Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-t6st2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-19T01:28:51.340Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Accidental Limit-State Design

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 September 2009

Jeom Kee Paik  and
Anil Kumar Thayamballi
Jeom Kee Paik
Affiliation:
Pusan National University, Korea
Get access

Summary

Introduction

As discussed in Chapters 3 and 5, limit states are classified into four categories: serviceability limit states (SLS), ultimate limit states (ULS), fatigue limit states (FLS), and accidental limit states (ALS). This chapter presents ALS design principles and criteria together with some related practices applicable for ship-shaped offshore units.

ALS potentially leads to a threat of serious injury or loss of life, pollution, damage, and loss of property or significant financial expenditure. The intention of ALS design is to ensure that the structure is able to tolerate specified accidental events and, when accidents occur, subsequently maintains structural integrity for a sufficient period under specified (usually reduced) environmental conditions to enable the following risk mitigation and recovery measures to take place, as relevant:

  • Evacuation of personnel from the structure

  • Control of undesirable movement or motion of the structure

  • Temporary repairs

  • Safe refuge and firefighting in the case of fire and explosion

  • Minimizing outflow of cargo or other hazardous material

Different types of accidental events may require different methodologies or different levels of refinement of the same methodology to analyze structural resistance or capacity during and following such events (demands). The ALS design is then necessarily an important part of design and operation in terms of risk assessment and management that consists of hazard identification, structural evaluation, and mitigation measure development for specific types of accidents, as we describe in Chapter 13.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Ship-Shaped Offshore Installations
Design, Building, and Operation
 , pp. 257 - 317
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adhia, G., Ximenes, M., Kakimoto, M., and Ando, T. (2004). Owner and shipyard perspective on new build FPSO contracting scheme, standards, and lessons. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 16706, Houston, May.Google Scholar
ALPS/HULL (2006). A computer program for progressive collapse analysis of ship hulls, Proteus Engineering, Stevensville, MD (http://www.proteusengineering.com).
ALPS/SCOL (2006). A computer program for analysis of collision and grounding mechanics, Proteus Engineering, Stevensville, MD (http://www.proteusengineering.com).
Amdahl, J., and Stornes, A. (2001). “Energy dissipation in aluminum high-speed vessels during collision and grounding.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Collision and Grounding of Ships, Copenhagen, July, pp. 203–219.Google Scholar
ASIS (1993). Prediction methodology of tanker structural failure and consequential oil spill. Association of Structural Improvement of Shipbuilding Industry of Japan, III.39– III.47.
Biggs, J. M. (1964). Introduction to structural dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Bjerketvedt, D., Bakke, J. R., and Wingerden, K. (1994). “Gas explosion handbook.” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 52: 1–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodner, S. R., and Symonds, P. S. (1962). “Experimental and theoretical investigation of the plastic deformation of cantilever beams subjected to impulsive loading.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, 29: 719–728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BS 5950 (1985). The structural use of steelwork in building. (Part 8), British Standards Institution, London.
Cowper, G. R., and Symonds, P. S. (1957). Strain-hardening and strain-rate effects in the impact loading of cantilever beams. (Technical Report, No. 28), Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, September.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czujko, J. (2001). Design of offshore facilities to resist gas explosion hazard. Oslo, Norway: CorrOcean ASA.Google Scholar
Czujko, J. (2005). Private communication. December.
ECCS (1982). European recommendations for the fire safety of steel structures. ECCS Technical Committee 3, European Convention for Constructional Steelwork.
Ellinas, C. P., Supple, W. J., and Walker, A. C. (1984). Buckling of offshore structures: A state-of-the-art review. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Eurocode 3 (1992). Design of steel structures: Part 1.2 Fire resistance. British Standards Institution, London.
Forrestal, M. J., and Sagartz, M. J. (1978). “Elastic-plastic response of 304 stainless steel beams to impulse loads.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, 45: 685–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holen, J., Hekkelstrand, B., Evanger, T., Byggstoyl, S., and Magnussen, B. F. (1990a). Finite difference calculation of pool fires and jet fires offshore. (Eurotherm Seminar, No. 14), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.Google Scholar
Holen, J., Brostrom, M., and Magnussen, B. F. (1990b). “Finite difference calculation of pool fires.” Proceedings of 23rd International Symposium on Combustion, Orleans, France, pp. 1677–1683.Google Scholar
Hossain, A., Meek, A., and Warwick, A. (2004). Integrated structural and safety engineering for fire and blast design – Case studies and lessons learned. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 16424, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HSE (1996). An examination of the number and frequency of serious dropped object and swinging load incidents involving cranes and lifting devices on offshore installations for the period 1981–1992. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1995/959), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1997). Validation of the jet fire resistance test procedure. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1996/056), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1998). AutoReaGas modeling of test condition variations in full scale gas explosions. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1998/048), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1999a). Effective collision risk management for offshore installations. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/052), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1999b). Review of approaches to blast, fire, and accidental loads. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/028), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1999c). CFD calculation of impinging gas jet flames. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/011), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1999d). Review of analysis of explosion response. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1998/174), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (1999e). The repeatability of large scale explosion experiments. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/042), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000a). Structural response measurements during gas explosions in a test rig representing an offshore module. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 2000/009), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000b). Measurement of the structural response of a large scale explosion test rig. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 2000/010), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000c). Experimental and analytical studies of the structural response of stiffened plates to explosions. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 2000/087), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000d). Explosions in full scale offshore module geometries – Main report. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/043), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000e). Explosion loading on topsides equipment: Part 1. Treatment of explosion loads, response analysis, and design. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/046), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000f). Explosion loading on topsides equipment: Part 2. Determination of explosion loading on offshore equipment using FLACS. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/047), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000g). Explosion pressures evaluation in early project phase. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/048), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000h). Blast wall design review. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/078), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000i). Explosion resistance of floating offshore installations. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 1999/093), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2000j). Review of model testing requirements for FPSO's. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 2000/123), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2001). Stability. (Offshore Technology Report, OTO 2001/049), Health and Safety Executive, UK.
HSE (2004). Collision resistance of ship-shaped structures to side impact. Health and Safety Executive, UK.
Hsu, S. S., and Jones, N. (2004a). “Quasi-static and dynamic axial crushing of thin-walled circular stainless steel, mild steel and aluminum alloy tubes.” International Journal of Crashworthiness, 9(2): 195–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, S. S., and Jones, N. (2004b). “Dynamic axial crushing of aluminum alloy 6063-T6 circular tubes.” Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 1(3): 277–296.Google Scholar
Jones, N. (1997). “Dynamic plastic behaviour of ship and ocean structures.” RINA Transactions, 139: 65–97.Google Scholar
Jones, N. (1989). Structural impact. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, N. (2001). “Dynamic material properties and inelastic failure in structural crashworthiness.” International Journal of Crashworthiness, 1(1): 7–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, N. (2006). “Some recent developments in the dynamic inelastic behaviour of structures.” Ships and Offshore Structures, 1(1): 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karagiozova, D., and Jones, N. (1997). “Strain-rate effects in the dynamic buckling of a simple elastic-plastic model.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, 64: 193–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawata, K., Fukui, S., and Seino, J. (1968). “Some analytical and experimental investigation on high velocity elongation of sheet materials by tensile shock.” Proceedings of IUTAM, Behavior of Dense Media Under High Dynamic Pressure, Dunod, Paris, pp. 313–323.Google Scholar
Kawata, K., Hashimoto, S., and Kurokawa, K. (1977). “Analyses of high velocity tension of bars of finite length of BCC and FCC metals with their own constitutive equations.” In High velocity deformation of solids, Kawata, K. and Shioiri, J., eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1–15.Google Scholar
Korndorffer, W., Schaap, D., Heijden, A. M. A., and Versloot, N. H. A. (2004). An integrated approach for gas dispersion, gas explosion, and structural impact analysis for an offshore production platform on the Dutch Continental Shelf. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 16058, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson, R. M. (1992). “Fire resistance and protection of structural steelwork.” In Constructional steel design: An international guide. London: Elsevier Applied Science.Google Scholar
Lehmann, E., and Yu, X. (1998). “Inner dynamics of bow collision to bridge piers.” In Ship collision analysis. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Balkema, pp. 61–71.Google Scholar
Lewis, E. V. (Ed.) (1988). Principles of naval architecture: Volume I. Stability and strength. Jersey City, NJ: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.Google Scholar
Muscat-Fenech, C. M., and Atkins, A. G. (1998). “Denting and fracture of sheet steel by blunt and sharp obstacles in glancing collisions.” International Journal of Impact Engineering, 21(7): 499–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolan, D. P. (1996). Handbook of fire and explosion protection engineering principles for oil, gas, chemical, and related facilities. Westwood, NJ: Noyes Publications.Google Scholar
NORSOK N-004 (1999). Design of steel structures. NORSOK Standard, Norway.
Paik, J. K. (2005). “Ultimate strength of dented steel plates under edge shear loads.” Thin-Walled Structures, 43: 1475–1492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paik, J. K., Amdahl, J., Barltrop, N., Donner, E. R., Gu, Y., Ito, H., Ludolphy, H., Pedersen, P. T., Rohr, U., and Wang, G. (2003a). “Collision and grounding.” International Ships and Offshore Structures Congress, Specialist Committee V.3. Vol. 2, pp. 71–107, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
Paik, J. K., and Chung, J. Y. (1999). “A basic study on static and dynamic crushing behavior of a stiffened tube.” KSAE Transactions, 7(1): 219–238 (in Korean).Google Scholar
Paik, J. K., Chung, J. Y., and Chun, M. S. (1996). “On quasi-static crushing of a stiffened square tube.” Journal of Ship Research, 40(3): 51–60.Google Scholar
Paik, J. K., Lee, J. M., and Lee, D. H. (2003b). “Ultimate strength of dented steel plates under axial compressive loads.” International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 45: 433–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paik, J. K., Lee, J. M., Shin, Y. S., and Wang, G. (2004). “Design principles and criteria for ship structures under impact pressure actions arising from sloshing, slamming and green seas.” SNAME Transactions, 112: 292–313.Google Scholar
Paik, J. K., and Pedersen, P. T. (1996). “Modelling of the internal mechanics in ship collision.” Ocean Engineering, 23(2): 107–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paik, J. K., and Thayamballi, A. K. (2003). Ultimate limit state design of steel-plated structures. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Paik, J. K., and Wierzbicki, T. (1997). “A benchmark study on crushing and cutting of plated structures.” Journal of Ship Research, 41(2): 147–160.Google Scholar
Paik, J. Y., Choe, I. H., Thayamballi, A. K., Pedersen, P. T., and Wang, G. (1999). “On rational design of double hull tanker structures against collision.” SNAME Transactions, 107: 323–363.Google Scholar
Peixinho, N., Jones, N., and Pinho, A. (2003a). “Experimental and numerical study in axial crushing of thin-walled sections made of high-strength steels.” Journal of Physics IV, 110: 717–722.Google Scholar
Peixinho, N., Jones, N., and Pinho, A. (2003b). “Determination of crash-relevant properties of dual-phase and trip steels.” Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Plasticity and Impact Mechanics (IMPLAST 2003), pp. 343–353.Google Scholar
Ramberg, W., and Osgood, W. R. (1941). Determination of stress-strain curves by three parameters. (Technical Notes, No. 503), National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), US.Google Scholar
Saitoh, T., Yoshikawa, T., and Yao, H. (1995). “Estimation of deflection of steel panel under impulsive loading.” The Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers, 61: 2241–2246 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, F. D., and Jones, N. (2004). “Impact of thin-walled high-strength steel structural sections.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 218 (Part D): 131–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servis, D., Samuelides, M., Louka, T., and Voudouris, G. (2002). “The implementation of finite-element codes for the simulation of ship-ship collisions.” Journal of Ship Research, 46(4): 239–247.Google Scholar
Simonsen, B. C., and Lauridsen, L. P. (2000). “Energy absorption and ductile fracture in metal sheets under lateral indentation by a sphere.” International Journal of Impact Engineering, 24: 1017–1039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonsen, B. C., and Ocakli, H. (1999). “Experiments and theory on deck and girder crushing.” Thin-Walled Structures, 34: 195–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonsen, B. C., and Tornqvist, R. (2004). “Experimental and numerical modeling of ductile crack propagation in large-scale shell structures.” Marine Structures, 17: 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinai, Y. L., Owens, M. P., and Smith, P. (1995). “Advances in CFD assessment of fire and smoke movement. Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering.” Safety and Reliability, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2: 379–386.Google Scholar
Smith, C. S., and Dow, R. S. (1981). “Residual strength of damaged steel ships and offshore structures.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1(4): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skallerud, B., and Amdahl, J. (2002). Nonlinear analysis of offshore structures. England: Hertfordshire Research Studies Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Symonds, P. S., and Chon, C. T.(1974). “Approximation techniques for impulsive loading of structures of time-dependent plastic behaviour with finite-deflections.” Mechanical Properties of Materials at High Strain Rates, Institute of Physics Conference Series, 21: 299–316.Google Scholar
Vinnem, J. E., Hokstad, P., Dammen, T., Saele, H., Chen, H., Haver, S., Kieran, O., Kleppestoe, H., Thomas, J. J., and Toennessen, L. I. (2003). Operational safety analysis of FPSO – shuttle tanker collision risk reveals areas of improvement. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 15317, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G., Jiang, D., and Shin, Y. (2003). Consideration of collision and contact damage risks in FPSO structural designs. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 15316, Houston, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G., Davydov, I., Kujala, P., Lee, S. G., Marino, A., Pedersen, P. T., Sirkar, J., Suzuki, K., Vredeveldt, A., and Wang, Z. L. (2006). Collision and grounding. International Ships and Offshore Structures Congress, Specialist Committee V.1. Southampton, UK: Southampton University Press.Google Scholar
Wierzbicki, T., and Abramowicz, W. (1983). “On the crushing mechanics of thin-walled structures.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, 50: 727–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, L., and Atkins, A. G. (1998). “Failure criteria for ship collision and grounding.” Proceedings of International Conference on Practical Design of Ships and other Floating Structures, The Hague, pp. 141–148.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×