Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T15:17:16.309Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - The origin and evolution of language: a plausible, strong-AI account

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2009

Jerry R. Hobbs
Affiliation:
USC Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
Michael A. Arbib
Affiliation:
University of Southern California
Get access

Summary

Framework

In this chapter I show in outline how human language as we know it could have evolved incrementally from mental capacities it is reasonable to attribute to lower primates and other mammals. I do so within the framework of a formal computational theory of language understanding (Hobbs et al., 1993). In the first section I describe some of the key elements in the theory, especially as it relates to the evolution of linguistic capabilities. In the next two sections I describe plausible incremental paths to two key aspects of language − meaning and syntax. In the final section I discuss various considerations of the time course of these processes.

Strong AI

It is desirable for psychology to provide a reduction in principle of intelligent, or intentional, behavior to neurophysiology. Because of the extreme complexity of the human brain, more than the sketchiest account is not likely to be possible in the near future. Nevertheless, the central metaphor of cognitive science, “The brain is a computer,” gives us hope. Prior to the computer metaphor, we had no idea of what could possibly be the bridge between beliefs and ion transport. Now we have an idea. In the long history of inquiry into the nature of mind, the computer metaphor gives us, for the first time, the promise of linking the entities and processes of intentional psychology to the underlying biological processes of neurons, and hence to physical processes.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akmajian, A., and Kitagawa, C. 1974. Pronominalization, Relativization, and Thematization: Interrelated systems of Coreference in Japanese and English. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Arbib, M. A., 2002. The mirror system, imitation, and the evolution of language. In Nehaniv, C. and Dautenhahn, K. (eds.) Imitation in Animals and Artifacts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 229–280.Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. 2005. From monkey-like action recognition to human language: an evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics. Behavi. Brain Sci. 28: 105–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, E. J. W., and Peters A. M. W., 1992. Ontogeny and phylogeny: what child language and archaeology have to say to each other. In Hawkins, J. A. and Gell-Mann, M. (eds.) The Evolution of Human Languages. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 305–352.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R. G., 2003. A figurine from the African Acheulian. Curr. Anthropol. 44: 405–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickerton, D., 1990. Language and Species. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bickerton, D. 2003. Symbol and structure: a comprehensive framework for language evolution. In Christiansen, M. H. and Kirby, S. (eds.) Language Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 77–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carbonell, E., Mosquera, M., Ollé, A., et al., 2003. Les premiers comportements funéraires auraient-ils pris place à Atapuerca, il y a 350 000 ans?L'Anthropologie 107: 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N., 1975. Reflections on Language. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Foris.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Clark, H., 1975. Bridging. In Proceedings of Conference on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing. Cambridge, MA: pp. 169–174.
Comrie, B., 1981. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, I., 2003. The archaeological evidence for language origins: states of art. In Christiansen, M. H. and Kirby, S. (eds.) Language Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 140–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, R., 1996. Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Engel, A. K., and Singer, W., 2001. Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5: 16–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fell, J., Klaver, P., Lehnertz, K., et al., 2001. Human memory formation is accompanied by rhinal-hippocampal coupling and decoupling. Nature Neurosci. 4: pp. 1259–1264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fikes, R., and Nilsson, N. J., 1971. STRIPS: a new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving. Artif. Intelli. 2: 189–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grice, P., 1957. Meaning. Philos. Rev. 66: 377–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henshilwood, C., d'Errico, F., Yates, R., et al., 2002. Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 295: 1278–1280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henshilwood, C., d'Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., Niekirk, K., and Jacobs, Z., 2004. Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science 304: 404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyes, C. M., 1998. Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behav. Brain Sci. 21: 101–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobbs, J. R., 1985a. Ontological promiscuity. Proceedings, 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Chicago, IL, July 1985, pp. 61–69.
Hobbs, J. R. 1985b. On the Coherence and Structure of Discourse, Report No. CSLI-85–37. Stanford University, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Hobbs, J. R. 1998. The syntax of English in an abductive framework. Available at http://www.isi.edu/∼hobbs/discourse-inference/chapter4.pdf
Hobbs, J. R. 2001. Syntax and metonymy. In Bouillon, P. and Busa, F. (eds.) The Language of Word Meaning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 290–311.Google Scholar
Hobbs, J. R., Stickel, M., Appelt, D., and Martin, P., 1993. Interpretation as abduction. Artif. Intell. 63: 69–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoff, E., 2001. Language Development. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O., and Vandermeersch, B., 2003. An early case of color symbolism: ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave. Curr. Anthropol. 44: 491–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackendoff, R., 1999. Possible stages in the evolution of the language capacity. Trends Cogn. Sci. 3: 272–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kameyama, M., 1994. The syntax and semantics of the Japanese Language Engine. In Mazuka, R. and Nagai, N. (eds.) Japanese Syntactic Processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kirby, S., 2000. Syntax without natural selection: how compositionality emerges from vocabulary in a population of learners. In Knight, C., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Hurford, J. R. (eds.) The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Emergence of Linguistic Form. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 303–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, S., and Christiansen, M. H., 2003. From language learning to language evolution. In Christiansen, M. H. and Kirby, S. (eds.) Language Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 272–294.Google Scholar
Klein, W., and Perdue, C., 1997. The Basic Variety, or couldn't language be much simpler?Second Lang. Res. 13: 301–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peirce, C. S., 1903. Abduction and induction. In Buchler, J. (ed.) Philosophical Writings of Pierce. New York: Dover Publications, 1955, pp. 150–156.Google Scholar
Pollard, C., and Sag, I. A., 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Premack, D., and Woodruff, G., 1978. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?Behavi. Brain Sci. 1: 515–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizzolatti, G., and Arbib, M. A., 1998. Language within our grasp. Trends Neurosci. 21: 188–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scollon, R., 1979. A real early stage: an unzippered condensation of a dissertation on child language. In Ochs, E. and B., Schiefielin, B. (eds.) Developmental PragmaticsNew York: Academic Press, pp. 215–227.Google Scholar
Shastri, L., 1999. Advances in shruti: a neurally motivated model of relational knowledge representation and rapid inference using temporal synchrony. Appl. Intell. 11: 79–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shastri, L. 2001. Biological grounding of recruitment learning and vicinal algorithms in long-term potentiation. In Austin, J., Wermter, S., and Willshaw, D. (eds.) Emergent Neural Computational Architectures Based on Neuroscience. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 348–367.Google Scholar
Shastri, L., and Ajjanagadde, V., 1993. From simple associations to systematic reasoning: a connectionist representation of rules, variables and dynamic bindings using temporal synchrony. Behavi. Brain Sci. 16: 417–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shastri, L., and Wendelken, C., 2003. Learning structured representations. Neurocomputing 52–54: 363–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M., 2003. On the different origins of symbols and grammar. In Christiansen, M. H. and Kilby, S. (eds.) Language Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 94–110.
Wason, P. C., and Johnson-Laird, P., 1972. Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wendelken, C., and Shastri, L., 2003. Acquisition of concepts and causal rules in shruti. Proceedings, 25th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Boston, MA, pp. 1224–1229.
Wray, A., 1998. Protolanguage as a holistic system for social interaction. Lang. Commun. 18, 47–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×