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6 - Frameworks for Social Engineering

Stalinist Schema of Identification and the Nazi Volksgemeinschaft

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Christopher R. Browning  and
Lewis H. Siegelbaum
Edited by
Michael Geyer  and
Sheila Fitzpatrick
Michael Geyer
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Sheila Fitzpatrick
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
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Summary

All modern states engage in the practices of identifying and categorizing their populations. This organizational work seems critical to the achievement and maintenance of states' authoritativeness. The power of the state as an “identifier” has been related to its possession of “the material and symbolic resources to impose the categories, classificatory schemes, and modes of social counting and accounting with which bureaucrats, judges, teachers, and doctors must work and to which non-state actors must refer.” So unlike in other respects, the USSR under Stalin and Nazi Germany both experienced radical recategorizations of their respective populations. In this essay we seek to clarify the nature of the relationship between the identifying practices that each state employed and its agenda for massive social engineering.

Both the Stalinist schema of identification and the Nazi ideal of Volksgemeinschaft were animated by the desire to transform society in the image of certain ascribed qualities. In the case of Soviet Russia, these revolved around class, later to be supplemented and even supplanted by nationality. For the Nazis, purification of the racially defined community became the paramount objective of social policy. Identification in this sense was a necessary (but not sufficient) activity in the production of new social identities that lay at the core of both the Stalinist and Nazi agendas for social change. The degree to which each realized its agenda is highly debatable, but there is little doubt that these “illiberal” regimes impinged on and legitimated new identities.

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Beyond Totalitarianism
Stalinism and Nazism Compared
 , pp. 231 - 265
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

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