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Detailed Contents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2024

Nathalie A. Smuha
Affiliation:
KU Leuven Faculty of Law

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Algorithmic Rule By Law
How Algorithmic Regulation in the Public Sector Erodes the Rule of Law
, pp. vii - x
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Detailed Contents

  1. List of Figures

  2. List of Illustrations of Algorithmic Regulation

  3. Preface

  4. Acknowledgements

  5. Table of Cases

  6. List of Abbreviations

  7. 1Introduction

    1. 1.1Aligning Algorithmic Regulation and the Rule of Law

      1. 1.1.1The Algorithmic Leviathan

      2. 1.1.2Algorithmic Regulation and the Rule of Law

      3. 1.1.3The EU’s Rule of Law Crisis and the Rule by Law

      4. 1.1.4Bridging Two Agendas and Countering Algorithmic Rule by Law

    2. 1.2Research Approach

      1. 1.2.1Objectives, Questions and Hypotheses

      2. 1.2.2Methodology

      3. 1.2.3Scope of This Book

      4. 1.2.4Relevance

  8. 2Algorithmic Regulation

    1. 2.1Technical Aspects

      1. 2.1.1Algorithms

      2. 2.1.2Knowledge-Driven Systems

      3. 2.1.3Data-Driven Systems

      4. 2.1.4Comparing Approaches

      5. 2.1.5AI Systems

    2. 2.2Societal Aspects

      1. 2.2.1Algorithmic Systems as Socio-technical Infrastructure

      2. 2.2.2Risk of Human Error

      3. 2.2.3Risk of Bias

      4. 2.2.4Opacity

      5. 2.2.5Dependency on Data and Proxies

      6. 2.2.6Impact on Human Agency

    3. 2.3Algorithmic Regulation in the Public Sector

      1. 2.3.1The Organisation of Public Authorities

      2. 2.3.2The Pitfalls of Bureaucracy

      3. 2.3.3Administrative Acts in between Rules and Discretion

      4. 2.3.4From Bureaucracy to Algocracy

      5. 2.3.5Rationale of Algorithmic Regulation

    4. 2.4Concluding Remarks

  9. 3The Rule of Law

    1. 3.1A Theoretical Introduction to the Rule of Law

      1. 3.1.1A Plethora of Definitions

      2. 3.1.2The Spirit of the Rule of Law

      3. 3.1.3Formal and Substantive Notions of the Rule of Law

      4. 3.1.4The Rule of Law and the Rule by Law

    2. 3.2The Rule of Law in the European Union

      1. 3.2.1The Rule of Law and the Council of Europe

      2. 3.2.2The Rule of Law’s Origins in the EU Legal Order

      3. 3.2.3Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions

      4. 3.2.4The EU Conceptualisation of the Rule of Law

      5. 3.2.5The Rule of Law’s Fragility: A Tale of Caution

    3. 3.3The Rule of Law as Normative Framework

      1. 3.3.1Legality

        1. 3.3.1.aThe Principle’s Requirements

        2. 3.3.1.bChallenges to the Principle of Legality

      2. 3.3.2Legal Certainty

        1. 3.3.2.aThe Principle’s Requirements

        2. 3.3.2.bChallenges to the Principle of Legal Certainty

      3. 3.3.3Non-arbitrariness of the Executive Powers

        1. 3.3.3.aThe Principle’s Requirements

        2. 3.3.3.bChallenges to the Principle of Non-arbitrariness

      4. 3.3.4Equality before the Law

        1. 3.3.4.aThe Principle’s Requirements

        2. 3.3.4.bChallenges to the Principle of Equality

      5. 3.3.5Judicial Review

        1. 3.3.5.aThe Principle’s Requirements

        2. 3.3.5.bChallenges to the Principle of Effective Judicial Review

      6. 3.3.6Separation of Powers

        1. 3.3.6.aThe Principle’s Requirements

        2. 3.3.6.bChallenges to the Principle of the Separation of Powers

    4. 3.4Concluding Remarks

  10. 4From Rule of Law to Algorithmic Rule by Law

    1. 4.1Algorithmic Regulation and the Rule of Law

      1. 4.1.1Legality

        1. 4.1.1.aLost in Translation

        2. 4.1.1.bFrom Legality to Legalism

        3. 4.1.1.cLoss of Process Transparency

      2. 4.1.2Legal Certainty

        1. 4.1.2.aFanciful Foreseeability

        2. 4.1.2.bProblematic Preservation of the Past

        3. 4.1.2.cLoss of Implementation Transparency

      3. 4.1.3Non-arbitrariness

        1. 4.1.3.aOptimising Efficiency over Justice

        2. 4.1.3.bReducing Explainability

        3. 4.1.3.cDiminishing Discretion

      4. 4.1.4Equality before the Law

        1. 4.1.4.aRisk of Scaled Bias

        2. 4.1.4.bExacerbating Societal Inequality

        3. 4.1.4.cLoss of Comparability

      5. 4.1.5Judicial Review

        1. 4.1.5.aInformational Limits for Review

        2. 4.1.5.bDifficult Access to a Remedy

        3. 4.1.5.cLack of Systemic Review

      6. 4.1.6Separation of Powers

        1. 4.1.6.aStrengthening the Executive

        2. 4.1.6.bPrivatising Legal Infrastructure

        3. 4.1.6.cCitizen Surveillance

    2. 4.2Algorithmic Rule by Law

      1. 4.2.1Primacy of Techno-rationality

      2. 4.2.2Supremacy of Coders

      3. 4.2.3Automation of Legalism

      4. 4.2.4Deficit of Accountability

      5. 4.2.5Systemic Vulnerability

    3. 4.3Concluding Remarks

  11. 5Legal Safeguards in the EU Legal Order

    1. 5.1A Note on EU Competences in the Field

    2. 5.2Regulation Pertaining to the Rule of Law

      1. 5.2.1Article 2 and 7 TEU

      2. 5.2.2The Conditionality Regulation

      3. 5.2.3Infringement Actions and Proceedings before National Courts

    3. 5.3Regulation Pertaining to Personal Data: The GDPR

      1. 5.3.1Need for a Legal Basis

      2. 5.3.2Automated Decision-Making

      3. 5.3.3Evaluation: Necessary but Not Sufficient

    4. 5.4Regulation Pertaining to Algorithmic Systems: The AI Act

      1. 5.4.1The AI Act’s Goals and Scope

        1. 5.4.1.aThe AI Act’s Origins

        2. 5.4.1.bObjectives and Legal Basis

        3. 5.4.1.cAI’s Definition

      2. 5.4.2The AI Act’s Regulatory Architecture

      3. 5.4.3Algorithmic Regulation in the AI Act

        1. 5.4.3.aProhibited Practices

        2. 5.4.3.bSystems Requiring Additional Transparency

        3. 5.4.3.cGeneral-Purpose AI Models

        4. 5.4.3.dHigh-Risk Systems

      4. 5.4.4High-Risk Algorithmic Regulation

        1. 5.4.4.aRequirements for High-Risk Systems

        2. 5.4.4.bAdditional Obligations for Deployers

      5. 5.4.5A Low Ceiling

      6. 5.4.6Evaluation: The Return of Techno-supremacy

    5. 5.5Concluding Remarks

  12. 6Conclusions

    1. 6.1Summary

    2. 6.2Recommendations

      1. 6.2.1Acknowledging the Threat of Algorithmic Rule by Law

      2. 6.2.2Strengthening Legal Safeguards

      3. 6.2.3Promoting Further Research

    3. 6.3Embracing Normative Complexity

  13. Bibliography

  14. Index

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