Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 10
    • Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      07 March 2024
      04 April 2024
      ISBN:
      9781009119962
      9781009517867
      9781009113465
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.26kg, 78 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.15kg, 78 Pages
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    Animal minds are complex and diverse, making them difficult to study. This Element focuses on a question that has received much attention in the field of comparative cognition: 'Do animals reason about unobservable variables like force and mental states?' The Element shows how researchers design studies and gather evidence to address this question. Despite the many virtues of current methods, hypotheses in comparative cognition are often underdetermined by the empirical evidence. Given this, philosophers and scientists have recently called for additional behavioral constraints on theorizing in the field. The Element endorses this proposal (known as 'signature testing'), while also arguing that studies on animal minds would benefit from drawing more heavily on neuroscience and biology.

    References

    Allen, C. (1992). Mental content. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 43(4), 537553.
    Allen, C., & Bekoff, M. (1997). Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Amiez, C., Sallet, J., Novek, J., et al. (2021). Chimpanzee histology and functional brain imaging show that the paracingulate sulcus is not human-specific. Communications Biology, 4, 112.
    Amodio, P., Boeckle, M., Schnell, A. K. et al. (2019). Grow smart and die young: Why did cephalopods evolve intelligence? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(1), 4556.
    Andrews, K. (2005). Chimpanzee theory of mind: Looking in all the wrong places? Mind and Language, 20(5), 521536.
    Andrews, K. (2012). Do Apes Read Minds? Toward a New Folk Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Andrews, K. (2017). Chimpanzee mind reading: Don’t stop believing. Philosophy Compass, 12(1), e12394.
    Andrews, K. (2020). How to Study Animal Minds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Arbib, M. A., Liebal, K., & Pika, S. (2008). Primate vocalization, gesture, and the evolution of human language. Current Anthropology, 49(6), 10531076.
    Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21(1), 3746.
    Barron, A. B., Halina, M., & Klein, C. (2023). Transitions in cognitive evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 290(2002), 20230671.
    Bausman, W., & Halina, M. (2018). Not null enough: Pseudo-null hypotheses in community ecology and comparative psychology. Biology & Philosophy, 33(3–4), 120.
    Bechtel, W. (2008). Mental Mechanisms: Philosophical Perspectives on Cognitive Neuroscience. New York: Routledge.
    Bechtel, W. (2009). Generalization and discovery by assuming conserved mechanisms: Cross-species research on circadian oscillators. Philosophy of Science, 76(5), 762773.
    Bechtel, W. (2016a). Investigating neural representations: The tale of place cells. Synthese, 193, 12871321.
    Bechtel, W. (2016b). Using computational models to discover and understand mechanisms. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 56, 113121.
    Bechtel, W. (forthcoming). The epistemology of evidence in cognitive neuroscience. In Skipper, R. Jr., Allen, C., Ankeny, R. A., et al., eds., Philosophy and the Life Sciences: A Reader. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Bechtel, W., & Abrahamsen, A. (2010). Dynamic mechanistic explanation: Computational modeling of circadian rhythms as an exemplar for cognitive science. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 41(3), 321333.
    Bechtel, W., & Mundale, J. (1999). Multiple realizability revisited: Linking cognitive and neural states. Philosophy of Science, 66(2), 175207.
    Bechtel, W., & Richardson, R. C. (2010). Discovering Complexity: Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Bender, A., Beller, S., & Medin, D. L. (2017). Causal Cognition and Culture. In Waldmann, M. R., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 717738.
    Bermúdez, J. L. (2003). The Domain of Folk Psychology. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 53, 2548.
    Bermúdez, J. L. (2008). The reinterpretation hypothesis: Explanation or redescription? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 131132.
    Berthet, V., & de Gardelle, V. (2023). The heuristics-and-biases inventory: An open-source tool to explore individual differences in rationality. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 19.
    Birch, J. (2022). The search for invertebrate consciousness. Noûs, 56, 133153.
    Blaisdell, A. P., Sawa, K., Leising, K. J., & Waldmann, M. R. (2006). Causal reasoning in rats. Science, 311(5763), 10201022.
    Boesch, C. (2007). What makes us human (Homo sapiens)? The challenge of cognitive cross-species comparison. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 121(3), 227240.
    Boone, W., & Piccinini, G. (2016a). The cognitive neuroscience revolution. Synthese, 193, 15091534.
    Boone, W., & Piccinini, G. (2016b). Mechanistic abstraction. Philosophy of Science, 83(5), 686697.
    Boyle, A. (2019). Mapping the minds of others. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 10(4), 747767.
    Boyle, A. (2020). The impure phenomenology of episodic memory. Mind & Language, 35(5), 641660.
    Boyle, A. (2021). Replication, uncertainty and progress in comparative cognition. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 8(2), 296304.
    Bräuer, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Chimpanzees really know what others can see in a competitive situation. Animal Cognition, 10(4), 439448.
    Brembs, B. (2003). Operant conditioning in invertebrates. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13(6), 710717.
    Brown, R. L. (2022). Mapping out the landscape: A multi-dimensional approach to behavioural innovation. Philosophy of Science, 89(5), 11761185.
    Buckner, C. (2011). Two approaches to the distinction between cognition and “mere association.” International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 24(4), 314348.
    Buckner, C. (2013). Morgan’s Canon, meet Hume’s Dictum: Avoiding anthropofabulation in cross-species comparisons. Biology & Philosophy, 28(5), 853871.
    Buckner, C. (2014). The semantic problem(s) with research on animal mind-reading. Mind & Language, 29(5), 566589.
    Burnston, D., Sheredos, B., & Bechtel, W. (2011). HIT on the psychometric approach. Psychological Inquiry, 22(2), 108114.
    Cao, R. (2022). Multiple realizability and the spirit of functionalism. Synthese, 200(6), 506.
    Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 30 years later. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(5), 187192.
    Chang, H. (2004). Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Cheke, L. G., Loissel, E., & Clayton, N. S. (2012). How do children solve Aesop’s Fable? PloS One, 7(7), e40574.
    Civelek, Z., Call, J., & Seed, A. M. (2020). Inferring unseen causes: Developmental and rvolutionary origins. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 872.
    Clatterbuck, H. (2018). The logical problem and the theoretician’s dilemma. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 97(2), 322350.
    Claudio, Tennie, C., Völter, C. J., Vonau, V., Hanus, D., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2019). Chimpanzees use observed temporal directionality to learn novel causal relations. Primates, 60, 517524.
    Clayton, N. S., & Dickinson, A. (1998). Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature, 395(6699), 272274.
    Clayton, N. S., Griffiths, D. P., Emery, N. J., & Dickinson, A. (2001). Elements of episodic–like memory in animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 356(1413), 14831491.
    Colaço, D. (2020). Recharacterizing scientific phenomena. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 10(14), 119.
    Colaço, D. (2022). What counts as a memory? Definitions, hypotheses, and “kinding in progress.” Philosophy of Science, 89(1), 89106.
    Craver, C. F. (2002). Interlevel experiments and multilevel mechanisms in the neuroscience of memory. Philosophy of Science, 69(S3), S83S97.
    Craver, C. F. (2007). Explaining the brain: Mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Craver, C. F., & Darden, L. (2013). In Search of Mechanisms: Discoveries Across the Life Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Craver, C. F., Kwan, D., Steindam, C., & Rosenbaum, R. S. (2014). Individuals with episodic amnesia are not stuck in time. Neuropsychologia, 57, 191195.
    Crystal, J. D. (2018). Animal models of episodic memory. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 13, 105122.
    Cummins, D. D. (2003). The evolution of reasoning. In Leighton, J. P. & Sternberg, R. J., eds., The Nature of Reasoning, 1st ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 339374.
    Currie, A. (2021). Comparative Thinking in Biology, 1st ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616683.
    Dacey, M. (2016). Rethinking associations in psychology. Synthese, 193(12), 37633786.
    Dacey, M. (2023). Evidence in default: Rejecting default models of animal minds. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 74(2), 291532.
    Dalla Barba, G., & La Corte, V. (2013). The hippocampus, a time machine that makes errors. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(3), 102104.
    Darwin, C. (1875). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. New York: D. Appleton.
    de Waal, F. B. M., & Ferrari, P. F. (2010). Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(5), 201207.
    De Regt, H. W. (2017). Understanding Scientific Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Dennett, D. C. (1978). Brainstorms. Montgomery: Bradford Books.
    Devine, R. T., & Hughes, C. (2014). Relations between false belief understanding and executive function in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 85(5), 17771794.
    Douglas, H. E. (2009). Reintroducing prediction to explanation. Philosophy of Science, 76(4), 444463.
    Douglas, H., & Magnus, P. D. (2013). State of the field: Why novel prediction matters. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 44(4), 580589.
    Emery, N. J., & Clayton, N. S. (2008). Imaginative scrub-jays, causal rooks, and a liberal application of Occam’s aftershave. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 134135.
    Fischer, M. H., Warlop, N., Hill, R. L., & Fias, W. (2004). Oculomotor bias induced by number perception. Experimental Psychology, 51(2), 9197.
    Fletcher, L., & Carruthers, P. (2013). Behavior-reading versus mentalizing in animals. In Metcalfe, J. & Terrace, H. S., eds., Agency and Joint Attention. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 8299.
    Foglia, L., & Wilson, R. A. (2013). Embodied cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 4(3), 319325.
    Gallagher, S. (2023). Embodied and Enactive Approaches to Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Gallagher, S., & Povinelli, D. J. (2012). Enactive and behavioral abstraction accounts of social understanding in chimpanzees, infants, and adults. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 3, 145169.
    Ginsburg, S., & Jablonka, E. (2019). The Evolution of The Sensitive Soul: Learning and The Origins of Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Gopnik, A. (2013). Causality. In Zelazo, P. D., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 627650.
    Halina, M., Rossano, F., & Tomasello, M. (2013). The ontogenetic ritualization of bonobo gestures. Animal Cognition, 16, 653666.
    Halina, M. (2015). There is no special problem of mindreading in nonhuman animals. Philosophy of Science, 82(3), 473490.
    Halina, M. (2017a). What apes know about seeing. In Andrews, K. & Beck, J., eds., The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds. New York: Routledge, pp. 238246.
    Halina, M. (2017b). Mechanistic explanation and its limits. In Glennan, S. & Illari, P., eds., The Routledge Handbook of Mechanisms and Mechanical Philosophy. New York: Routledge, pp. 213224.
    Halina, M. (2021). Replications in comparative psychology. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 8(2), 263272.
    Halina, M. (2022). Unlimited associative learning as a null hypothesis. Philosophy of Science, 89(5), 11861195.
    Halina, M. (2023). Methods in comparative cognition. In E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman, eds., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/comparative-cognition/.
    Halina, M., & Bechtel, W. (2013). Mechanism, conserved. In Dubitzky, W., Wolkenhauer, O., Cho, K.-H., & Yokota, H., eds., Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, New York: Springer, pp. 12011204.
    Hanus, D. (2016). Causal reasoning versus associative learning: A useful dichotomy or a strawman battle in comparative psychology? Journal of Comparative Psychology, 130(3), 241248.
    Hare, B., Call, J., Agnetta, B., & Tomasello, M. (2000). Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Animal Behaviour, 59(4), 771785.
    Haugeland, J. (1991). Representational genera. In Ramsey, W., Stich, S., & Rumelhart, D., eds., Philosophy and Connectionist Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 6189.
    Healy, S., & Braithwaite, V. (2000). Cognitive ecology: A field of substance? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 15(1), 2226.
    Healy, S. D., & Andrew Hurly, T. (2003). Cognitive ecology: Foraging in hummingbirds as a model system. In Slater, P. J. B., Rosenblatt, J. S., Snowdon, C. T. & Roper, T. J., eds., Advances in the Study of Behavior. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Science, pp. 325359.
    Healy, S. D., Bacon, I. E., Haggis, O., Harris, A. P., & Kelley, L. A. (2009). Explanations for variation in cognitive ability: Behavioural ecology meets comparative cognition. Behavioural Processes, 80(3), 288294.
    Healy, S. D., & Jones, C. M. (2002). Animal learning and memory: An integration of cognition and ecology. Zoology, 105(4), 321327.
    Hedenström, A., Johansson, L. C., & Spedding, G. R. (2009). Bird or bat: Comparing airframe design and flight performance. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 4(1), 113.
    Herrmann, E., Call, J., Hernandez-Lloreda, M. V., Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: The cultural intelligence hypothesis. Science, 317(5843), 13601366.
    Herschbach, M. (2012). Mirroring versus simulation: On the representational function of simulation. Synthese, 189(3), 483513.
    Heyes, C. (2008). Beast machines? Questions of animal consciousness. In Weiskrantz, L & Davies, M., eds., Frontiers of Consciousness: Chichele Lectures. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 259274.
    Heyes, C. (2014a). False belief in infancy: A fresh look. Developmental Science, 17(5), 647659.
    Heyes, C. (2014b). Submentalizing: I am not really reading your mind. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(2), 131143.
    Heyes, C. (2015). Animal mindreading: What’s the problem? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(2), 313327.
    Heyes, C. (2017). Apes submentalise. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(1), 12.
    Heyes, C. M., & Frith, C. D. (2014). The cultural evolution of mind reading. Science, 344(6190), 1243091.
    Howard, S. R., Avarguès-Weber, A., Garcia, J. E., Greentree, A. D., & Dyer, A. G. (2018). Numerical ordering of zero in honey bees. Science, 360(6393), 11241126.
    Huebner, B., & Schulkin, J. (2022). Biological Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Illari, P. M., & Williamson, J. (2012). What is a mechanism? Thinking about mechanisms across the sciences. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 2, 119135.
    Jacobs, I. F., & Osvath, M. (2015). The string-pulling paradigm in comparative psychology. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 129(2), 89120.
    Jelbert, S. A., Taylor, A. H., & Gray, R. D. (2015). Investigating animal cognition with the Aesop’s Fable paradigm: Current understanding and future directions. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 8(4), e1035846.
    Jelbert, S. A., Miller, R., Schiestl, M., Boeckle, M., Cheke, L. G., Gray, R. D. et al. (2019). New Caledonian crows infer the weight of objects from observing their movements in a breeze. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1894), 20182332.
    Jozet-Alves, C., Bertin, M., & Clayton, N. S. (2013). Evidence of episodic-like memory in cuttlefish. Current Biology, 23(23), R1033R1035.
    Karin-D’Arcy, R. M., & Povinelli, D. J. (2002). Do chimpanzees know what each other see? A closer look. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 15(1), 2154.
    Kaminski, J. (2015). Theory of mind: A primatological perspective. In Henke, W. & Tattersall, I., eds., Handbook of Paleoanthropology, Berlin: Springer, pp. 17411757.
    Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2004). Body orientation and face orientation: Two factors controlling apes’ begging behavior from humans. Animal Cognition, 7(4), 216223.
    Kampis, D., Kármán, P., Csibra, G., Southgate, V., & Hernik, M. (2021). A two-lab direct replication attempt of Southgate, Senju and Csibra (2007). Royal Society Open Science, 8(8), 210190.
    Kano, F., Krupenye, C., Hirata, S., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2017). Submentalizing cannot explain belief-based action anticipation in apes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(9), 633634.
    Krupenye, C., Kano, F., Hirata, S., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2016). Great apes anticipate that other individuals will act according to false beliefs. Science, 354(6308), 110114.
    Krupenye, C., Kano, F., Hirata, S., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2017). A test of the submentalizing hypothesis: Apes’ performance in a false belief task inanimate control. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 10(4), e1343771.
    Krupenye, C., & Call, J. (2019). Theory of mind in animals: Current and future directions. WIREs Cognitive Science, 10(6), e1503.
    Kulke, L., Reiß, M., Krist, H., & Rakoczy, H. (2018a). How robust are anticipatory looking measures of theory of mind? Replication attempts across the life span. Cognitive Development, 46, 97111.
    Levy, A., & Bechtel, W. (2013). Abstraction and the organization of mechanisms. Philosophy of Science, 80(2), 241261.
    Loetscher, T., Bockisch, C. J., Nicholls, M. E., & Brugger, P. (2010). Eye position predicts what number you have in mind. Current Biology, 20(6), R264R265.
    Longo, M. R., & Lourenco, S. F. (2007). Spatial attention and the mental number line: Evidence for characteristic biases and compression. Neuropsychologia, 45(7), 14001407.
    Lurz, R. W. (2011). Mindreading Animals: The Debate Over What Animals Know About Other Minds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Lurz, R. W., Krachun, C., Mareno, M. C., & Hopkins, W. D. (2022). Do chimpanzees predict others’ behavior by simulating their beliefs? Animal Behavior and Cognition, 9(2), 153175.
    Lycan, W. (1981). Form, function, and feel. The Journal of Philosophy, 78(1), 2450.
    Machamer, P., Darden, L., & Craver, C. F. (2000). Thinking about mechanisms. Philosophy of Science, 67(1), 125.
    MacLean, E. L., Matthews, L. J., Hare, B. A., et al. (2012). How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology. Animal Cognition, 15(2), 223238.
    Meketa, I. (2014). A critique of the principle of cognitive simplicity in comparative cognition. Biology & Philosophy, 29(5), 731745.
    Munton, J. (2022). How to see invisible objects. Noûs, 56(2), 343365.
    Nichols, S., & Stich, S. P. (2003). Mindreading: An Integrated Account of Pretence, Self-awareness, and Understanding Other Minds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Novick, A., & Scholl, R. (2020). Presume it not: True causes in the search for the basis of heredity. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 71(1), 5986.
    Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308(5719), 255258.
    Operskalski, J. T., & Barbey, A. K. (2017). Cognitive neuroscience of causal reasoning. In Waldmann, M., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 217242.
    Panoz-Brown, D., Iyer, V., Carey, L. M., et al. (2018). Replay of episodic memories in the rat. Current Biology, 28(10), 16281634.
    Penn, D. C., Holyoak, K. J., & Povinelli, D. J. (2008). Darwin’s mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(2), 109130.
    Penn, D. C., & Povinelli, D. J. (2007). On the lack of evidence that non-human animals possess anything remotely resembling a “theory of mind.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1480), 731744.
    Pfungst, O. (1911/2010). Clever Hans (the Horse of Mr. Von Osten): A Contribution to Experimental Animal and Human Psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
    Piccinini, G., & Craver, C. (2011). Integrating psychology and neuroscience: Functional analyses as mechanism sketches. Synthese, 183(3), 283311.
    Pika, S., Liebal, K., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2007). The gestural communication of apes. In Liebal, K., Müller, C., & Pika, S., eds., Benjamins Current Topics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 3549.
    Pollick, A. S., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2007). Ape gestures and language evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(19), 81848189.
    Povinelli, D. J. (2020). Can comparative psychology crack its toughest nut? Animal Behavior and Cognition, 7(4), 589652.
    Povinelli, D. J., & Eddy, T. J. (1996a). Chimpanzees: Joint visual attention. Psychological Science, 7(3), 129135.
    Povinelli, D. J., & Eddy, T. J. (1996b). What young chimpanzees know about seeing. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 61(3), vvi, 1191.
    Povinelli, D. J., & Henley, T. (2020). More rope tricks reveal why more task variants will never lead to strong inferences about higher-order causal reasoning in chimpanzees. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 7(3), 392418.
    Povinelli, D. J., & Penn, D. C. (2011). Through a floppy tool darkly. In McCormack, T., Hoerl, C., & Butterfill, S., eds., Tool Use and Causal Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 6988.
    Povinelli, D. J., & Vonk, J. (2004). We don’t need a microscope to explore the chimpanzee’s mind. Mind and Language, 19(1), 128.
    Pravosudov, V. V., & Roth, T. C. II (2013). Cognitive ecology of food hoarding: The evolution of spatial memory and the hippocampus. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44(1), 173193.
    Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515526.
    Putnam, H. (1967). Psychological Predicates. In Capitan, W. H. and Merrill, D. D., eds., Art, Mind, and Religion. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 3748.
    Quine, W. V. O. (1951). Two dogmas of empiricism. Reprinted in a Logical Point of View, 2nd ed., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 2046.
    Ramsey, W. M. (2007). Representation Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Reiss, J. (2015). A pragmatist theory of evidence. Philosophy of Science, 82(3), 341362.
    Reiss, J. (2019). Against external validity. Synthese, 196(8), 31033121.
    Rugani, R., Vallortigara, G., Priftis, K., & Regolin, L. (2015). Number-space mapping in the newborn chick resembles humans’ mental number line. Science, 347(6221), 534536.
    Schnell, A. K., Amodio, P., Boeckle, M., & Clayton, N. S. (2021a). How intelligent is a cephalopod? Lessons from comparative cognition. Biological Reviews, 96(1), 162178.
    Schnell, A. K., Clayton, N. S., Hanlon, R. T., & Jozet-Alves, C. (2021b). Episodic-like memory is preserved with age in cuttlefish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 288(1957), 20211052.
    Scholl, R. (2020). Unwarranted assumptions: Claude Bernard and the growth of the vera causa standard. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 82, 120130.
    Seed, A. M., Tebbich, S., Emery, N. J., & Clayton, N. S. (2006). Investigating physical cognition in rooks, Corvus frugilegus. Current Biology, 16(7), 697701.
    Seed, A., Hanus, D., & Call, J. (2011). Causal knowledge in corvids, primates, and children. In McCormack, T., Hoerl, C., & Butterfill, S., eds., Tool Use and Causal Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 89110.
    Shanahan, M., Bingman, V. P., Shimizu, T., Wild, M., & Güntürkün, O. (2013). Large-scale network organization in the avian forebrain: A connectivity matrix and theoretical analysis. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 7(89), 117.
    Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Clever animals and killjoy explanations in comparative psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(11), 477481.
    Shettleworth, S. J. (2012). Fundamentals of Comparative Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Shevlin, H. (2021). Non‐human consciousness and the specificity problem: A modest theoretical proposal. Mind & Language, 36(2), 297314.
    Silva, F. J., & Silva, K. M. (2006). Humans’ folk physics is not enough to explain variations in their tool-using behavior. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(4), 689693.
    Silva, F. J., Silva, K. M., Cover, K. R., Leslie, A. L., & Rubalcaba, M. A. (2008). Humans’ folk physics is sensitive to physical connection and contact between a tool and reward. Behavioural Processes, 77(3), 327333.
    Sober, E. (2012). Anthropomorphism, parsimony, and common ancestry. Mind & Language, 27(3), 229238.
    Southgate, V., Senju, A., & Csibra, G. (2007). Action anticipation through attribution of false belief by 2-year-olds. Psychological Science, 18(7), 587592.
    Stanford, P. K. (2006). Exceeding Our Grasp: Science, History, and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Stanford, K. (2023). Underdetermination of scientific theory. In E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman, eds., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/scientific-underdetermination/.
    Starzak, T. B., & Gray, R. D. (2021). Towards ending the animal cognition war: A three-dimensional model of causal cognition. Biology & Philosophy, 36(2), 124.
    Sterelny, K. (2010). Minds: Extended or scaffolded? Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 465481.
    Sterling, P., & Laughlin, S. (2015). Principles of Neural Design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Suddendorf, T., & Busby, J. (2003). Mental time travel in animals? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(9), 391396.
    Surian, L., Caldi, S., & Sperber, D. (2007). Attribution of beliefs by 13-month-old infants. Psychological Science, 18(7), 580586.
    Taylor, A. H. (2020). Folk physics for crows? Animal Behavior and Cognition, 7(3), 452456.
    Taylor, A. H., Bastos, A. P., Brown, R. L., & Allen, C. (2022). The signature-testing approach to mapping biological and artificial intelligences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(9), 738750.
    Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies. New York: The MacMillan.
    Tomasello, M., & Call, J. (2008). Assessing the validity of ape-human comparisons: A reply to Boesch (2007). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122(4), 449452.
    Tomasello, M., & Call, J. (2019). Thirty years of great ape gestures. Animal Cognition, 22(4), 461469.
    Trestman, M. (2015). Clever Hans, Alex the parrot, and Kanzi: What can exceptional animal learning teach us about human cognitive evolution? Biological Theory, 10(1), 8699.
    Veit, L., & Nieder, A. (2013). Abstract rule neurons in the endbrain support intelligent behaviour in corvid songbirds. Nature Communications, 4(1), 2878.
    Versace, E., Martinho-Truswell, A., Kacelnik, A., & Vallortigara, G. (2018). Priors in animal and artificial intelligence: Where does learning begin? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(11), 963965.
    Visalberghi, E., & Limongelli, L. (1994). Lack of comprehension of cause-effect relations in tool-using capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108(1), 1522.
    Visalberghi, E., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Primate causal understanding in the physical and psychological domains. Behavioural Processes, 42, 189203.
    Völter, C. J., Sentís, I., & Call, J. (2016). Great apes and children infer causal relations from patterns of variation and covariation. Cognition, 155, 3043.
    von Bayern, A. M. P., Heathcote, R. J. P., Rutz, C., & Kacelnik, A. (2009). The role of experience in problem solving and innovative tool use in crows. Current Biology, 19(22), 19651968.
    von Bayern, A. M. P., von, Danel, S., Auersperg, A. M. I., Mioduszewska, B., & Kacelnik, A. (2018). Compound tool construction by New Caledonian crows. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 15676.
    Vonk, J. (2020). Sticks and stones: Associative learning alone? Learning & Behavior, 48(3), 277278.
    Vonk, J., & Povinelli, D. J. (2012). Similarity and difference in the conceptual systems of primates: The unobservability hypothesis. In Zentall, T. R. & Wasserman, E. A., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 552576.
    Wellman, H. M. (2018). Theory of mind: The state of the art. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(6), 728755.

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.