ocean areas. (Research Report, R/SPD-0919–02), David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Liu, D., Spencer, J., Itoh, T., Kawachi, S., and Shiegmatsu, K. (1992). “Dynamic load approach in tanker design.” SNAME Transactions, 100: 143–172.Google Scholar
Lonseth, L., and Kvitrud, A. (1997). Twenty years of metocean data collection on the Northern Norwegian Continental Shelf. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 8270, Houston, May.Google Scholar
LR (2004). ShipRight structural design – Sloshing loads and scantlings assessment. Lloyd's Register, London, May.
MacMillan, A. (2001). Effective FPSO/FSO hull structural design. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 13212, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maguire, M. J., Ewida, A. A., and Leonard, C. M. (2001). Terra Nova FPSO: Certification and technical integrity challenges. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 13023, Houston, May.Google Scholar
Morris, W. D. M., Buchner, B., and Millar, J. (2000). “Green water susceptibility of North Sea FPSO/FSUs.” IBC Conference on Floating Production Systems (FPS), London, December.Google Scholar
NORSOK N003 (1999). Actions and action effects. Norwegian Standards, Norway.
NORSOK N004 (1999). Design of steel structures. Norwegian Standards, Norway.
Ochi, M. K. (1978). “Wave statistics for the design of ships and ocean structures.” SNAME Transactions, 86: 47–76.Google Scholar
OCIMF (1994). Prediction of current loads on VLCCs. Oil Companies International Marine Forum, UK.
Paik, J. K., Lee, J. M., Shin, Y. S., and Wang, G. (2004). “Design principles and criteria for ship structures under impact pressure actions arising from sloshing, slamming and green seas.” SNAME Transactions, 112: 292–313.Google Scholar
Pierson, W. J., and Moskowitz, L. M. (1964). “A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind, seas, etc.” Journal of Geophysical Research, 69: 5181–5190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regg, J. B. (1999). Floating production storage and offloading systems in the Gulf of Mexico OCS: a regulatory perspective. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 10701, Houston, May.Google Scholar
Truskov, P. A. (1999). Metocean, ice, and seismic conditions offshore Northeastern Sakhalin island. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 10816, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UKOOA (2002). FPSO design guidance notes for UKCS service. Offshore Operators Association, UK.
Vivatrat, V., and Slomski, S. (1983). A probabilistic basis for selecting design ice pressures and ice loads for arctic offshore structures. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 4457, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G., Basu, R., Chavda, D., and Liu, S. (2005a). “Rationalizing the design of ice strengthened side structures.” Proceedings of International Congress of International Maritime Association of the Mediterranean (IMAM 2005), Lisbon, Portugal, September 26–30.Google Scholar
Wang, G., Basu, R., Chavda, D., Liu, S., Lee, M., Suh, Y., and Han, Y. (2005b). “Rationalization of design of side structure of ice-strengthened tankers.” International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 15(3): 210–214.Google Scholar
Wang, M., Leitch, J., and Bai, Y. (2001). Analysis and design consideration of green water impact on decks and topsides of FPSO. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 13208, Houston, May.Google Scholar
Wang, G., and Liu, S. (2006). “Recent advances in structural design of ice strengthened vessels.” Proceedings of International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice (ICETACH 2006), Banff, Alberta, Canada, July 16–19.Google Scholar
Wang, G., and Wiernicki, C. (2004). Using nonlinear finite element method to design ship structures for ice loads. World Maritime Technology Conference (WMTC), Washington, DC, September 29–October 1.Google Scholar
Wang, G., Tang, S., and Shin, Y. (2002). “Direct calculation approach and design criteria for wave slamming of an FPSO bow.” International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 12: 297–304.Google Scholar
Williford, F. B., and Winkler, R. S. (1987). SF-500 turret-moored icebreaker drillship. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 5357, Houston, May.Google Scholar
Wolfram, J., Linfoot, B., and Stansell, P. (2001). “Long- and short-term extreme wave statistics in the North Sea: 1994–1998.” Proceedings of Rogue Waves. Edited by Olagnon, M. and Athanassoulis, G.. Germany: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×