Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-28T13:13:38.843Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Robert G. McKinnell
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Ralph E. Parchment
Affiliation:
Wayne State University
Alan O. Perantoni
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
G. Barry Pierce
Affiliation:
University of Colorado Medical Center
Ivan Damjanov
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbrecht, P H and Littell, J K. 1972. Plasma erythropoietin in men and mice during acclimatization to different altitude. J Appl Physiol 32:54–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adachi, M, Cossman, J, Longo, D, Croce, C M, and Tsujimoto, Y. 1989. Variant translocation of the bcl-2 gene to immunoglobulin lambda light chain gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2771–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, J, Palombella, V J, Sausville, E A, Johnson, J, Destree, A, Lazarus, D D, Maas, J, Pien, C S, Prakash, S, and Elliott, P J. 1999. Proteasome inhibitors: A novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res 59:2615–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Adams, J M. 2003. Ways of dying: multiple pathways to apoptosis. Genes Dev 17:2481–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, J M, Harris, A W, Pinkert, C A, Corcoran, L M, Alexander, W S, Cory, S, Palmiter, R D, and Brinster, R L. 1985. The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice. Nature 318:533–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, M D, Celniker, S E, Holt, R A, Evans, C A, Gocayne, J D, Amanatides, P G, Scherer, S E, Li, P W, Hoskins, R A, Galle, R F. 2000. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 287:2185–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, I. 1912. Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi. New York: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Adnane, J, Jackson, R J, Nicosia, S V, Cantor, A B, Pledger, W J, and Sebti, S M. 2000. Loss of p21WAF1/CIP1 accelerates Ras oncogenesis in a transgenic/knockout mammary cancer model. Oncogene 19:5338–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General. 1964. Smoking and Health. US Public Health Service Publication 1103, Washington, DC: US Dept Health, Education and Welfare.
Alberti, L, Carniti, C, Miranda, C, Roccato, E, Pierotti, M A. 2003. RET and NTRK1 proto-oncogenes in human diseases. J Cell Physiol 195:168–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Appleton, D R, Watson, A J, and Wright, N A. 1979. Variation in the cell cycle time in the crypts of Lieberkuhn of the mouse. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 31:37–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Wright, N A, Appleton, D R, and Watson, A J. 1974. The cell cycle time in the rat jejunal mucosa. Cell Tissue Kinet 7:587–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Wright, N A, Appleton, D R, and Watson, A J. 1975. Cell population kinetics in the mouse jejunal crypt. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 18:225–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Wright, N A, Appleton, D R, and Watson, A J 1977. The effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea on cell population kinetics in the small bowel mucosa of the rat. Cell Tissue Kinet 10:203–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Wright, N A, Appleton, D R, and Watson, A J 1980. The effect of a single injection of cytosine arabinoside on cell population kinetics in the mouse jejunal crypt. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 34:299–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, W S, Adams, J M, and Cory, S. 1989. Oncogene cooperation in lymphocyte transformation: malignant conversion of E mu-myc transgenic pre-B cells in vitro is enhanced by v-H-ras or v-raf but not v-abl. Mol Cell Biol 9:67–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allegra C J. 1990. Antifolates. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 110–53. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Almoguera, C, Shibata, D, Forrester, K, Martin, J, Arnheim, N, and Perucho, M. 1988. Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes. Cell 53:549–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Mulla, F, Going, J J, Sowden, E T, Winter, A, Pickford, I R, and Birnie, G D. 1998. Heterogeneity of mutant versus wild-type Ki-ras in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas, and association of codon-12 valine with early mortality. J Pathol 185:130–8.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alpert, M E, Hutt, M S, and Davidson, C S. 1968. Hepatoma in Uganda A study in geographic pathology. Lancet I:1265–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpha Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. 1994. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 330:1029–35.CrossRef
Alt, J R, Gladden, A B, and Diehl, J A. 2002. p21(Cip1) Promotes cyclin D1 nuclear accumulation via direct inhibition of nuclear export. J Biol Chem 277:8517–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvarez, O A, Carmichael, D F, and Declerck, Y A. 1990. Inhibition of collagenolytic activity and metastasis by a recombinant human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:589–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Cancer Society 1996 Advisory Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention. 1996. Guidelines on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 46:325–41.
American Cancer Society. 2005. Cancer Facts & Figures 2005. http://www.cancerorg/statistics.
Ames, B N and Gold, L S. 2000. Paracelsus to parascience: the environmental cancer distraction. Mutat Res 447:3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ames, B N, Magaw, R, Gold, L S. 1987. Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science 236:271–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anaissie, E J, Vartivarian, S, Bodey, G P, Legrand, C, Kantarjian, H, Abi-Said, D, Karl, C, and Vadhan-Raj, S. 1996. Randomized comparison between antibiotics alone and antibiotics plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (escherichia coli-derived in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. Am J Med 100:17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, K C, Bates, M P, Slaughenhoupt, B L, Pinkus, G S, Schlossman, S F, and Nadler, L M. 1984. Expression of human b cell-associated antigens on leukemias and lymphomas: A model of human b cell differentiation. Blood 63:1424–33.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. 1994. Palaeopathology: More than just dry bones. Proc R Coll Physicians Edinb 24:554–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, T J, Battersby, S, King, R J B, McPherson, K, and Going, J J. 1989. Oral contraceptive use influences resting breast proliferation. Human Pathology 20:1139–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, T J, Ferguson, D J, and Raab, G M. 1982. Cell turnover in the “resting” human breast: Influence of parity, contraceptive pill, age and laterality. Br J Cancer 46:376–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, P W. 2002. From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357:405–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anonymous. 1994. A 44 year campaign, but the epidemic is growing. BMJ 309: Number 6960, unnumbered contents page (8 October 1994).
Anthony, M, Williams, J K, and Dunn, B K. 2001. What would be the properties of an ideal SERM? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 949:261–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aoki, T, Takeda, S, Yanagisawa, A, Kato, Y, Ajioka, Y, Watanabe, H, Kudo, S, and Nakamura, Y. 1994. APC and p53 mutations in de novo colorectal adenocarcinomas. Hum Mutat 3:342–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ATAC Trialists' Group. 2005. Results of the ATAC (arimidex, tamoxifen, alone or in combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 365:60–2.CrossRef
Aragane, Y, Kulms, D, Metze, D, Wilkes, G, Poppelmann, B, Luger, T A, and Schwarz, T. 1998. Ultraviolet light induces apoptosis via direct activation of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) independently of its ligand CD95L. J Cell Biol 140:171–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, B K. 1984. Melanoma of the skin. Br Med Bull 40:346–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, B K. 1988. Epidemiology of malignant melanoma: Intermittent or total accumulated exposure to the sun?J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14:835–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong P B. 1984. Invasiveness of non-malignant cells. In Invasion, Experimental and Clinical Implications, Mareel, M M and Calman, K C, eds, pp. 126–167. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ashkenazi, A. 2002. Targeting death and decoy receptors of the tumour-necrosis factor superfamily. Nat Rev Cancer 2:420–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashworth, T R. 1869. A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death. Aust Med J 14:146–7.Google Scholar
Assoian, R K and Zhu, X. 1997. Cell anchorage and the cytoskeleton as partners in growth factor dependent cell cycle progression. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:93–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aszterbaum, M, Epstein, J, Oro, A, Douglas, V, LeBoit, P E, Scott, M P, and Epstein, E H Jr. 1999. Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation enhance the growth of BCCs and trichoblastomas in patched heterozygous knockout mice. Nat Med 5:1285–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ault, J G, Cole, R W, Jensen, C G, Jensen, L C, Bachert, L A, and Rieder, C L. 1995. Behavior of crocidolite asbestos during mitosis in living vertebrate lung epithelial cells. Cancer Res 55:792–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Bach, P B, Kattan, M W, Thornquist, M D, Kris, M G, Tate, R C, Barnett, M J, Hsieh, L J, and Begg, C B. 2003. Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:470–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bader, J P. 1972. Temperature-dependent transformation of cells infected with a mutant of Bryan Rous sarcoma virus. J Virol 10:267–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Bagshawe, K D. 1992. Choriocarcinoma: A model for tumour markers. Acta Oncol 31:99–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, S J, Markowitz, S, Fearon, E R, Willson, J K, and Vogelstein, B. 1990. Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53. Science 249:912–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldus, C D, Tanner, S M, Ruppert, A S, Whitman, S P, Archer, K J, Marcucci, G, Caligiuri, M A, Carroll, A J, Vardiman, J W, Powell, B L. 2003. BAALC expression predicts clinical outcome of de vovo acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal cytogenetics: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Blood 102:1613–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bale A E and Brown S J. 2001. Etiology of cancer: cancer genetics. In: DeVita, V T, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology, 6th ed., pp. 207–17. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Balendran, A, Casamayor, A, Deak, M, Paterson, A, Gaffney, P, Currie, R, Downes, C P, and Alessi, D R. 1999. PDK1 acquires PDK2 activity in the presence of a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl terminus of PRK2. Curr Biol 9:393–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, H R K and Brunschwig, A. 1968. Treatment and results of recurrent cancer of corpus uteri in patients receiving anterior and total pelvic exenteration. Cancer 22:949–55.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bargmann, C I, Hung, M C, and Weinberg, R A. 1986. Multiple independent activations of the neu oncogene by a point mutation altering the transmembrane domain of p185. Cell 45:649–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, N, Morin, P J, and Clevers, H. 2000. The Yin-Yang of TCF/beta-catenin signaling. Adv Cancer Res 77:1–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Barradell, L B and Faulds, D. 1994. Cyproterone A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in prostate cancer. Drugs Aging 5:59–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barratt-Fornell, A, Drewnowski, A. 2002. The taste of health: nature's bitter gifts. Nutr Today 37:144–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bar-Sagi, D and Feramisco, J R. 1985. Micro-injection of the ras oncogene protein into PC12 cells induces morphological differentiation. Cell 42:841–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartsch, H, Ohshima, H, Pignatelli, B, and Calmels, S. 1992. Endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and nitrosating agents in human cancer etiology. Pharmacogenetics 2:272–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baselga, J, Pfister, D, Cooper, M R, Cohen, R, Burtness, B, Bos, M, D'Andrea, G, Seidman, A, Norton, L, Gunnett, K. 2000. Phase I studies of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor chimeric antibody c225 alone and in combination with cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 18:904–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baskaran, R, Dahmus, M E, and Wang, J Y J. 1993. Tyrosine phosphorylation of mammalian RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:11167–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, C M, Kharzai, S, Erwin, T, Rossant, J, and Parada, L F. 2000. Role of N-myc in the developing mouse kidney. Dev Biol 222:317–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batzdorf U, Black K L, and Selch M T. 1990. Neoplasms of the nervous system. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 436–68. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Batzer, A G, Blaikie, P, Nelson, K, Schlessinger, J, and Margolis, B. 1995. The phosphotyrosine interaction domain of Shc binds an LXNPXY motif on the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mol Cell Biol 15:4403–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, M. 1976. The curability of breast cancer. Br Med J 1:439–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumann, P C and Harshbarger, J C. 1995. Decline in liver neoplasms in wild brown bullhead catfish after coking plant closes and environmental PAHs plummet. Environ Health Perspect 103:168–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baxevanis, C N, Sotiropoulou, P A, Sotiriadou, N N, and Papamichail, M. 2004. Immunobiology of HER-2/ neu oncoprotein and its potential application in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 53:166–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayreuther, K. 1960. Chromosomes in primary neoplastic growth. Nature 186:6–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckman, K B and Ames, B N. 1997. Oxidative decay of DNA. J Biol Chem 272:19633–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beirut, L J, Dinwiddie, S H, Begleiter, H, Crowe, R R, Hesselbrock, V, Nurnberger, J I Jr, Porjesz, B, Schuckit, M A, and Reich, T. 1998. Familial transmission of substance dependence: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and habitual smoking: a report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:982–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell B. 1794. A Treatise on the Hydrocele or Sarcocele, or Cancer and Other Disease of the Testes. Edinburgh.
Bellacosa, A, Testa, J R, Staal, S P, and Tsichlis, P N. 1991. A retroviral oncogene, akt, encoding a serine-threonine kinase containing an SH2-like region. Science 254:274–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bender R A, Hamel E, and Hande K R. 1990. Plant alkaloids. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 253–75. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Beral, V, Peterman, T A, Berkelman, R L, and Jaffe, H W. 1990. Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection?Lancet 335:123–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berchuck, A, Kamel, A, Whitaker, R, Kerns, B, Olt, G, Kinney, R, Soper, J T, Dodge, R, Clarke-Pearson, D L, Marks, P. 1990. Overexpression of HER-2/neu is associated with poor survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 50:4087–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Berek J S and Hacker N F. 1990. Ovary and fallopian tubes. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 295–325. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Berenblum, I and Shubik, P. 1947. The role of croton oil application associated with a single painting of a carcinogen in tumour induction of the mouse's skin. Br J Cancer 1:379–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenson J R and Gale R P. 1990. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 606–20. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Berkowitz R S and Goldstein D P. 1990. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 366–72. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Berman M L and Berek J S. 1990. Uterine corpus. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed, pp. 338–51. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Beukers, R and Berends, W. 1960. Isolation and identification of the irradiation product of thymine. Biochim Biophys Acta 41:550–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beutler, B and Cerani, A. 1986. Cachectic and tumor necrosis factors as two sides of the same biological coin. Nature 320:584–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bevona, C and Sober, A J. 2002. Melanoma incidence trends. Dermatol Clin 20:589–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biggs, J, Hersperger, E, Steeg, P S, Liotta, L A, and Shearn, A. 1990. A Drosophila gene that is homologous to a mammalian gene associated with tumor metastasis codes for a nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Cell 63:933–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biggs, P M. 2001. The history and biology of Mareks disease virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 255:1–24.Google Scholar
Bingham, C A. 1978. The cell cycle and cancer chemotherapy. Am J Nurs 78:1201–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S A, Day, N E, Luben, R, Ferrari, P, Slimani, N, Norat, T, Clavel-Chapelon, F, Kesse, E, Nieters, A, Boeing, H. 2003. Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Lancet 361:1496–1501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binns, A N. 2002. T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: 25 years and counting. Trends Plant Sci 7:231–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birner, P, Oberhuber, G, Stani, J, Reithofer, C, Samonigg, H, Hausmaninger, H, Kubista, E, Kwasny, W, Kandioler-Eckersberger, D, Gnant, M. 2001. Evaluation of the United States Food and Drug Administration-approved scoring and test system of HER-2 protein expression in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:1669–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Bister, K and Jansen, H W. 1986. Oncogenes in retroviruses and cells: Biochemistry and molecular genetics. Adv Cancer Res 47:99–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bittner, J J. 1936. Some possible effects of nursing on the mammary gland tumor incidence in mice. Science 84:162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bittner, J J. 1937. Mammary tumors in mice in relation to nursing. Am J Cancer 30:530–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjorge, J D, Jakymiw, A and Fujita, D J. 2000. Selected glimpses into the activation and function of Src kinase. Oncogene 19:5620–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorkoy, G, Overvatn, A, Diaz-Meco, M T, Moscat, J, and Johansen, T. 1995. Evidence for a bifurcation of the mitogenic signaling pathway activated by Ras and phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C. J Biol Chem 270:21299–21306.Google ScholarPubMed
Blain, S W, Montalvo, E, and Massague, J. 1997. Differential interaction of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27Kip1 with cyclin A-Cdk2 and cyclin D2-Cdk4. J Biol Chem 272:25863–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakeslee, A F. 1934. New Jimson weeds from old chromosomes. J Hered 25:80–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaney, S M, Bernstein, M, Neville, K, Ginsberg, J, Kitchen, B, Horton, T, Berg, S L, Krailo, M, and Adamson, P C. 2004. Phase I study of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: A children's oncology group study (advl0015). J Clin Oncol 22:4752–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blasco, M A, Lee, H W, Hande, M P, Samper, E, Lansdorp, P M, DePinho, R A, and Greider, C W. 1997. Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA. Cell 91:25–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blezinger, P, Wang, J, Gondo, M, Quezada, A, Mehrens, D, French, M, Singhal, A, Sullivan, S, Rolland, A, Ralston, R, and Min, W. 1999. Systemic inhibition of tumor growth and tumor metastases by intramuscular administration of the endostatin gene. Nat Biotechnol 17:343–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blount, W P. 1961. Turkey “X” disease. J Br Turkey Fed 9:522–8.Google Scholar
Blume-Jensen, P and Hunter, T. 2001. Oncogenic kinase signalling. Nature 411:355–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobrovnikova-Marjon, E V, Marjon, P L, Barbash, O, Vander Jagt, D L, and Abcouwer, S F. 2004. Expression of angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8/cxcl8 is highly responsive to ambient glutamine availability: Role of nuclear factor-kappab and activating protein-1. Cancer Res 64:4858–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boccardo, F, Bruzzi, P, Rubagotti, A, Nicolo, G U, and Rosso, R. 1981. Estrogen-like action of tamoxifen on vaginal epithelium in breast cancer patients. Oncology 38:281–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bocci, G, Nicolaou, K C, and Kerbel, R S. 2002. Protracted low-dose effects on human endothelial cell proliferation and survival in vitro reveal a selective antiangiogenic window for various chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer Res 62:6938–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Bodmer, W F, Bailey, C J, Bodmer, J, Bussey, H J, Ellis, A, Gorman, P, Lucibello, F C, Murday, V A, Rider, S H, Scambler, P. 1987. Localization of the gene for familial adenomatous polyposis on chromosome 5. Nature 328:614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodnar, A G, Ouellette, M, Frolkis, M, Holt, S E, Chiu, C P, Morin, G B, Harley, C B, Shay, J W, Lichtsteiner, S, and Wright, W E. 1998. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 279:349–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boffetta, P. 2002. Involuntary smoking and lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 28, Suppl 2:30–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Bogenrieder, T and Herlyn, M. 2003. Axis of evil: molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis. Oncogene 22:6524–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boice, J D Jr, Greene, M H, Killen, J Y, Ellenberg, S S, Keehn, R J, McFadden, E, Chen, T T, and Fraumeni, J F Jr. 1983. Leukemia and preleukemia after adjuvant treatment of gastrointestinal cancer with semustine methyl-CCNU. N Engl J Med 309:1079–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borthwick, N J, Bofill, M, Hassan, I, Panayiotidis, P, Janossy, G, Salmon, M, and Akbar, A N. 1996. Factors that influence activated CD8+ T-cell apoptosis in patients with acute herpesvirus infections: Loss of costimulatory molecules CD28, CD5 and CD6 but relative maintenance of Bax and Bcl-X expression. Immunology 88:508–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Borucinska, J D, Harshbarger, J C, Reimschuessel, R, and Bogicevic, T. 2004. Gingival neoplasms in a captive sand tiger shark, Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque), and a wild-caught blue shark, Prionace glauca (L). J Fish Diseases 27:185–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosari, S, Lee, A K, DeLellis, R A, Wiley, B D, Heatley, G J, and Silverman, M L. 1992. Microvessel quantitation and prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 23:755–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouroncle, B A. 1994. Thirty-five years in the progress of hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 14 (Suppl 1):1–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Boveri, T. 1907. Zellen-Studien. Heft 6. Die Entwicklung dispermer Seeigel-Eier. Ein Beitrag zur Befruchtungslehre und zur Theorie des Kerns. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Boveri, T. 1914. Zur Frage der Erstehung Maligner Tumoren. Jena: Gustav Fischer (English translation by M Boveri). 1929. The Origin of Malignant Tumors. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins).Google Scholar
Bowen, I D and Bowen, S M. 1990. Programmed Cell Death in Tumors and Tissues. New York: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Bowman, T, Broome, M A, Sinibaldi, D, Wharton, W, Pledger, W J, Sedivy, J M, Irby, R, Yeatman, T, Courtneidge, S A, and Jove, R. 2001. Stat3-mediated Myc expression is required for Src transformation and PDGF-induced mitogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7319–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyle, P, Zaridze, D G, and Smans, M. 1985. Descriptive epidemiology of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 36:9–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandom, W F, Saccomanno, G, Archer, V E, Archer, P G, and Bloom, A D. 1978. Chromosome aberrations as a biological dose-response indicator of radiation exposure in uranium miners. Rad Res 76:59–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, A C. 1956. The activation of two growth-substance systems accompanying the conversion of normal to tumor cells in crown gall. Cancer Res 16:53–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Braun A C. 1972. The usefulness of plant tumor systems for studying the basic cellular mechanisms that underlie neoplastic growth generally. In: Harris, R, Allin, P, and Viza, D (eds.). Cell Differentiation, pp. 115–18. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Braun, A C. 1974. The Biology of Cancer. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Braun, A C. 1981. An epigenetic model for the origin of cancer. Q Rev Biol 56:33–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breinholt, V, Hendricks, J, Pereira, C, Arbogast, D, and Bailey, G. 1995. Dietary chlorophyllin is a potent inhibitor of aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in rainbow trout. Cancer Res 55:57–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Brentnall, T A, Haggitt, R C, Rabinovitch, P S, Kimmey, M B, Bronner, M P, Levine, D S, Kowdley, K V, Stevens, A C, Crispin, D A, Emond, M. 1996. Risk and natural history of colonic neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 110:331–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridges, C B. 1916. Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity. Genetics 1:107–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Briggs, R and King, T J. 1952. Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 38:455–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinster, R. 1993. Stem cells and transgenic mice in the study of development. Int J Dev Biol 37:89–99.Google Scholar
Brinster, R L. 1974. Effects of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent development. J Exp Med 140:1049–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinster, R L, Chen, H Y, Messing, A A, Dyke, T, Levine, A J, and Palmiter, R D. 1984. Transgenic mice harboring SV40 T-antigen genes develop characteristic brain tumors. Cell 37:367–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromberg, J and Darnell, J E Jr. 2000. The role of STATs in transcriptional control and their impact on cellular function. Oncogene 19:2468–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromley, M, Rew, D, Becciolini, A, Balzi, M, Chadwick, C, Hewitt, D, Li, Y Q, and Potten, C S. 1996. A comnparison of proliferation markers (BrdUrd, Ki-67, PCNA) determined at each cell position in the crypts of normal human colonic mucosa. Eur J Histochem 40:89–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, D R, Fife, K H, Wheeler, C M, Koutsky, L A, Lupinacci, L M, Railkar, R, Suhr, G, Barr, E, Dicello, A, Li, W. 2004. Early assessment of the efficacy of a human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particle vaccine. Vaccine 22:2936–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bucher, N L R and Malt, R A. 1971. Regeneration of the Liver and Kidney. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Buchkovich, K, Duffy, L A, and Harlow, E. 1989. The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated during specific phases of the cell cycle. Cell 58:1097–1105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buday, L and Downward, J. 1993. Epidermal growth factor regulates p21ras through the formation of a complex of receptor, Grb2 adapter protein, and Sos nucleotide exchange factor. Cell 73:611–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budillon, A, Cereseto, A, Kondrashin, A, Nesterova, M, Merlo, G, Clair, T, and Cho-Chung, Y S. 1995. Point mutation of the autophosphorylation site or in the nuclear location signal causes protein kinase A RII beta regulatory subunit to lose its ability to revert transformed fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10634–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullough, W S. 1962. The control of mitotic activity in adult mammalian tissues. Biol Rev 37:301–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunn P A Jr and Ridgway E C. 1993. Paraneoplastic syndromes. In: DeVita, V T Jr., Hellman, S., and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed., pp. 2026–71. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Burke, T G, Morin, M J, Sartorelli, A C, Lane, P E, and Tritton, T R. 1987. Function of the anthracycline amino group in cellular transport and cytotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 31:552–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Burkitt, D P. 1958. A sarcoma involving the jaws of African children. Br J Surg 46:218–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkitt, D P. 1971. Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 28:3–13.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkitt, D P. 1975. Large-bowel cancer: An epidemiological jigsaw puzzle. J Natl Cancer Inst 54:3–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burmer, G C and Loeb, L A. 1989. Mutations in the KRAS2 oncogene during progressive stages of human colon carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2403–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butel, J S and Lednicky, J A. 1999. Cell and molecular biology of simian virus 40: implications or human infections and disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:119–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buters, J T, Sakai, S, Richter, T, Pineau, T, Alexander, D L, Savas, U, Doehmer, J, Ward, J M, Jefcoate, C R, and Gonzalez, F J. 1999. Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 determines susceptibility to 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1977–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, T P and Gullino, P M. 1975. Quantitation of cell shedding into efferent blood of mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 35:512–16.Google ScholarPubMed
Butlin, H J. 1892. Cancer of the scrotum in chimney-sweeps and others: II. Why foreign sweeps do not suffer from scrotal cancer. Br Med J 2:1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butrum, R R, Clifford, C K, and Lanza, E. 1988. NCI dietary guidelines: Rationale. Am J Clin Nutr 48:888–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byers, T, Nestle, M, McTiernan, A, Doyle, C, Currie-Williams, A, Gansler, T, and Thun, M. 2002. American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: Reducing the risk for cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 52:92–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calabresi P and Parks R E Jr. 1980. Antiproliferative agents and drugs used for immunosuppression. In: Gilman, A G, Goodman, L S, and Gilman, A (eds.). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, pp. 1256–1313. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Calabresi, P and Schein, P S (eds.). 1993. Medical Oncology: Basic Principles and Clinical Management of Cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Calabresi, P and Welch, A D. 1962. Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases. Annu Rev Med 13:147–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calman K C. 1992. Cachexia. In: McGee, J O'D, Isaacson, P G, and Wright, N A (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Pathology, vol 1, pp. 715–17. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cameron, I L, Hardman, W E, and Skehan, P. 1990. Regulation of growth in normal and neoplastic cell populations by a tissue sizer mechanism: Therapeutic implications. Prog Clin Biol Res 354A:61–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Campen, C A, Jordan, V C, and Gorski, J. 1985. Opposing biological actions of antiestrogens in vitro and in vivo: Induction of progesterone receptor in the rat and mouse uterus. Endocrinology 116:2327–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, D B and Perdew, G H. 2002. A dynamic role for the Ah receptor in cell signaling? Insights from a diverse group of Ah receptor interacting proteins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:317–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, K K and Khor, H T. 1975. Dietary fat in relation to tumorigenesis. Prog Biochem Pharmacol 10:308–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Carson, D A, Kaye, J, and Wasson, D B. 1980. Differences in deoxyadenosine metabolism in human and mouse lymphocytes. J Immunol 124:8–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Carson, D A, Wasson, D B, Kaye, J, Ullman, B, Martin, D W Jr, Robins, R K, and Montgomery, J A. 1980. Deoxycytidine kinase-mediated toxicity of deoxyadenosine analogs toward malignant human lymphoblasts in vitro and toward murine L1210 leukemia in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:6865–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Case, R A. 1969. Some environmental carcinogens. Proc R Soc Med 62:1061–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Case, R A M and Hosker, M E. 1954. Tumours of the urinary bladder as an occupational disease in the rubber industry in England and Wales. Br J Prev Soc Med 8:39–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Case, R A, Hosker, M E, McDonald, D B, and Pearson, J T. 1954. Tumours of the urinary bladder in workmen engaged in the manufacture and use of certain dyestuff intermediates in the British chemical industry: Part I. The role of aniline, benzidine, alpha-naphthylamine and beta-napthylamine. Br J Ind Med 11: 75–104.Google Scholar
Cerhan, J R, Potter, J D, Gilmore, J M, Janney, C A, Kushi, L H, Lazovich, D, Anderson, K E, Sellers, T A, and Folsom, A R. 2004. Adherence to the AICR cancer prevention recommendations and subsequent morbidity and mortality in the Iowa women's health study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1114–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Cerutti, P. 1985. Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Science 227:375–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chabner B A. 1990a. Cytidine analogues. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 154–79. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Chabner B A. 1990b. Bleomycin. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 341–55. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Chabner B A. 1990c. Clinical strategies for cancer treatment: The role of drugs. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 1–15. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Chang, R L, Huang, M T, Wood, A W, Wong, C Q, Newmark, H L, Yagi, H, Sayer, J M, Jerind, D M, and Conney, A H. 1985. Effect of ellagic acid and hydroxylated flavonoids on the tumorigenicity of benzo(a)pyrene and ±-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene on mouse skin and in the newborn mouse. Carcinogenesis 6:1127–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, S, Khoo, C, and DePinho, R A. 2001. Modeling chromosomal instability and epithelial carinogenesis in the telomerase-deficient mouse. Semin Cancer Biol 11:227–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaplin, D J and Trotter, M J. 1990. The nature of tumor hypoxia: Implications for therapy. Prog Clin Biol Res 354B:81–92.Google Scholar
Charbit, A, Malaise, E P, and Tubiana, M. 1971. Relation between the pathological nature and the growth rate of human tumors. Eur J Cancer 7:307–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chardin, P, Camonis, J H, Gale, N W, Aelst, L, Schlessinger, J, Wigler, M H, and Bar-Sagi, D. 1993. Human Sos1: A guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras that binds to GRB2. Science 260:1338–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charlson, M E. 1985. Delay in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 160:393–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Charron, J, Malynn, B A, Fisher, P, Stewart, V, Jeannotte, L, Goff, S P, Robertson, E J, and Alt, F W. 1992. Embryonic lethality in mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of the N-myc gene. Genes Dev 6:2248–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chau, B N, Borges, H L, Chen, T T, Masselli, A, Hunton, I C, and Wang, J Y. 2002. Signal-dependent protection from apoptosis in mice expressing caspase-resistant Rb. Nat Cell Biol 4:757–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chau, B N and Wang, J Y. 2003. Coordinated regulation of life and death by RB. Nat Rev Cancer 3:130–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, L L, Trent, J C, Wu, E F, Fuller, G N, Ramdas, L, Zhang, W, Raymond, A K, Prieto, V G, Oyedeji, C O, Hunt, K K. 2004. A missense mutation in kit kinase domain 1 correlates with imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res 64:5913–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chin, K V, Pastan, I, and Gottesman, M M. 1993. Function and regulation of the human multidrug resistance gene. Adv Cancer Res 60:157–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, R, Boyle, W J, Meek, J, Smeal, T, Hunter, T, and Karin, M. 1988. The c-fos protein interacts with c-jun/AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 54:541–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chuang, T Y, Popecsh, A, Su, W P D, and Chute, C G. 1990. Basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 22:413–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chumas, P, Tyagi, A, Livingston, J. 2001. Hydrocephalus – what's new? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 85:F149–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, R, Lippman, M E, and Dickson, R B. 1990. Mechanisms of hormone and cytotoxic drug interactions in the development and treatment of breast cancer. Prog Clin Biol Res 322:243–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Cleary, M L, Smith, S D and Sklar, J. 1986. Cloning and structural analysis of cDNAs for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl-2/immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation. Cell 47:19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleaver, J E. 1968. Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum. Nature 218:652–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleaver, J E. 1994. It was a good year for DNA repair. Cell 76:1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleaver, J E and Crowley, E. 2002. UV damage, DNA repair and skin carcinogenesis. Front Biosci 7:d1024–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Cleaver J E and Kraemer K H. 1989. Xeroderma pigmentosum. In: Scriver, C R, Beaudet, A L, Sly, W S, and Valle, D (eds.). The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed., pp. 2949–71. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Cohen, S M and Ellwein, L B. 1991. Genetic errors, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 51:6493–6505.Google ScholarPubMed
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. 2002. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet 360:187–95.CrossRef
Colombo, N. 1994. Controversial issues in the management of early epithelial ovarian cancer: Conservative surgery and the role of adjuvant therapy. NIH Consensus Development Conference on Ovarian Cancer: Screening, Treatment, and Followup April 5–7, Bethesda, MD: NIH.Google Scholar
Coman, D R. 1944. Decreased mutual adhesiveness, a property of cells from squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 4:625–9.Google Scholar
Conney, A H. 1982. Induction of microsomal enzymes by foreign chemicals and carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Res 42:4875–4917.Google ScholarPubMed
Conrad, R A, Dobyns, B M, and Sutow, W W. 1970. Thyroid neoplasia as a late effect of exposure to radioactive iodine in fallout. J Am Med Assoc 214:316–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J W, Hewett, C L, and Hieger, I. 1933. The isolation of a cancer-producing hydrocarbon from coal tar Parts I, II, and III. J Chem Soc Issue 395–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, S J and McCormick, F. 1993. Inhibition by cAMP of Ras-dependent activation of RafScience 262:1069–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, D Y, Levin, S S, Narrasimhulu, S, Rosenthal, O, and Estabrook, R W. 1965. Photochemical action spectrum of the terminal oxidase of mixed function oxidase systems. Science 147:400–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corcos, L and Lagadic-Gossmann, D. 2001. Gene induction by Phenobarbital: an update on an old question that receives key novel answers. Pharmacol Toxicol 89:113–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornwell, M M, Tsuruo, T, Gottesman, M M, and Pastan, I. 1987. ATP-binding properties of P-glycoprotein from multidrug-resistant KB cells. FASEB J 1:51–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cory, S, Vaux, D L, Strasser, A, Harris, A W, and Adams, J M. 1999. Insights from Bcl-2 and Myc: malignancy involves abrogation of apoptosis as well as sustained proliferation. Cancer Res 59(7 Suppl):1685s–1692s.Google ScholarPubMed
Cotran, R S, Kumar, V, and Robbins, S L. 1994. Pathological Basis of Cancer, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Coultas, L and Strasser, A. 2003. The role of the Bcl-2 protein family in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 13:115–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Counts, J L, Sarmiento, J I, Harbison, M L, Downing, J C, McClain, R M, and Goodman, J L. 1996. Cell proliferation and global methylation status changes in mouse liver after phenobarbital and/or choline-devoid, methionine-deficient diet administration. Carcinogenesis 17:1251–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courtneidge, S A. 2003. Cancer: Escape from inhibition. Nature 422:827–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coutard, H. 1932. Roentgenotherapy of epitheliomas of the tonsillar region, hypopharynx and larynx from 1920 to 1926. Roentgenol Radium Ther 28:313–31.Google Scholar
Cox, A D and Der, C J. 2002. Ras family signaling: therapeutic targeting. Cancer Biol Ther. 1:599–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, A D and Der, C J. 2003. The dark side of Ras: regulation of apoptosis. Oncogene 22:8999–9006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, E C. 1976. Bacterial mutator genes and the control of spontaneous mutation. Annu Rev Genet 10:135–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crum, C P. 2002. The beginning of the end for cervical cancer?N Engl J Med 347:1703–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Culver, K, Cornetta, K, Morgan, R, Morecki, S, Aerbersold, T, Kasid, A, Lotv, M, Rosenberg, S A, Anderson, W F, and Blaese, R M. 1991. Lymphocyte as cellular vehicles for gene therapy in mouse and man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3155–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, S R, Eckert, S, Krueger, K A, Grady, D, Powles, T J, Cauley, J A, Norton, L, Nickelsen, T, Bjarnason, N H, Morrow, M. 1999. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA 281:2189–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, M and Matthews, H B. 1995. Cell proliferation as a determining factor for the carcinogenicity of chemicals: studies with mutagenic carcinogens and mutagenic noncarcinogens. Toxicol Lett 82–83:9–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, D, Humblet, Y, Siena, S, Khayat, D, Bleiberg, H, Santoro, A, Bets, D, Mueser, M, Harstrick, A, Verslype, C. 2004. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351:337–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curry, S J, Byers, T, and Hewitt, M. (eds). 2003. Cancer Prevention and Early Detection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Cushing, H and Wolback, S B. 1927. The transformation of a malignant paravertebral neuroblastoma into a benign ganglioneuroma. Am J Pathol 3:203–16.Google Scholar
Daenen, S, Vellenga, E, Dobbenburgh, O A, and Halie, M R. 1986. Retinoic acid as antileukemic therapy in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia and Aspergillus pneumonia. Blood 67:559–61.Google Scholar
Dalla Favera, R, Bregni, M, Erikson, J, Patterson, D, Gallo, R C, and Croce, C M. 1982. Assignment of the c-myc oncogene to the region of chromosome 8 which is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7824–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davesa, S S, Grauman, D J, Blot, W J, Pennello, G, Hoover, R N, and Fraumeni, J F Jr. 1999. Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1950–94. Washington, DC: US Govt Print Off (NIH) 99–4564.Google Scholar
Davidson, J R. 1934. Attempt to inhibit development of tar-carcinoma in mice: Preliminary note. Can Med Assoc J 31:486–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Davies, B R, Platt-Higgins, A M, Schmidt, G, and Rudland, P S. 1999. Development of hyperplasias, preneoplasias, and mammary tumors in MMTV-c-erbB-2 and MMTV-TGFalpha transgenic rats. Am J Pathol 155:303–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, H, Bignell, G R, Cox, C, Stephens, P, Edkins, S, Clegg, S, Teague, J, Woffendin, H, Garnett, M J, and Bottomley, W. 2002. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417:949–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, M A, Lu, Y, Sano, T, Fang, X, Tang, P, LaPushin, R, Koul, D, Bookstein, R, Stokoe, D, Yung, W K. 1998. Adenoviral transgene expression of MMAC/PTEN in human glioma cells inhibits Akt activation and induces anoikis. Cancer Res 58:5285–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, J M G, Beckett, S T, Bolton, R E, Collins, P, and Middleton, A P. 1978. Mass and number of fibres in the pathogenesis of asbestos-related lung disease in rats. Br J Cancer 37:673–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, A J. 2002. Evolution of the herpesviruses. Vet Microbiol 86:69–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, A J, Sauerbier, W, Dolan, A, Addison, C, and McKinnell, R G. 1999. Genomic studies of the Lucké tumor herpesvirus (RaHV-1). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 125:232–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawe C J. 1964. An appreciation of Dr. Mearl F Stanton. In: Use of small fish species in carcinogenecity testing. NCI Monograph 65:1–2.
Dawe C J. 1969. Phylogeny and oncogeny. In: Dawe, C J and Harshbarger, J C (eds.). Neoplasms and Related Disorders in Invertebrate and Lower Vertebrate Animals. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.Google Scholar
Dawe CJ. 1969. Phylogeny and oncogeny. In: Neoplasms and Related Disorders in Invertebrate and Lower Vertebrate Animals. Dawe, C J and Harshbarger, J C, eds, Bethesda: Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 31:1–40.Google Scholar
Dawe, C J, Harshbarger, J C, Kondo, S, Sugimura, T, and Takayama, S (eds.). 1981. Phyletic Approaches to Cancer. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.Google Scholar
Dean, C, Chetty, U, and Forrest, A P M. 1983. Effects of immediate breast reconstruction on psychosocial morbidity after mastectomy. Lancet 1:459–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeCaprio, J A, Ludlow, J W, Figge, J, Shew, J-Y, Huang, C-M, Lee, W-H, Marsillo, E, Paucha, E, and Livingston, D M. 1988. SV40 large tumor antigen forms a specific complex with the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Cell 54:275–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeGregori, J, Leone, G, Miron, A, Jakoi, L, and Nevins, J R. 1997. Distinct roles for E2F proteins in cell growth control and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7245–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruijl, F R, Longstreth, J, Norval, M, Cullen, A P, Slaper, H, Kripke, M L, Takizawa, Y, and Leun, J C. 2003. Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2:16–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Deininger, M W, Goldman, J M, Lydon, N, and Melo, J V. 1997. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor CGP57148B selectively inhibits the growth of BCR-ABL-positive cells. Blood 90:3691–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Jong, P J, Gorsovsky, A J, and Glickman, B W. 1988. Spectrum of spontaneous mutation at the APRT locus of Chinese hamster ovary cells: An analysis at the DNA sequence level. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3499–3503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kernion, J B and Berry, D. 1980. The diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 45:1947–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demetri, G D. 2002. Identification and treatment of chemoresistant inoperable or metastatic GIST: experience with the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI571). Eur J Cancer 38 Suppl 5:S-52–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demetri, G D, Mehren, M, Blanke, C D, Abbeele, A D, Eisenberg, B, Roberts, P J, Heimrich, M C, Tuveson, D A, Singer, S, and Janicek, M. 2002. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med 347:472–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demunter, A, Stas, M, Degreef, H, Wolf-Peeters, C, and Oord, J J. 2001. Analysis of N- and K-ras mutations in the distinctive tumor progression phases of melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 117:1483–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Deng, T and Karin, M. 1994. C-Fos transcriptional activity stimulated by H-ras-activated protein kinase distinct from JNK and ERK. Nature 371:171–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Der, C J, Finkel, T, and Cooper, G M. 1986. Biological and biochemical properties of human rasH genes mutated at codon 61. Cell 44:167–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dérijard, B, Hibi, M, Wu, I-H, Barret, T, Su, B, Deng, T, Karin, M, and Davis, R J. 1994. JNK1: A protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell 76:1025–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devesa, S S, Graman, D J, Blot, W J, Pennello, G, Hoover, R N, and Fraumeni, J F Jr. 1999. Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1954–94. Washington DC: US Govt Print Off (NIH) 99–4564.Google Scholar
DeVilliers, E-M. 1989. Heterogeneity of the human papillomavirus group. J Virol 53:4898–4903.Google Scholar
Vita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A, eds. 2004. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Dexter, D L, Oki, T, and Heidelberger, C. 1973. Fluorinated pyrimidines. Xⅼⅱ. Effect of 5-trifluoromethyl-1-2′-deoxyuridine on transcription of vaccinia viral messenger ribonucleic acid. Mol Pharmacol 9:283–96.Google Scholar
DiBerardino, M A. 1997. Genomic Potential of Differentiated Cells. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
DiBerardino, M A and McKinnell, R G. 2004. The pathway to animal cloning and beyond – Robert Briggs (1911–1983) and Thomas J. King (1921–2000). J Exp Zool 301A:275–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiBerardino, M A, King, T J, and McKinnell, R G. 1963. Chromosome studies of a frog renal adenocarcinoma line carried by intraocular transplantation. J Natl Cancer Inst 31:769–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Dickson, M A, Hahn, W C, Ino, Y, Ronfard, V, Wu, J Y, Weinberg, R A, Louis, D N, Li, F P, and Rheinwald, J G. 2000. Human keratinocytes that express hTERT and also bypass a p16(INK4a)-enforced mechanism that limits life span become immortal yet retain normal growth and differentiation characteristics. Mol Cell Biol 20: 1436–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diffey, B L. 1987. Cosmetic solaria and malignancies of the skin. Photodermatology 4:273–6.Google Scholar
Di Fiore, P P, Pierce, J H, Kraus, M H, Segatto, O, King, C R, and Aaronson, S A. 1987. erbB-2 is a potent oncogene when overexpressed in NIH3T3 cells. Science 237:178–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dipple, A, Khan, Q A, Page, J E, Ponten, I, and Szeliga, J. 1999. DNA reactions, mutagenic action and stealth properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens (review). Int J Oncol 14:103–11.Google Scholar
Diwan, B A, Ohshima, M, and Rice, J M. 1989. Promotion by sodium barbital of renal cortical and transitional cell tumors, but not intestinal tumors, in F344 rats given methylacetoxy-methylnitrosamine, and lack of effect of phenobarbital, amobarbital, or barbituric acid on development of either renal or intestinal tumors. Carcinogenesis 10:183–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, F J and Moore, R A. 1952. Tumors of the male sex organs. Atlas of tumor pathology, section ⅷ, Fascicle 31b and 32. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.Google Scholar
Dobson, J M, Samuel, S, Milstein, H, Rogers, K, and Wood, J L. 2002. Canine neoplasia in the UK: estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs. J Small Anim Pract 43:240–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dohner, K, Tobia, K, Ulrich, R, Frohling, S, Benner, A, Schlenk, R F, and Dohner, H. 2002. Prognostic significance of partial tandem duplications of the MLL gene in adult patients 16 to 60 years old with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: a study of the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group Ulm. J Clin Oncol 20:3254–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R. 1967. Prevention of Cancer: Pointers from Epidemiology. London: The Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.Google Scholar
Doll, R. 1992. Health and the environment in the 1990s. Am J Public Health 82:933–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R and Bradford-Hill, A. 1950. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Br Med J 2:739–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R and Peto, R. 1981. The causes of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 66:1191–1308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doll, R, Peto, R, Boreham, J, and Sutherland, I. 2004. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 328:1519–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R, Peto, R, Wheatley, K, Gray, R, and Sutherland, I. 1994. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40-years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 309:901–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donaldson, K L, Goolsby, G L, and Wahl, A F. 1994. Cytotoxicity of the anticancer agents cisplatin and Taxol during cell proliferation and the cell cycle. Int J Cancer 57:847–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donehower, L A, Harvey, M, Slagle, B L, McArthur, M J, Montgomery, C A Jr, Butel, J S, and Bradley, A. 1992. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 356:215–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dong, J-T, Lamb, P W, Rinker-Schaeffer, C W, Vukanovic, J, Ichikawa, T, Isaacs, J T, and Barrett, J C. 1995. KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p112. Science 268:884–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, S, Geng, J P, Tong, J H, Wu, Y, Cai, J R, Sun, G L, Chen, S R, Wang, Z Y, Larsen, C J, Berger, R. 1993. Breakpoint clusters of the pml gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia: Primary structure of the reciprocal products of the pml-rara gene in a patient with t(15;17). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 6:133–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doniach, I and Pelc, S R. 1950. Autoradiographic techniques. Br J Radiol 23:184–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doniger, J, Jacobson, E D, Krell, K, and DiPaolo, J A. 1981. Ultraviolet light action spectra for neoplastic transformation and lethality of Syrian hamster embryo cells correlate with spectrum for pyrimidine dimer formation in cellular DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2378–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doonan, J and Hunt, T. 1996. Why don't plants get cancer?Nature 380:481–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorr, R T and Fritz, W L. 1980. Cancer Chemotherapy HandbookNew York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Dorr, R T and Hoff, D. 1994. Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange.Google Scholar
Dotto, G P, Parada, L F, and Weinberg, R A. 1985. Specific growth response of ras-transformed fibroblasts to tumor promoters. Nature 318:472–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downward, J. 2003. Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 3:11–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drenou, B, Fardel, O, Amiot, L, and Fauchet, R. 1993. Detection of P glycoprotein activity on normal and leukemic CD34+ cells. Leuk Res 17:1031–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driessens, M H, Stroeken, P J, Erena, N F, Valk, M A, Rijthoven, E A, and Roos, E. 1995. Targeted disruption of CD44 in MDAY-D2 lymphosarcoma cells has no effect on subcutaneous growth or metastatic capacity. J Cell Biol 131:1849–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drinkwater, N R. 1990. Experimental models and biological mechanisms for tumor promotion. Cancer Cells 2:8–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Druckrey, H, Ivankovic, S, and Preussmann, R. 1966. Teratogenic and carcinogenic effects in the offspring after single injection of ethylnitrosourea to pregnant rats. Nature 210:1378–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Druker, B J, Tamura, S, Buchdunger, E, Ohno, S, Segal, G M, Fanning, S, Zimmermann, J, and Lydon, N B. 1996. Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med 2:561–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Du, C, Fang, M, Li, Y, Li, L, and Wang, X. 2000. Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 102:33–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumaz, N and Marais, R 2003. Protein kinase A blocks Raf-1 activity by stimulating 14–3-3 binding and blocking Raf-1 interaction with Ras. J Biol Chem 278:29819–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dungan, C F, Hamilton, R M, Hudson, K L, McCollough, C B, and Reece, K S. 2002. Two epizootic diseases in Chesapeake Bay commercial clams, Mya arenaria and Tagelus plebeius. Dis Aquat Organ 50:67–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, J E. 1975. Cancer epidemiology in populations of the United States – with emphasis on Hawaii and California – and Japan. Cancer Res 35:3240–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Dupont, E, Falardeau, P, Mousa, S A, Dimitriadou, V, Pepin, M C, Wang, T, and Alaoui-Jamali, M A. 2002. Antiangiogenic and antimetastatic properties of Neovastat (AE-941) an orally active extract derived from cartilage tissue. Clin Exp Metastasis 19:145–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dutreix, J, Tubiana, M, Wambersie, A, and Malaise, E. 1971. The influence of cell proliferation in tumours and normal tissues during fractionated radiotherapy. Eur J Cancer 7:205–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dworkin, H J, Meier, D A, and Kaplan, M. 1995. Advances in the management of patients with thyroid disease. Semin Nucl Med 25:205–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eardley, A M, Heller, G, and Warrell, R P Jr. 1994. Morbidity and costs of remission induction therapy with all-trans retinoic acid compared with standard chemotherapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 8:934–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Earle, J. 1808. Chirurgical works of Percivall Pott. A new edition with his last corrections to which are added a short account of the life of the author, a method of curing the hydrocele by injection and occasional notes and observations. London: J Johnson.Google Scholar
Easton, J, Wei, T, Lahti, J M, and Kidd, V J. 1998. Disruption of the cyclin D/cyclin-dependent kinase/INK4/retinoblastoma protein regulatory pathway in human neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 58:2624–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Eferl, R and Wagner, E F. 2003. AP-1: a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 3:859–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeblad, M and Werb, Z. 2002. New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nature Rev Cancer 2:161–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egner, P A, Wang, J B, Zhu, Y R, Zhang, B C, Wu, Y, Zhang, Q N, Qian, G S, Kuang, S Y, Gange, S J, Jacobson, L P. 2001. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14601–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehrhardt, A, Ehrhardt, G R A, Guo, X, and Schrader, J W. 2002. Ras and relatives – job sharing and networking keep an old family together. Exp Hematol 30:1089–1106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichner, E R. 1987. Exercise, lymphokines, calories, and cancer. Physician Sportsmed 15:109–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einfeld, D A, Brown, J P, Valentine, M A, Clark, E A, and Ledbetter, J A. 1988. Molecular cloning of the human b cell cd20 receptor predicts a hydrophobic protein with multiple transmembrane domains. EMBO J 7:711–17.Google Scholar
el-Deiry, W S, Harper, J W, O'Connor, P M, Velculescu, V E, Canman, C E, Jackman, J, Pietenpol, J A, Burrell, M, Hill, D E, and Wang, Y. 1994. WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res 54:1169–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Elion, G B and Hitchings, G H. 1965. Metabolic basis for the actions of analogs of purines and pyrimidines. Adv Chemother 2:91–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elwood, J M, Lee, J A H, Walter, S D, Mo, T, and Green, A E S. 1974. Relationship of melanoma and other skin cancer mortality to latitude and ultraviolet radiation in the United States and Canada. Int J Epidemiol 3:325–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Encarnacion, C A, Ciocca, D R, McGuire, W L, Clark, G M, Fuqua, S A, and Osborne, C K. 1993. Measurement of steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer patients on tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 26:237–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engell, H C. 1955. Cancer cells in the circulating blood. Acta Chir Scand (Suppl 201):1–70.Google ScholarPubMed
English, H F, Santner, S J, Levine, H B, and Santen, R J. 1986. Inhibition of testosterone production with ketoconazole alone and in combination with a gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue in the rat. Cancer Res 46:38–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Ennemoser, O, Ambach, W, Auer, T, Brunner, P, Schneider, P, Oberaigner, W, Purtscheller, F, and Stingl, V. 1994. High indoor radon concentrations in an alpine region of western Tyrol. Health Phys 67:151–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ennemoser, O, Ambach, W, Brunner, P, Schneider, P, and Oberaigner, W. 1993. High domestic and occupational radon exposures: A comparison. Lancet 342:47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enterline, H T and Coman, D R. 1950. The amoeboid motility of human and animal neoplastic cells. Cancer 3:1033–8.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epner, D E, Partin, A W, Schalken, J A, Isaacs, J T, and Coffey, D S. 1993. Association glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression with cell motility and metastatic potential of rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 53:1995–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Eskes, R, Desagher, S, Antonsson, B, and Martinou, J C. 2000. Bid induces the oligomerization and insertion of Bax into the outer mitochondrial membrane. Mol Cell Biol 20:929–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essigmann, J M, Croy, R G, Bennett, R A, and Wogan, G N. 1982. Metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1: Patterns of DNA adduct formation, removal, excretion in relation to carcinogenesis. Drug Metab Rev 13:581–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteller, M and Herman, J G. 2002. Cancer as an epigenetic disease: DNA methylation and chromatin alterations in human tumours. J Pathol 196:1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, M J and Kaufman, M H. 1981. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma cells. Nature (Lond) 292:154–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewen, M E. 1994. The cell cycle and the retinoblastoma protein family. Cancer Metastasis Rev 13:45–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewing, J. 1916. Pathological aspects of some problems of experimental cancer research. J Cancer Res 1:71–86.Google Scholar
Ewing, J. 1928. Neoplastic Diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Eyre, H, Kahn, R, Robertson, R M, and ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee. 2004. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. CA Cancer J Clin 54:190–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabre, I, Fabre, G, and Goldman, I D. 1984. Polyglutamylation, an important element in methotrexate cytotoxicity and selectivity in tumor versus murine granulocytic progenitor cells in vitro. Cancer Res 44:3190–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Falk, A and Sachs, L. 1980. Clonal regulation of the induction of macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing proteins for normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Int J Cancer 26:595–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fankhauser, G. 1945. The effects of changes in chromosome number on amphibian development. Q Rev Biol 20:20–78.Google Scholar
Fantl, W J, Escobedo, J A, Martin, G A, Turck, C W, del Rosario, M, McCormick, F, and Williams, L T. 1992. Distinct phosphoproteins on a growth factor receptor bind to specific molecules that mediate different signaling pathways. Cell 69:413–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farina, K L, Wyckoff, J B, Rivera, J, Lee, H, Segall, J E, Condeelis, J S, and Jones, J G. 1998. Cell motility of tumor cells visualized in living intact primary tumors using green fluorescent protein. Cancer Res 58:2528–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Fattman, C L, Delach, S M, Dou, Q P, and Johnson, D E. 2001. Sequential two-step cleavage of the retinoblastoma protein by caspase-3/-7 during etoposide-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 20:2918–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fausto, N and Webber, E M. 1993. Control of liver growth. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 3:316–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Fearon, E R, Vogelstein, B. 1990. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feig, D I, Reid, T M, and Loeb, L A. 1994. Reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res (Suppl 54):1890s–1894s.Google ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, A P and Williams, B R. 2003. Wilms' tumor as a model for cancer biology. Methods Mol Biol 222:239–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Fenaux, P. 1993. The role of all-trans-retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Acta Haematol 89(Suppl 1):22–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenaux, P, Deley, M C, Castaigne, S, Archimbaud, E, Chomienne, C, Link, H, Guerci, A, Duarte, M, Daniel, M T, Bowen, D. 1993. Effect of all transretinoic acid in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Results of a multicenter randomized trial. European apl 91 group. Blood 82:3241–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, D J and Anderson, T J. 1981a. Ultrastructural observations on cell death by apoptosis in the “resting” human breast. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 393:193–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, D J and Anderson, T J. 1981b. Morphological evaluation of cell turnover in relation to the menstrual cycle in the “resting” human breast. Br J Cancer 442:177–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, L R and Harris, P J. 2003. The dietary fibre debate: more food for thought. Lancet 361:1487–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feschenko, M S, Stevenson, E, Nairn, A C, and Sweadner, K J. 2002. A novel cAMP-stimulated pathway in protein phosphatase 2A activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:111–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, I J. 2003. The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer 6:453–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fidler, I J and Ellis, L M. 1994. The implications of angiogenesis for the biology and therapy of cancer metastasis. Cell 79:185–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, I J and Hart, I R. 1982. Biological diversity in metastatic neoplasms: Origins and implications. Science 217:998–1003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, I J, Kumar, R, Bielenberg, D R, and Ellis, L M. 1998. Molecular determinants of angiogenesis in cancer metastasis. Cancer J Sci Am 4 Suppl 1:S58–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Figlin R A, Holmes E C, Petrovich Z, and Sarna G P. 1990. Lung cancer. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 165–88. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Figg, W D, McLeod, H L (eds.). 2004. Handbook of anticancer pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B and Fisher, E R. 1967. Experimental evidence in support of the dormant tumor cell. Science 130:918–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B, Bauer, M, Margolese, R, Poisson, R, Pilch, Y, Redmond, C, Fisher, E R, Wolmark, N, Deutsch, M, Montague, E. 1985a. Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and segmental mastectomy with or without radiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 312:665–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B, Gunduz, N, and Saffer, E A. 1983. Influence of the interval between primary tumor removal and chemotherapy on kinetics and growth of metastases. Cancer Res 43:1488–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Fisher, B, Gunduz, N, Coyle, J, Rudock, C, and Saffer, E. 1989a. Presence of a growth-stimulating factor in serum following primary tumor removal in mice. Cancer Res 49:1996–2001.Google Scholar
Fisher, B, Montague, E, Redmond, C, Barton, B, Borland, D, Fisher, E R, Deutsch, M, Schwarz, G, Margolese, R, Donegan, W. 1977. Comparison of radical mastectomy with alternative treatments for primary breast cancer. Cancer 39:2827–39.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher B, Osborne C K, Margolese R, and Bloomer W. 1993. Neoplasms of the breast. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 1706–74. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Fisher, B, Redmond, C, Fisher, E R, Bauer, M, Wolmark, N, Wickerham, D L, Deutsch, M, Montague, E, Margolese, R, and Foster, R. 1985b. Ten-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing radical mastectomy and total mastectomy with or without radiation. N Engl J Med 312:674–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B, Redmond, C, Poisson, R, Caplan, R, Wickerham, D L, Wolmark, N, Fisher, E R, Deutsch, M, Margolese, R, Pitch, Y. 1989b. Eight-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and lumpectomy with or without radiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 320:822–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B, Redmond, C, Poisson, R, Caplan, R, Wickerham, D L, Wolmark, N, Fisher, E R, Deutsch, M, Margolese, R, Pitch, Y. 1989b. Effect of local or systemic treatment prior to primary tumor removal on the production and response to a serum growth stimulating factor in mice. Cancer Res 49:2002–4.Google Scholar
Fisher, B, Wolmark, N, Fisher, E R, and Deutsch, M. 1985c. Lumpectomy and axillary dissection for breast cancer: Surgical, pathological, and radiation considerations. World J Surg 9:692–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flynn, P J, Miller, W J, Weisdorf, D J, Arthur, D C, Brunning, R, and Branda, R F. 1983. Retinoic acid treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: In vitro and in vivo observations. Blood 62:1211–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Folberg, R, Hendrix, M J, and Maniotis, A J. 2000. Vasculogenic mimicry and tumor angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 156:361–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkman, J. 1971. Tumor angiogenesis: Therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 285:1182–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Folkman, J. 1985. Tumor angiogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 43:175–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkman, J. 2002. Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis. Semin Oncol 29:15–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkman, J. 2003a. Angiogenesis and apoptosis. Semin Cancer Biol 13:159–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, J. 2003b. Angiogenesis inhibitors: a new class of drugs. Cancer Biol Ther 2(4 Suppl 1):S127–S133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, J. 2003c. Fundamental concepts of the angiogenic process. Curr Mol Med 3:643–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, J, Merler, E, Abernathy, C, and Williams, G. 1971. Isolation of a tumor factor responsible for angiogenesis. J Exp Med 133:275–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, J F. 1990. Surgery, kinetics and biological considerations in planning adjuvant therapy protocols. Prog Clin Biol Res 354A:133–46.Google ScholarPubMed
Fornander, T, Rutqvist, L E, and Wilking, N. 1991. Effects of tamoxifen on the female genital tract. Ann NY Acad Sci 622:469–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forrester, K, Almoguera, C, Han, K, Grizzle, W E, and Perucho, M. 1987. Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human colon tumorigenesis. Nature 327:298–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foss, F M. 2002. Immunologic mechanisms of antitumor activity. Semin Oncol 29:5–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fosså, S D, Gunderson, R, and Moe, B. 1990. Recombinant interferon-alpha combined with prednisone in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 65:2451–4.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foty, R A and Steinberg, M A. 1997. Measurement of tumor cell cohesion and suppression of invasion by E- or P-cadherin. Cancer Res 57:5033–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Foulds, L. 1965. Multiple etiologic factors in neoplastic development. Cancer Res 25:1339–47.Google ScholarPubMed
Foulds, L. 1969. Neoplastic Development, vol 1. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, R G, Schaaper, R M, and Glickman, B W. 1986. Characterization of mutational specificity within the lacI gene for a mutD5 mutator strain of Escherichia coli defective in 3′–5′ exonuclease proofreading activity. J Bacteriol 167:130–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox H and Buckley C H. 1992. The female genital tract and ovaries. In: McGee, J O'D, Isaacson, P G, and Wright, N A (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Pathology, pp. 1563–1639. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fraumeni J F, Hoover R N, DeVesa S S, and Kinlen L J. 1989. Epidemiology of cancer. In: DeVita, V T, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed., pp. 150–81. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Fredriksson, M, Bengtsson, N O, Hardell, L, and Axelson, O. 1989. Colon cancer, physical activity, and occupational exposures. Cancer 63:1838–42.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, B. 2003. The active migration of germ cells in the embryos of mice and men is a myth. Reproduction 125:635–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freije, J M, MacDonald, N J, and Steeg, P S. 1996. Differential gene expression in tumor metastasis: Nm23. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 213:215–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Frieben, A. 1902. Cancroid des rechten Handruckens nach lang dauerden Einwirkung von Roentgenstrahlen. Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr 6:106–8.Google Scholar
Friedberg, E C. 2001. How nucleotide excision repair protects against cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 1:22–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedwald, W F and Rous, P. 1950. The pathogenesis of deferred cancer: A study of the after effects of methylcholanthrene upon the rabbit skin. J Exp Med 91:459–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, S H, Bernards, R, Rogelj, S, Weinberg, R A, Rapaport, J M, Albert, D M, and Dryja, T P. 1986. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature 323:643–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friend, S H, Horowitz, J M, Gerber, M R, Wang, X-F, Bogenmann, E, Li, F P, and Weinberg, R A. 1987. Deletions of a DNA sequence in restinoblastomas and mesenchymal tumors: Organization of the sequence and its encoded protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:9059–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frisch, R E, Wyshak, G, Albright, N L, Albright, F E, Schiff, I, Witschi, J, and Margullo, M. 1987. Lower lifetime occurrence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes. Am J Clin Nutr 45:328–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frisch, S M and Francis, H. 1994. Disruption of epithelial cell-matrix interactions induces apoptosis. J Cell Biol 124:619–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frixen, U H, Behrens, J, Sachs, M, Eberle, G, Voss, B, Warda, A, Lochner, D, and Birchmeier, W. 1991. E-Cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion prevents invasiveness of human carcinoma cells. J Cell Biol 113:173–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, P and Levin, B. 1992. Clinical implications of metastatic process. Lancet 339:1458–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, D A and Johnson, R K. 1978. Cytologic evidence that Taxol, an antineoplastic agent from Taxus brevifolia, acts as a mitotic spindle poison. Cancer Treat Rep 62:1219–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, I B, Landt, S, Bueler, H, Kuehl, U, Coupland, S, Kleine-Tebbe, A, Lichtenegger, W, and Schaller, G. 2003. Analysis of her2 and her4 in human myocardium to clarify the cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab (herceptin). Breast Cancer Res Treat 82:23–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujimoto, J, Ichigo, S, Hirose, R, Sakaguchi, H, and Tamaya, T. 1997. Expression of E-cadherin and alpha- and beta-catenin mRNAs in uterine cervical cancers. Tumor Biol 18:206–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furth, J. 1953. Conditioned and autonomous neoplasms: A review. Cancer Res 13:477–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Galaktionov, K, Lee, A K, Eckstein, J, Draetta, G, Meckler, J, Loda, M, and Beach, D. 1995. CDC25 phosphatases as potential human oncogenes. Science 269:1575–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gale, N W, Kaplan, S, Lowenstein, E J, Schlessinger, J, and Bar-Sagi, D. 1993. Grb2 mediates the EGF-dependent activation of guanine nucleotide exchange on Ras. Nature 363:88–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, R E, Said, F, Pua, I, Papenhausen, P R, Paietta, E, and Wiernik, P H. 1989. Expression of retinoic acid receptor-alpha mRNA in human leukemia cells with variable responsiveness to retinoic acid. Leukemia 3:789–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Gamba-Vitalo, C, Blair, O C, Tritton, T R, Lane, P A, Carbone, R, and Sartorelli, A C. 1987. Cytotoxicity and differentiating actions of adriamycin in wehi-3b d+ leukemia cells. Leukemia 1:188–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Gambacorti-Passerini, C, Coutre, P, Mologni, L, Fanelli, M, Bertazzoli, C, Marchesi, E, Di Nicola, M, Biondi, A, Corneo, G M, Belotti, D. 1997. Inhibition of the ABL kinase activity blocks the proliferation of BCR/ABL+ leukemic cells and induces apoptosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 23:380–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gambarotta, G, Pistoi, S, Giordano, S, Comoglio, P M, and Santoro, C. 1994. Structure and inducible regulation of the human MET promoter. J Biol Chem 269:12852–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Garabrant, D H, Peters, J M, Mack, T M, and Bernstein, L. 1984. Job activity and colon cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 119:1005–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, R J M and Sutherland, G R. 2004. Chromosome abnormalities and genetic counseling, 3rd Ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, D. 1958. Studies on pig liver microsomes: 1 Enzymic and pigment composition of different microsomal fractions. Arch Biochem Biophys 77:493–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garland, F C, White, M R, Garland, C F, Shaw, E, and Gorham, E D. 1990. Occupational sunlight exposure and melanoma in the US Navy. Arch Environ Health 45:261–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnick, M B 1994. The dilemmas of prostate cancer. Scientific American 1994 (April):72–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gateff E. 1981. Malignancies of genetic origin in Drosophila. In: Dawe, C J, Harshbarger, J C, Kondo, S, Sugimura, T, and Takayama, S (eds.). Phyletic Approaches to Cancer, pp. 311–18. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.Google Scholar
Gaudet, F, Hodgson, J G, Eden, A, Jackson-Grusby, L, Dausman, J, Gray, J W, Leonhardt, H, and Jaenisch, R. 2003. Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation. Science 300:489–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gautier, J, Solomon, M J, Booher, R N, Bazan, J F, and Kirschner, M W. 1991. cdc25 is a specific tyrosine phosphatase that directly activates p34cdc2. Cell 67:197–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gefeller, O and Pfahlberg, A. 2002. Sunscreen use and melanoma: a case of evidence-based prevention?Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 18:153–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gehring W. 1968. The stability of the differentiated state in cultures of imaginal discs in Drosophila. In: Ursprung, H (ed.). The Stability of the Differentiated State, p. 136. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelfand, M J. 1993. Meta-iodobenzylguanidine in children. Semin Nucl Med 23:231–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geng, Y, Yu, Q, Sicinska, E, Das, M, Schneider, J E, Bhattacharya, S, Rideout, W M, Bronson, R T, Gardner, H, and Sicinski, P. 2003. Cyclin E ablation in the mouse. Cell 114:431–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geraminejad, P, Memar, O, Aronson, I, Rady, P L, Hengge, U, Tyring, S K. 2002. Kaposi's sarcoma and other manifestations of human herpesvirus 8. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:641–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerhardsson, M, Norell, S E, Kiviranta, H, Pederson, N L, and Ahlbom, A. 1986. Sedentary jobs and colon cancer. Am J Epidemiol 123:775–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerwitz, G and Yallow, R S. 1974. Ectopic ACTH production in carcinoma of the lung. J Clin Invest 53:1022–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, S F. 1991. Developmental Biology, 3rd ed Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Gilman, A and Philips, F S. 1946. The biological actions and therapeutic applications of the chloroethylamines and sulfides. Science 103:409–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingras, D, Renaud, A, Mousseau, N, Beaulieu, E, Kachra, Z, and Beliveau, R. 2001. Matrix proteinase inhibition by AE-941, a multifunctional antiangiogenic compound. Anticancer Res 21:145–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Giocanti, N, Hennequin, C, Rouillard, D, Defrance, R, and Favaudon, V. 2004. Additive interaction of gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD1839) and ionising radiation in human tumour cells in vitro. Br J Cancer 91:2026–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giovannucci, E. 2002. A review of epidemiologic-studies of tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med 227:852–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giovannucci, E. 2003. Diet, body weight, and colorectal cancer: a summary of the epidemiological evidence. J Womens Health 12:173–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girard, F, Strausfeld, U, Fernandez, A, and Lamb, N J. 1991. Cyclin A is required for the onset of DNA replication in mammalian fibroblasts. Cell 67:1169–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glazer, R I and Rohlff, C. 1994. Transcriptional regulation of multidrug resistance in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 31:263–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleraminejad, P, Memar, O, Aronson, I, Rady, P L, Hengge, U, and Tyring, S K. 2002. Kaposi's sarcoma and other manifestations of human herpesvirus 8. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:641–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goel S C. 1983. Role of cell death in the morphogenesis of the amniote limbs. In: Fallon, J F and Caplan, A L (eds.). Limb Development and Regeneration, Part A, pp. 175–82. New York: Alan R Liss.Google Scholar
Going, J J, Anderson, T J, Battersby, S, and Macintyre, C C A. 1988. Proliferative and secretory activity in human breast during natural and artificial menstrual cycles. Am J Pathol 130:193–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Golay, J, Manganini, M, Rambaldi, A, and Introna, M. 2004. Effect of alemtuzumab on neoplastic b cells. Haematologica 89:1476–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldfarb, M, Shimizu, K, Perucho, M, and Wigler, M. 1982. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human transforming gene from T24 bladder carcinoma cells. Nature 296:404–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldhirsch, A and Gelber, R D. 1996. Endocrine therapies of breast cancer. Semin Oncol 23:494–505.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldie, J H and Coldman, A J. 1979. A mathematical model for relating the drug sensitivity of tumors to their spontaneous mutation rate. Cancer Treat Rep 63:1727–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldin, A and Schabel, F M. 1981. Cancer concepts derived from animal chemotherapy studies. Cancer Treat Rep 65(Suppl):11–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldsby, R E, Hays, L E, Chen, X, Olmsted, E A, Slayton, W B, Spangrude, G J, and Preston, B D. 2002. High incidence of epithelial cancers in mice deficient for DNA polymerase delta proofreading. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:15560–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gombert, W, Borthwick, N J, Wallace, D L, Hyde, H, Bofill, M, Pilling, D, Beverley, P C, Janossy, G, Salmon, M, and Akbar, A N. 1996. Fibroblasts prevent apoptosis of il-2-deprived t cells without inducing proliferation: A selective effect on bcl-xl expression. Immunology 89:397–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gong, Y L, Koplan, J P, Feng, W, Chen, C H C, Zheng, P, and Harris, J R. 1995. Cigarette smoking in China. JAMA 274:1232–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, F J and Kimura, S. 2003. Study of P450 function using gene knockout and transgenic mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 409:153–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, L S, Wintrobe, M M, Dameshek, W, Goodman, M J, Gilman, A, and McLennan, M. 1946. Nitrogen mustard therapy: Use of methylbis (β-chloroethyl) amino hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia, and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. JAMA 132:126–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodrich, L V, Milenkovic, L, Higgins, K M, and Scott, M P. 1997. Altered neural cell fates and medulloblastoma in mouse patched mutants. Science 277:1109–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Götz, J, Probst, A, Ehler, E, Hemmings, B, and Kues, W. 1998. Delayed embryonic lethality in mice lacking protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit Calpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12370–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gootwine, E, Webb, C G, and Sachs, L. 1982. Participation of myeloid leukemia cells injected into embryos in haematopoietic differentiation in adult mice. Nature 299:63–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goss, P E, Ingle, J N, Martino, S, Robert, N J, Muss, H B, Piccart, M J. 2003. A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N Eng J Med 349:1793–1802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, M M, Hrycyna, C A, Schoenlein, P V, Germann, U A, and Pastan, I. 1995. Genetic analysis of the multidrug transporter. Ann Rev Genet 29:607–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grafstrom, R H, Pan, W, and Hoess, R H. 1999. Defining the substrate specificity of cdk4 kinase-cyclin D1 complex. Carcinogenesis 20:193–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, C F and Wareing, P F. 1976. The Developmental Biology of Plants and Animals. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Gramzinski, R A, Parchment, R E, and Pierce, G B. 1990. Evidence linking programmed cell death in the blastocyst to polyamine oxidation. Differentiation 43:59–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greaves, M H, Hariri, G, Newman, R A, Sutherland, D R, Ritter, M A, and Ritz, J. 1983. Selective expression of the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia gp100 antigen on immature lymphoid cells and their malignant counterparts. Blood 61:628–39.Google Scholar
Green, M D, Koelbl, H, Baselga, J, Galid, A, Guillem, V, Gascon, P, Siena, S, Lalisang, R I, Samonigg, H, Clemens, M R. 2003. A randomized double-blind multicenter phase III study of fixed-dose single-administration pegfilgrastim versus daily filgrastim in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 14:29–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, E R, Baron, J A, Tosteson, T D, Freeman, D H Jr, Beck, G J, Bond, J H, Colacchio, T A, Coller, J A, Frankl, H D, Haile, R W. 1994. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. N Engl J Med 331:141–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberger, L M, Cohen, D, and Horwitz, S B. 1994. In vitro models of multiple drug resistance. Cancer Treat Res 73:69–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, H S N. 1957. Heterotransplantation of tumors. Ann NY Acad Sci 69:818–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grem J L. 1990. Fluorinated pyrimidines. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 180–224. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Grenman, S E, Roberts, J A, England, B G, Gronroos, M, and Carey, T E. 1988. In vitro growth regulation of endometrial carcinoma cells by tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Gynecol Oncol 30:239–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grenman, S, Shapira, A, and Carey, T E. 1988. In vitro response of cervical cancer cell lines caski, hela, and me-180 to the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Gynecol Oncol 30:228–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grever M R and Grieshaber C K. 1993. Toxicology by organ system. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 1, pp. 683–97. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Griffiths, J D, McKinna, J A, Rowbotham, H D, Tsolakidis, P, and Salsbury, A J. 1973. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum: Circulating malignant cells and five-year survival. Cancer 31:226–36.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimmer G and Misfeld J. 1983. Environmental carcinogens: A risk for man? Concept and strategy of the identification of carcinogens in the environment. In: Grimmer, G (ed.). Environmental Carcinogens: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, pp. 1–26. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Grisham, M B, Palombella, V J, Elliott, P J, Conner, E M, Brand, S, Wong, H L, Pien, C, Mazzola, L M, Destree, A, Parent, L. 1999. Inhibition of nf-kappa b activation in vitro and in vivo: Role of 26s proteasome. Methods Enzymol 300:345–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griswold, D P Jr, Schabel, F M Jr, Wilcox, W S, Simpson-Herren, L, and Skipper, H E. 1968. Success and failure in the treatment of solid tumors: I Effects of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) on primary and metastatic plasmacytoma in the hamster. Cancer Chemother Rep 52:345–87.Google ScholarPubMed
Grobstein, C and Zwilling, E. 1953. Modification of growth and differentiation of chorio-allantoic grafts of chick blastoderm pieces after culture of a glass slot interface. J Exp Zool 122:259–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gronroos, M, Maenpaa, J, Kangas, L, Erkkola, R, Paul, R, and Grenman, S. 1987. Steroid receptors and response of endometrial cancer to hormones in vitro. Ann Chir Gynaecol Suppl 202:76–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Groopman, J D and Kensler, T W. 1999. The light at the end of the tunnel for chemical-specific biomarkers: daylight or headlight?Carcinog 20:1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, L. 1970. Oncogenic Viruses. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Gunduz, N, Fisher, B, and Saffer, E A. 1979. Effect of surgical removal on the growth and kinetics of residual tumor. Cancer Res 39:3861–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Guo, Q M. 2003. DNA microarray and cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 115:36–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, R C and Lutz, W K. 1999. Background DNA damage from endogenous and unavoidable exogenous carcinogens: a basis for spontaneous cancer incidence. Mutat Res 424:1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Gutterman, J U. 1994. Cytokine therapeutics: Lessons from interferon alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1198–1205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddow, A and Blake, I. 1933. Neoplasms in fish: A report of six cases with a summary of the literature. J Pathology Bacteriology 36:41–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haenszel, W. 1963. Variations in skin cancer incidence within the United States. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 10:225–43.Google Scholar
Hagag, N, Halegua, S, and Viola, M. 1986. Inhibition of growth factor induced differentiation of PC12 cells by micro-injection of antibody to ras p21. Nature 319:680–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagemann, C and Rapp, U R. 1999. Isotype-specific functions of Raf kinases. Exp Cell Res 253:34–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, W C, Stewart, S A, Brooks, M W, York, S G, Eaton, E, Kurachi, A, Beijersbergen, R L, Knoll, J H, Meyerson, M, and Weinberg, R A. 1999. Inhibition of telomerase limits the growth of human cancer cells. Nat Med 5:1164–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hai, T and Curran, T. 1991. Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors fos/jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA-binding specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3720–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hait, W N and Aftab, D T. 1992. Rational design and preclinical pharmacology of drugs for reversing multidrug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 43:103–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J M, Lee, M K, Newman, B, Morrow, J E, Anderson, L A, Huey, B, and King, M-C. 1990. Linkage of early-onset familial breast cancer to chromosome 17q21. Science 250:1684–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, M and Peters, G. 1996. Genetic alterations of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and Cdk inhibitors in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 68:67–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halloran, M C and Berndt, J D. 2003. Current progress in neural crest motility and migration and future prespects for the zebrafish model system. Dev Dyn 228:497–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halsted, W S. 1894–1895. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1889–1894. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 4:297–350.Google Scholar
Hammond, M E H and Taube, S E. 2002. Issues and barrier to development of clinically useful tumor markers: a developmental pathway proposal. Semin Oncol 29:213–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanks G E, Myers C E, and Scardino P T. 1993. Cancer of the prostate. In: DeVita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed., pp. 1073–1113. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Hannon, G J and Beach, D. 1994. p15INK4 is a potential effector of TGF-beta-induced cell cycle arrest. Nature 371:257–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hantschel, O and Superti-Furga, G. 2004. Regulation of the c-Abl and Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:33–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haque, A and Kanz, M F. 1988. Asbestos bodies in children's lungs. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112:514–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Harbour, D A, Gunn-Moore, D A, Gruffydd-Jones, T J, Caney, S M, Bradshaw, J, Jarrett, O, and Wiseman, A. 2002. Protection against oronasal challenge with virulent feline leukemia virus lasts for at least 12 months following a primary course of immunisation with Leukocell 2 vaccine. Vaccine 20:2866–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harbour, J W and Dean, D C. 2000. The Rb/E2F pathway: expanding roles and emerging paradigms. Genes Dev 14:2393–2409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harbour, J W, Lai, S-L, Whang-Peng, J, Gazdar, A F, Minna, J D, and Kaye, F J. 1988. Abnormalities in structure and expression of the human retinoblastoma gene in SCLC. Science 241:353–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harley, C B, Futcher, A B, and Greider, C W. 1990. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345:458–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, B E, Carpenter, J T, and Diasio, R B. 1991. Severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity secondary to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. A potentially more common pharmacogenetic syndrome. Cancer 68:499–501.3.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, H. 1988. The analysis of malignancy in cell fusion: The position in 1988. Cancer Res 48:3302–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Harris, R W C, Key, T J A, Silcocks, P B, Bull, D, and Wald, N J. 1991. A case control study of dietary carotene in men with lung cancer and men with other epithelial cancers. Nutr Cancer 15:63–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harshbarger J C. 2002. Marine turtle fibroma and fibropapilloma cases in the registry of tumors in lower animals. In: McKinnell, R G and Carlson, D L (eds.). Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians, pp. 129–45. Saint Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Printing Services.Google Scholar
Harshbarger, J C and Ostrander, G K. 2000. Cancer in sharks, skates, rays and other lower fishes. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 41:762 (abstract).Google Scholar
Harshbarger J C, Charles A M, and Spero P M. 1981. Collection and analysis of neoplasms in sub-homeothermic animals from a phyletic point of view. In: Dawe, C J, Harshbarger, J C, Kondo, S, Sugimura, T, and Takayama, S (eds.). Phyletic Approaches to Cancer, pp. 357–84. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.Google Scholar
Hartwell, L. 1992. Defects in a cell cycle checkpoint may be responsible for the genomic instability of cancer cells. Cell 71:543–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haseltine, W A. 1983. Ultraviolet light repair and mutagenesis revisited. Cell 33:13–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haskell C M. 1990. Principles and practice of cancer chemotherapy. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 21–43. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Haskell, C M (ed.). 1990. Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Haskell CM and Berek JS. 2001. Cancer Treatment. 5th edition WB Saunders.
Haskell C M, Giuliano A E, Thompson R W, and Zarem H A. 1990. Breast cancer. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 123–64. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Haskell C M, Selch M T, and Ramming K P. 1990a. Colon and rectum. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 232–54. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Haskell C M, Selch M T, and Ramming K P. 1990b. Stomach. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 217–31. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Hassan, H T and Zander, A. 1996. Stem cell factor as a survival and growth factor in human normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Acta Haematologica 95:257–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawley-Nelson, P, Vousden, K H, Hubbert, N L, Lowry, D R, and Schiller, J T. 1989. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins cooperate to immortalize human foreskin keratinocytes. EMBO J 8:3905.Google ScholarPubMed
Hayashi, Y, Nagao, M, Sugimura, T, Takayama, S, Tomatis, L, Wattenberg, L W, and Wogan, G N, eds. 1986. PrefaceInt Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund 16:ⅶ.Google Scholar
Hayes, D F, Zyl, J A, Hacking, A, Goedhals, L, Bezwoda, W R, Mailliard, J A, Jones, S E, Vogel, C L, Berris, R F, Shemano, I. 1995. Randomized comparison of tamoxifen and two separate doses of toremifene in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 13:2556–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayflick, L and Moorhead, P S. 1961. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 25:585–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hecker, E. 1967. Phorbol esters from croton oil: Chemical nature and biological activities. Naturwissenschaften 54:282–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heckler, M M. 1984. Quoted in a news article in theNIH Record 36:1–12.Google Scholar
Hei, T K, Piao, C Q, He, Z Y, Vannais, D, and Waldren, C A. 1992. Chrysotile fiber is a strong mutagen in mammalian cells. Cancer Res 52:6305–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Hejna, M, Raderer, M, and Zielinski, C C. 1999. Inhibition of metastases by anticoagulants. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:22–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Held, W, Acha-Orbea, H, MacDonald, H R, and Waanders, G A. 1994. Superantigens and retroviral infection: Insights from mouse mammary tumor virus. Immunol Today 15:184–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helgason, S, Wilking, N, Carlstrom, K, Damber, M G, and Schoultz, B. 1982. A comparative study of the estrogenic effects of tamoxifen and 17 beta-estradiol in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:404–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heller, I. 1930. Occupational cancers. J Ind Hyg 12:169–97.Google Scholar
Hemminki, K (ed.). 1994. DNA adducts: Identification and biological significance. IARC Scientific Publication 125, Lyon, FR: International Agency for Research on Cancer.Google Scholar
Hemminki, K and Mutanen, P. 2001. Genetic epidemiology of multistage carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 473:11–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemminki, K, Koskinen, M, Rajaniemi, H, and Zhao, C. 2000. DNA adducts, mutations, and cancer 2000. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 32:264–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson BE, Bernstein L, and Ross R. 1997. Etiology of cancer: hormonal factors. In: DeVita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed., pp. 219–29. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.Google Scholar
Henderson, C J, Smith, A G, Ure, J, Brown, K, Bacon, E J, and Wolf, C R. 1998. Increased skin tumorigenesis in mice lacking pi class glutathione S-transferases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:5275–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendricks, J D, Meyers, T R, and Shelton, D W. 1984. Histological progression of hepatic neoplasia in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In: Use of small fish species in carcinogenicity testing. National Cancer Institute Monograph 65:321–36.Google Scholar
Hendrix, M J, Seftor, E A, Seftor, R E, Kirschmann, D A, Gardner, L M, Boldt, H C, Meyer, M, Pe'er, J, and Folberg, R. 1998. Regulation of uveal melanoma interconverted phenotype by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (hgf/sf). Am J Pathol 152:855–63.Google Scholar
Hendry, J H, Potten, C S, Chadwick, C, and Bianchi, M. 1982. Cell death (apoptosis) in the mouse small intestine after low doses: effects of dose rate, 14.7 Me V neutrons, and 600 MeV (maximum energy) neutrons. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 42:611–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hengartner, M O and Horvitz, H R. 1994. Programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Opin Genet Dev 4:581–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennekens, C H, Buring, J E, Manson, J E, Stampfer, M, Rosner, B, Cook, N R, and Belanger, C. 1996. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334:1145–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennessy, C, Henry, J A, May, F E B, Westley, B R, Angus, B, and Lennard, T W J. 1991. Expression of the antimetastatic gene nm23 in human breast cancer: An association with good prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:281–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heppner G H. 1982. Tumor subpopulation interactions. In: Owens, A H, Coffey, D S, and Baylin, S B (eds.). Tumor Cell Heterogeneity: Origins and Implications, pp. 225–36. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hernandez, S, Hernandez, L, Bea, S, Pinyol, M, Nayach, I, Bellosillo, B, Nadal, A, Ferrer, A, Fernandez, P L, Montserrat, E, Cardesa, A, and Campo, E. 2000. cdc25a and the splicing variant cdc25b2, but not cdc25B1, -B3 or -C, are over-expressed in aggressive human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Int J Cancer 89:148–52.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hersey, P and Zhang, X D. 2003. Overcoming resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 196:9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzig, M and Christofori, G. 2002. Recent advances in cancer research: mouse models of tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1602:97–113.Google ScholarPubMed
Hesdorffer, C, Antman, K, Bank, A, Fetell, M, Mears, G, and Begg, M. 1994. Human MDR gene transfer in patients with advanced cancer. Hum Gene Ther 5:1151–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, A R, Seftor, E A, Gardner, L M, Carles-Kinch, K, Schneider, G B, Seftor, R E, Kinch, M S, and Hendrix, M J. 2001. Molecular regulation of tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry by tyrosine phosphorylation: Role of epithelial cell kinase (eck/epha2). Cancer Res 61:3250–5.Google Scholar
Higginson, J, Muir, C S, Muňoz, N. 1992. Human Cancer: Epidemiology and Environmental Causes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higinbotham, K G, Rice, J M, Reed, C D, Watatani, M, Enomoto, T, Anderson, L M, and Perantoni, A O. 1996. Variant mutational activation of the K-ras oncogene in renal mesenchymal tumors induced in newborn F344 rats by methyl(methoxymethyl)nitrosamine. Carcinogenesis 17:2625–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillion, J, Mecucci, C, Aventin, A, Leroux, D, Wlodarska, I, Berghe, H, and Larsen, C J. 1991. A variant translocation t(2;18) in follicular lymphoma involves the 5′ end of bcl-2 and Ig kappa light chain gene. Oncogene 6:169–72.Google Scholar
Hirayama, T. 1979. Diet and cancer. Nutr Cancer 1:67–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjalgrim, H, Askling, J, Rostgaard, K, Hamilton-Dutoit, S, Frisch, M, Zhang, J-S, Madsen, M, Rosdahl, N, Konradsen, H B, Storm, H H. 2003. Characteristics of Hodgkin's lymphoma after infectious mononucleosis. New England J Med 349:1324–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochedlinger, K and Jaenisch, R. 2002. Nuclear transplantation: lessons from frogs and mice. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 14:741–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochedlinger, K, Blelloch, R, Brennan, C, Yamada, Y, Kim, M, Chin, L, and Jaenisch, R. 2004. Reprogramming of a melanoma genome by nuclear transplantation. Genes Dev 18:1875–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoelzer, D, Ganser, A, Anger, B, Seifried, E, and Heimpel, H. 1984. Low-dose Ara-C in the treatment of acute leukemia. Cytotoxicity or differentiation induction?Blut 48:233–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoglund, M, Gisselsson, D, Hansen, G B, Sall, T, and Mitelman, F. 2003. Ovarian carcinoma develops through multiple modes of chromosomal evolution. Cancer Res 63:3378–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Hohl, R. 2005. Concise Clinical Pharmacology: Cancer Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.Google Scholar
Holaday, D A. 1969. History of the exposure of miners to radon. Health Phys 16:547–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holman, C D J, Armstrong, B K, and Heenan, P J. 1986. Relationship of cutaneous malignant melanoma to individual sunlight exposure habits. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:403–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Holmes E C, Livingston R, and Turrisi A III. 1993. Neoplasms of the thorax. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 1285–1337. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Holmes, F A, Jones, S E, O'Shaughnessy, J, Vukelja, S, George, T, Savin, M, Richards, D, Glaspy, J, Meza, L, Cohen, G. 2002. Comparable efficacy and safety profiles of once-per-cycle pegfilgrastim and daily injection filgrastim in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia: A multicenter dose-finding study in women with breast cancer. Ann Oncol 13:903–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, F A, O'Shaughnessy, J A, Vukelja, S, Jones, S E, Shogan, J, Savin, M, Glaspy, J, Moore, M, Meza, L, Wiznitzer, I. 2002. Blinded, randomized, multicenter study to evaluate single administration pegfilgrastim once per cycle versus daily filgrastim as an adjunct to chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage ii or stage iii/iv breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:727–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honegger, A M, Schmidt, A, Ullrich, A, and Schlessinger, J. 1990. Evidence for epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced intermolecular autophosphorylation of the EGF receptors in living cells. Mol Cell Biol 10:4035–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honore, S, Kamath, K, Braguer, D, Horwitz, S B, Wilson, L, Briand, C, and Jordan, M A. 2004. Synergistic suppression of microtubule dynamics by discodermolide and paclitaxel in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 64:4957–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooft van Huijsduijnen, R. 1998. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: counting the trees in the forest. Gene 225:1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopwood, D and Levison, D A. 1976. Atrophy and apoptosis in the cyclical human endometrium. J Pathol 119:159–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Horita, M, Andreu, E J, Benito, A, Arbona, C, Sanz, C, Benet, I, Prosper, F, and Fernandez-Luna, J L. 2000. Blockade of the Bcr-Abl kinase activity induces apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells by suppressing signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-dependent expression of Bcl-xL. J Exp Med 191:977–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, J M, Yandell, D W, Park, S H, Canning, S, Whyte, P, Buchkovich, K, Harlow, E, Weinberg, R A, and Dryja, T P. 1989. Point mutational activation of the retinoblastoma antioncogene. Science 243:937–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horwitz, K B, Koseki, Y, and McGuire, W L. 1978. Estrogen control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer: Role of estradiol and antiestrogen. Endocrinology 103:1742–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard E B, Britt J O Jr, and Simpson J G. 1983. Neoplasms in marine mammals. In: Howard, E B (ed.). Pathobiology of Marine Mammal Diseases, vol 2, p. 146. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Howley PM, Ganem D, and Kieff E. 1997. Etiology of cancer: viruses. In: DeVita, V T Jr., Hellman, S, Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed., pp. 168–184. Philadelphia: Lippencott-Raven.Google Scholar
Howley P M and Münger K. 1999. Human papillomaviruses and squamous cell carcinomas. In: Parsonnet, J and Horning, S J (eds.). Microbes and Malignancy: Infection as a Cause of Human Cancer. pp. 157–79. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hsieh, J K, Chan, F S, O'Connor, D J, Mittnacht, S, Zhong, S, and Lu, X. 1999. RB regulates the stability and the apoptotic function of p53 via MDM2. Mol Cell 3:181–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, I C, Metcalf, R A, Sun, T, Welsh, J, Wang, N J, and Harris, C C. 1991. P53 gene mutational hotspot in human hepatocellular carcinomas from Qidong, China. Nature 350:427–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, J R and Muschel, R J. 1996. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by a ribozyme blocks metastasis in a rat sarcoma model system. Cancer Res 56:5279–84.Google Scholar
Huang, E, Cheng, S H, Dressman, H, Pittman, J, Tsou, M H, Horng, C F, Bild, A, Iversen, E S, Liao, M, Chen, C M, West, M, Nevins, J R, and Huang, A T. 2003. Gene expression predictors of breast cancer outcomes. Lancet 361:1590–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, E, Ishida, S, Pittman, J, Dressman, H, Bild, A, Kloos, M, D'Amico, M, Pestell, R G, West, M, and Nevins, J R. 2003. Gene expression phenotypic models that predict the activity of oncogenic pathways. Nat Genet 34:226–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, H J S, Lee, J K, Shew, J Y, Chen, P L, Bookstein, R, Friedmann, T, Lee, EY-HP, and Lee, W-H. 1988. Suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by replacement of the RB gene in human cancer cells. Science 242:1563–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, J C, Svoboda, D L, Reardon, J T, and Sancar, A. 1992. Human nucleotide excision nuclease removes thymine dimers from DNA by incising the 22nd phosphodiester bond 5′ and the 6th phosphodiester bond 3′ to the photodimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3664–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, M E, Ye, Y C, Chen, S R, Chai, J R, Lu, J X, Zhoa, L, Gu, L J, and Wang, Z Y. 1988. Use of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 72:567–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Huang, Y Z, Zang, M, Xiong, W C, Luo, Z, and Mei, L. 2003. Erbin suppresses the MAP kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 278:1108–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huff, J E, McConnell, E E, Haseman, J K, Boorman, G A, Eustis, S L, Schwetz, B A, Rao, G N, Jameson, C W, Hart, L G, and Rall, D P. 1988. Carcinogenesis studies: Results of 398 experiments on 104 chemicals from the US National Toxicology Program. Ann NY Acad Sci 534:1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huggins, C B and Hodges, C V. 1941. Studies on prostate cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1:293–7.Google Scholar
Huggins, C B, Grand, L C, and Brillantes, F P. 1961. Mammary cancer induced by a single feeding of polynuclear hydrocarbons and its suppression. Nature 189:204–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, B R, Tweedell, K, and McKinnell, R G. 1990. PNKT4B cells exhibit motility at invasion-restrictive temperatures. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 31:66.Google Scholar
Hunter, T. 1991. Cooperation between oncogenes. Cell 64:249–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, T and Sefton, B M. 1980. The transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylates tyrosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:1311–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurley, P M. 1998. Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Environ Health Perspect 106:437–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huxley, J. 1958. Biological Aspects of Cancer. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Hyde, J N. 1906. On the influence of light in the production of cancer of the skin. Am J Med Sci 131:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2001. Sunscreens, IARC Handbooks on Cancer Prevention, Volume 5. Lyon, FR: World Health Organization.
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation. 1992. Volume 5, Lyon, FR: IARC.
IARC Working Group 2001. Ionizing radiation, part 2: some internally deposited radionuclides. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 78:1–559.
Ikeda, K, Sasaki, K, Tasaka, T, Nagai, M, Kawanishi, K, Takahara, J, and Irino, S. 1994a. Detection of pml-retinoic acid receptor-alpha fusion transcripts in acute promyelocytic leukemia with trisomy 8 but without t(15;17). Am J Hematol 45:212–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikeda, K, Sasaki, K, Tasaka, T, Nagai, M, Kawanishi, K, Takahara, J, and Irino, S. 1994b. PML-PAR alpha fusion transcripts by RNA PCR in acute promyelocytic leukemia in remission and its correlation with clinical out come. Int J Hematol 60:197–205.Google Scholar
Ikenaga, M. 1994. Cytotoxic action of alkylating agents in human tumor cells and its relationship to apoptosis. Gann Tokyo Kagaku Ryoho 21:596–601.Google Scholar
Ionov, Y, Peinado, M A, Malkhosyan, S, Shibata, D, and Perucho, M. 1993. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature 363:558–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iqbal, S and Lenz, H J. 2004. Integration of novel agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 54 Suppl 1:S32–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Irby, R B, Mao, W, Coppola, D, Kang, J, Loubeau, J M, Trudeau, W, Karl, R, Fujita, D J, Jove, R, and Yeatman, T J. 1999. Activating SRC mutation in a subset of advanced human colon cancers. Nat Genet 21:187–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacs, J T and Coffey, D S. 1981. Adaptation versus selection as the mechanism responsible for the relapse of prostatic cancer to androgen ablation therapy as studied in the Dunning R-3327-H adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 41:5070–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Isaacs, J T, Heston, W D, Weissman, R M, and Coffey, D S. 1978. Animal models of the hormone-sensitive and -insensitive prostatic adenocarcinomas, Dunning R-3327-H, R-3327-HI, and R-3327-AT. Cancer Res 38:4353–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Isaacs, J T, Wake, N, Coffey, D S, and Sandberg, A A. 1982. Genetic instability coupled to clonal selection as a mechanism for tumor progression in the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma system. Cancer Res 42:2353–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Ishikawa, T, Masahito, P, Nemoto, N, Matsumoto, J, Shima, A. 1986. Spontaneous neurinoma in an African Lungfish, Protopterus annectens, and DNA repair studies on normal and neoplastic tissues. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:521–8.Google Scholar
Isobe, M, Emanuel, B S, Givol, D, Oren, M, and Croce, C M. 1986. Localization of gene for human p53 tumour antigen to band 17p13. Nature 320:84–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iyer, L, King, C D, Whitington, P F, Green, M D, Roy, S K, Tephly, T R, Coffman, B L, and Ratain, M J. 1998. Genetic predisposition to the metabolism of irinotecan (cpt-11). Role of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase isoform 1a1 in the glucuronidation of its active metabolite (sn-38) in human liver microsomes. J Clin Invest 101:847–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacks, T, Fazeli, A, Schmitt, E M, Bronson, R T, Goodell, M A, and Weinberg, R A. 1992. Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse. Nature 359:295–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, P and Baltimore, D. 1989. N-terminal mutations activate the leukemogenic potential of the myristoylated form of c-abl. EMBO J 8:6649–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, K, Shoemaker, C, Rudersdorf, R, Neill, S D, Kaufman, R J, Musson, A, Seehra, J, Jones, S S, Hewick, R, Fritsch, E F. 1985. Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin. Nature 313:806–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jain, R K. 2002. Tumor angiogenesis and accessibility: Role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Semin Oncol 29:3–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janne, P A, Gurubhagavatula, S, Yeap, B Y, Lucca, J, Ostler, P, Skarin, A T, Fidias, P, Lynch, T J, and Johnson, B E. 2004. Outcomes of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with gefitinib (ZD1839, “Iressa”) on an expanded access study. Lung Cancer 44:221–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janse, J G, Mohn, G R, Vrieling, H, Teijlingen, C M, Lohman, P H, and Zeeland, A A. 1994. Molecular analysis of hprt gene mutations in skin fibroblasts of rats exposed in vivo to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Cancer Res 54:2478–85.Google Scholar
Jaurand M C. 1989. Particulate-state carcinogenesis: A survey of recent studies on the mechanisms of action of fibres. In: Bignon, J, Peto, J, and Saraccik, R (eds.). Nonoccupational Exposure to Mineral Fibres, pp. 54–73. IARC Scientific Publication 90. Lyon, FR: International Agency for Research on Cancer.Google Scholar
Jehn, U, Bock, R, and Haanen, C. 1984. Clinical trial of low-dose Ara-C in the treatment of acute leukemia and myelodysplasia. Blut 48:255–61.Google ScholarPubMed
Jelkmann, W and Metzen, E. 1996. Erythropoietin in the control of red cell production. Anat Anz 178:391–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jemal, A, Tiwari, R C, Murry, T, Ghafoor, A, Samuels, S, Ward, E, Feuer, E J, and Thun, M J. 2004. Cancer Statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 534:8–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jemal, A, Murray, T, Ward, E, Samuels, A, Tiwari, R C, Ghafoor, A, Feuer, E J, Thun, M J. 2005. Cancer statistics 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 55:10–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jewett, H J. 1970. The case for radical perineal prostatectomy. J Urol 103:195–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jhappan, C, Stahle, C, Harkins, R N, Fausto, N, Smith, G H, and Merlino, G T. 1990. TGF overexpression in transgenic mice induces liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell 61:1137–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, E F, Hsu, M H, Savas, U, and Griffin, K J. 2002. Regulation of P450 4A expression by peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. Toxicology 181–182:203–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, I S, Armstrong, J G, Gorman, M, and Burnett, J P Jr. 1963. The vinca alkaloids: A new class of oncolytic agents. Cancer Res 23:1390–1427.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, I S, Wright, H F, Svoboda, G H, and Vlantis, J. 1960. Antitumor principles derived from vinca rosea linn. I. Vincaleukoblastine and leurosine. Cancer Res 20:1016–22.Google Scholar
Johnson, R L, Rothman, A L, Xie, J, Goodrich, L V, Bare, J W, Bonifas, J M, Quinn, A G, Myers, R M, Cox, D R, Epstein, E H Jr, and Scott, M P. 1996. Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome. Science 272:1668–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, T P, McCaleb, G S, and Montgomery, J A. 1963. The synthesis of antineoplastic agents: XXⅫ. N-nitroso-ureas. J Med Chem 122:669–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonasson, J, Povey, S, and Harris, H. 1977. The analysis of malignancy by cell fusion: VII. Cytogenetic analysis of hybrids between malignant and diploid cells and of tumours derived from them. J Cell Sci 24:217–54.Google Scholar
Jones, S N, Roe, A E, Donehower, L A, and Bradley, A. 1995. Rescue of embryonic lethality in Mdm2-deficient mice by absence of p53. Nature 378:206–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, V C. 1982. Metabolites of tamoxifen in animals and man: Identification, pharmacology, and significance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2:123–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, V C. 1988. Long-term tamoxifen therapy to control or to prevent breast cancer: Laboratory concept to clinical trials. Prog Clin Biol Res 262:105–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Jordan, V C and Robinson, S P. 1987. Species-specific pharmacology of antiestrogens: Role of metabolism. Fed Proc 46:1870–4.Google Scholar
Jordan, V C, Gottardis, M M, and Satyaswaroop, P G. 1991. Tamoxifen-stimulated growth of human endometrial carcinoma. Ann NY Acad Sci 622:439–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Josephy, P D. 2002. Genetically-engineered bacteria expressing human enzymes and their use in the study of mutagens and mutagenesis. Toxicology 181–182:255–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabbinavar, F, Hurwitz, H I, Fehrenbacher, L, Meropol, N J, Novotny, W F, Lieberman, G, Griffing, S, and Bergsland, E. 2003. Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 21:60–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadlubar, F F, Miller, J A, and Miller, C E. 1977. Hepatic microsomal N-glucuronidation and nucleic acid binding of N-hydroxy arylamines in relation to urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 37:805–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Kamijo, T, Bodner, S, Kamp, E, Randle, D H, and Sherr, C J. 1999. Tumor spectrum in ARF-deficient mice. Cancer Res 59:2217–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Kammula, U S, Ghossein, R, Bhattacharya, S, and Coit, D G. 2004. Serial follow-up and the prognostic significance of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction–staged sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 22:3989–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan H S. 1981. Progress in radiation therapy of cancer. In: Burchenal, J H and Oettgen, H F (eds.). Cancer: Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects for the 1980s, vol 2, pp. 829–57. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Kashishian, A, Kazlauskas, A and Cooper, J A. 1992. Phosphorylation sites in the PDGF receptor with different specificities for binding GAP and PI3 kinase in vivo. EMBO J 11:1373–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Katzenellenbogen, B S, Norman, M J, Eckert, R L, Peltz, S W, and Mangel, W F. 1984. Bioactivities, estrogen receptor interactions, and plasminogen activator-inducing activities of tamoxifen and hydroxy-tamoxifen isomers in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 44:112–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Kauffmann-Zeh, A, Rodriguez-Viciana, P, Ulrich, E, Gilbert, C, Coffer, P, Downward, J, and Evan, G. 1997. Suppression of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by Ras signalling through PI(3)K and PKB. Nature 385:544–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawai, S and Hanafusa, H. 1971. The effects of reciprocal changes in temperature on the transformed state of cells infected with a Rous sarcoma virus mutant. Virology 46:470–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, M G, O'Gara, R W, Adamson, R H, and Gadekar, K. 1966. Induction of hepatic cell carcinomas in monkeys with N-nitrosodiethylamine. J Natl Cancer Inst 36:323–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Kelly, M L, Winge, P, Heaney, J D, Stephens, R E, Farell, J H, Beneden, R J, Reinisch, C L, Lesser, M P, and Walker, C W. 2001. Expression of homologues for p53 and p73 in the softshell clam (Mya arenaria), a naturally-occurring model for human cancer. Oncogene 20:748–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, G, Rose, P, Lurain, J, Berman, M, Manetta, A, Roullet, B, Homesley, H, Belpomme, D, and Glick, J. 1996. Amifostine pretreatment for protection against cyclophosphamide-induced and cisplatin-induced toxicities: Results of a randomized control trial in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 14:2101–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennaway, E L. 1924. On the cancer-producing factor in tar. Br Med J 1:564–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, P A and Bissell, M J. 2003. Tumor reversion: correction of malignant behavior by microenvironmental cues. Int J Cancer 107:688–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keohavong, P, DeMichele, M A, Melacrinos, A C, Landreneau, R J, Weyant, R J, and Siegfried, J M. 1996. Detection of K-ras mutations in lung carcinomas: relationship to prognosis. Cancer Res 2:411–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Kern SE, Vogelstein B. 1991. Genetic alterations in colorectal tumors. In Brugge, J, Curran, T, Harlow, E, McCormick, F, (eds.). Origins of Human Cancer, pp 577–85. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, A. 1980. Biological control of crown gall through production of agrocin 84. Plant Dis 4:24–30.Google Scholar
Kerr, J F and Searle, J. 1973. Deletion of cells by apoptosis during castration-induced involution of the rat prostate. Virchows Arch B 13:87–102.Google ScholarPubMed
Kerr, J F R, Wyllie, A H, and Currie, A R. 1972. Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26:239–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, I I. 1976. Human cervical cancer as a venereal disease. Cancer Res 36:783–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Khanna, K K and Jackson, S P. 2001. DNA double-strand breaks: signaling, repair and the cancer connection. Nat Genet 27:247–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim B. 1996. Biological therapy: Interferons, interleukins, and monoclonal antibodies. In: Pazdur, R, Coia, L R, Hoskins, W J, and Wagman, L D (eds.). Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach, pp. 581–92. Huntington, NY: PRR.Google Scholar
Kim, J Y, Ferrell, J E, Chae, S K, and Lee, K J. 2000. Inhibition of progesterone-induced Xenopus oocyte maturation by Nm 23. Cell Growth Diff 11:485–90.Google Scholar
Kim, N W, Piatyszek, M A, Prowse, K R, Harley, C B, West, M D, Ho, P L, Coviello, G M, Wright, W E, Weinrich, S L, and Shay, J W. 1994. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266:2011–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S J, Uehara, H, Karashima, T, McCarty, M, Shih, N, and Fidler, I J. 2001. Expression of interleukin-8 correlates with angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of human prostate cancer cells implanted orthotopically in nude mice. Neoplasia 3:33–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimbrough, R D. 1983. Determining exposure and biochemical effects in human population studies. Environ Health Perspect 48:77–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Kimura, N, Shimazada, N, Nomura, K, and Watanabe, K. 1990. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clone encoding rat nucleoside diphosphate kinase. J Biol Chem 265:15744–9.Google ScholarPubMed
King, M-C, Rowell, S, and Love, S M. 1993. Inherited breast and ovarian cancer. What are the risks? What are the choices? JAMA 269:1975–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, R W, Deshaies, R J, Peters, J M, and Kirschner, M W. 1996. How proteolysis drives the cell cycle. Science 274:1652–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, T J and McKinnell, R G. 1960. An attempt to determine the developmental potentialities of the cancer cell nucleus by means of transplantation. Cell Physiology of Neoplasia, pp. 591–617. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Kinzler, K W and Vogelstein, B. 1996. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87:159–70.CrossRef
Kinzler, K W, Nilbert, M C, Su, L K, Vogelstein, B, Bryan, T M, Levy, D B, Smith, K J, Preisinger, A C, Hedge, P, McKechnie, D. 1991. Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 253:661–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kisker, O, Becker, C M, Prox, D, Fannon, M, D'Amato, R, Flynn, E, Fogler, W E, Sim, B K, Allred, E N, Pirie-Shepherd, S R. 2001. Continuous administration of endostatin by intraperitoneally implanted osmotic pump improves the efficacy and potency of therapy in a mouse xenograft tumor model. Cancer Res 61:7669–74.Google Scholar
Kizaka-Kondoh, S, Matsuda, M, and Okayama, H. 1996. CrkII signals from epidermal growth factor to Ras. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12177–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, E A. 1996. Hormone therapy for prostate cancer: A topical perspective. Urology 47(1A Suppl):3–12; discussion 29–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinsmith, L J and Pierce, G B. 1964. Multipotentiality of single embryonal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 24:1544–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Klingenberg, M. 1958. Pigments of rat liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 75:376–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, J M, Kirincich, A N, Farmer, E R, and Hood, A F. 2002. Awareness of the risks of tanning lamps does not influence behavior among college students. Arch Dermatol 138:1311–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, L A, DiNicolantonio, F, Whitehouse, P, Mercer, S, Sharma, S, Glaysher, S, Johnson, P, and Cree, I A. 2004. The in vitro effect of gefitinib (“Iressa”) alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy on human solid tumours. BMC Cancer 4:83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knoepfler, P S, Cheng, P F, and Eisenman, R N. 2002. N-myc is essential during neurogenesis for the rapid expansion of progenitor cell populations and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation. Genes Dev 16:2699–2712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knudson, A G. 1985. Hereditary cancer, oncogenes, and antioncogenes. Cancer Res 45:1437–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Knudson, A G. 2002. Cancer genetics. Am J Med Genetics 111:96–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knudson, A G and Strong, L C. 1972. Mutation and cancer: a model for Wilms' tumor of the kidney. J Natl Cancer Inst 48:313–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Kohn, E C and Liotta, L A. 1995. Molecular insights into cancer invasion: Strategies for prevention and intervention. Cancer Res 55:1856–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Koizumi, S, Curt, G A, Fine, R L, Griffin, J D, and Chabner, B A. 1985. Formation of methotrexate polyglutamates in purified myeloid precursor cells from normal human bone marrow. J Clin Invest 75:1008–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konishi, N, Hiasa, Y, Matsuda, H, Tao, M, Tsuzuki, T, Hayashi, I, Kitahori, Y, Shiraishi, T, Yatani, R, Shimazaki, J. 1995. Intratumor cellular heterogeneity and alterations in ras oncogene and p53 tumor suppressor gene in human prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 147:1112–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Korinek, V, Barker, N, Morin, P J, Wichen, D, Weger, R, Kinzler, K W, Vogelstein, B, and Clevers, H. 1997. Constitutive transcriptional activation by a beta-catenin-Tcf complex in APC-/- colon carcinoma. Science 275:1784–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kottler, M J. 1974. From 48 to 46: Cytological technique, preconception, and the counting of human chromosomes. Bull Hist Med 48:465–502.Google ScholarPubMed
Koury, S T, Bondurant, M C, and Koury, M J. 1988. Localization of erythropoietin synthesizing cells in murine kidneys by in situ hybridization. Blood 71:524–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Koury, S T, Koury, M J, and Bondurant, M C. 1988. Morphological changes in erythroblasts during erythropoietin-induced terminal differentiation in vitro. Exp Hematol 16:758–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Koutsky, L A, Ault, K A, Wheeler, C M, Brown, D R, Barr, E, Alvarez, F B, Chiacchierini, L M, and Jansen, K U. 2002. A Controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med 347:1645–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, K H, Lee, M M, and Scotto, J. 1987. Xeroderma pigmentosum. Cutaneous, ocular, and neurologic abnormalities in 830 published cases. Arch Dermatol 123:241–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, K H, Lee, M M, Andrews, A D, and Lambert, W C. 1994. The role of sunlight and DNA repair in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The xeroderma pigmentosum paradigm. Arch Dermatol 130:1018–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraljic, I, Kovacic, K, and Tarle, M. 1994. Serum TPS, PSA, and PAP values in relapsing stage D2 adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Urol Res 22:329–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraus, R S, Daston, D L, Caspary, W J, and Eling, T E. 1986. Peroxidase-mediated metabolic activation of the thyroid carcinogen amitrole. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 27:112.Google Scholar
Krek, W, Xu, G, and Livingston, D M. 1995. Cyclin A-kinase regulation of E2F-1 DNA binding function underlies suppression of an S phase checkpoint. Cell 83:1149–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kris-Etherton, P M, Hecker, K D, Bonanome, A, Coval, S M, Binkoski, A E, Hilpert, K F, Griel, A E, and Etherton, T D. 2002. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med 113 Suppl 9B:71S–88S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krontiris, T G and Cooper, G M. 1981. Transforming activity of human tumor DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:1181–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuchino, Y, Mori, F, Kasai, H, Inoue, H, Iwai, S, Miura, K, Ohtsuka, E, and Nishimura, S. 1987. Misreading of DNA templates containing 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine at the modified base and at adjacent residues. Nature 327:77–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, and Gansler TS. 2003. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition. BC Decker.
Kullendorff, C M, Soller, M, Wiebe, T, and Mertens, F. 2003. Cytogenetic findings and clinical course in a consecutive series of Wilms tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 140:82–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, R, Sukumar, S, and Barbacid, M. 1990. Activation of ras oncogenes preceding the onset of neoplasia. Science 248:1101–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, V, Cotran, R S, and Robbins, S L. 1992. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Kuniyasu, H, Ohmori, H, Sasaki, T, Sasahira, T, Yoshida, K, Kitadai, Y, and Fidler, I J. 2003. Production of interleukin 15 by human colon cancer cells is associated with induction of mucosal hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 9:4802–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Kurzik-Dumke, U, Phannavong, B, Gundacker, D, and Gateff, E. 1992. Genetic, cytogenetic and developmental analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster tumor suppressor gene lethal(2)tumorous imaginal discs (1(2)tid). Differentiation 51:91–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurzrock, R, Gutterman, J U, and Talpaz, M. 1988. The molecular genetics of Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemias. N Engl J Med 319:990–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Kyprianou, N, English, H F, Davidson, N E, and Isaacs, J T. 1991. Programmed cell death during regression of the MCF-7 human breast cancer following estrogen ablation. Cancer Res 51:162–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Labandeira, C C and Phillips, T L. 1996. A carboniferous insect gall: Insight into early ecologic history of the Holometabola. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:8470–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labandeira, C C, Johnson, K R, and Wilf, P. 2002. Impact of the terminal Cretaceous event on plant-insect associations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:2061–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lacombe, C, DaSilva, L, Bruneval, P, Fournier, J-G, Wendling, S, Casadevall, N, Camilleri, J-P, Bariety, J, Varet, B, and Tambourin, P. 1988a. Peritubular cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in the murine hypoxic kidney. J Clin Invest 81:620–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacombe, C, Da Silva, J L, Bruneval, P, Camilleri, J P, Bariety, J, Tambourin, P, and Varet, B. 1988b. Identification of tissues and cells producing erythropoietin in the anemic mouse. Contrib Nephrol 66:17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, J M, Lambert, Q T, Reuther, G W, Malliri, A, Siderovski, D P, Sondek, J, Collard, J G, and Der, C J. 2002. Tiam1 mediates Ras activation of Rac by a PI(3)K-independent mechanism. Nat Cell Biol 4:621–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lampe, J W and Peterson, S. 2002. Brassica, biotransformation and cancer risk: genetic polymorphisms alter the preventive effects of cruciferous vegetables. J Nutr 132:2991–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Land, H, Parada, L F, and Weinberg, R A. 1983. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 304:596–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landrigan, P J. 1996. The prevention of occupational cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 46:67–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, P, Vichi, P, Bain, D L, and Tritton, T R. 1987. Temperature dependence studies of adriamycin uptake and cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 47:4038–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Langen P. 1985. Chalones and other endogenous inhibitors of cell proliferation. In: Torrence, P F (ed.). Biological Response Modifiers, New Approaches to Disease Intervention, pp. 265–91. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lapidot, T, Pflumio, F, Doedens, M, Murdoch, B, Williams, D E, and Dick, J E. 1992. Cytokine stimulation of multilineage hematopoiesis from immature human cells engrafted in SCID mice. Science 255:1137–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laster, W R Jr, Mayo, J G, Simpson-Herren, L, Griswold, D P Jr, Lloyd, H H, Schabel, F M Jr, and Skipper, H E. 1969. Success and failure in the treatment of solid tumors. II: Kinetic parameters and “cell cure” of moderately advanced carcinoma 755. Cancer Chemother Rep 53:169–88.Google ScholarPubMed
Lawlor, D A and Ness, A R. 2003. The rough world of nutritional epidemiology: Does dietary fibre prevent large bowel cancer?Int J Epidemiology 32:239–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leav, I, Merk, F B, Ofner, P, Goodrich, G, Kwan, P W, Stein, B M, Sar, M, and Stumpf, W E. 1978. Bipotentiality of response to sex hormones by the prostate of castrated or hypophysectomized dogs. Direct effects of estrogen. Am J Pathol 93:69–92.Google ScholarPubMed
LeDoux, S P, Thangada, M, Bohr, V A, and Wilson, G L. 1991. Heterogeneous repair of methylnitrosourea-induced alkali-labile sites in different DNA sequences. Cancer Res 51:775–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, C H, Olson, P, and Evans, R M. 2003. Minireview: lipid metabolism, metabolic diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Endocrinology 144:2201–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, EY-HP, To, H, Shew, J-Y, Bookstein, R, Scully, P, and Lee, W-H. 1988. Inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene in human breast cancers. Science 241:218–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J A H and Strickland, D. 1980. Malignant melanoma: Social status and outdoor work. Br J Cancer 41:757–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leevers, S J, Paterson, H F, and Marshall, C J. 1994. Requirement for Ras and Raf activation is overcome by targeting Raf to the plasma membrane. Nature 369:411–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehman, J M, Speers, W C, Swartzendruber, D E, and Pierce, G B. 1974. Neoplastic differentiation: characteristics of cell lines derived from a murine teratocarcinoma. J Cell Physiol 84:13–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehvaslaiho, H, Lehtola, L, Sistonen, L, and Alitalo, K. 1989. A chimeric EGF-R-neu proto-oncogene allows EGF to regulate neu tyrosine kinase and cell transformation. EMBO J 8:159–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Lemen, R A, Dement, J M, and Wagoner, J K. 1980. Epidemiology of asbestos-related diseases. Environ Health Perspect 20:1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenihan, J. 1993. The Good News About Radiation, pp. 1–173. Madison: Cogito Books.Google Scholar
Lennon, S V, Martin, S J, and Cotter, T G. 1991. Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely divergent stimuli. Cell Prolif 24:203–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenormand, P, Sardet, C, Pages, G, L'Allemain, G, Brunet, A, and Pouyssegur, J. 1993. Growth factors induce nuclear translocation of MAP kinases (p42mapk) but not of their activator MPA kinase kinase (p45mapkk) in fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 122:1079–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, E L, Davidson, S E, Roberts, S A, Chadwick, C A, Potten, C S, and West, C M. 1994. Apoptosis as predictor of response to radiotherapy in cervical carcinoma. Lancet 344:472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, E L, Renehan, A, Gossiel, R, Davidson, S E, Roberts, S A, Chadwick, C, Wilks, D P, Potten, C S, Hendry, J H, Hunter, R D. 1995. Apoptosis, intrinsic radiosensitivity and prediction of radiotherapy response in cervical carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 37:1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewandoski, M. 2001. Conditional control of gene expression in the mouse. Nat Rev Genet 2:743–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewison, E E, ed. 1976. Conference on Spontaneous Regression of Cancer. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 44:99–102.Google Scholar
Leyden, M, Manoharan, A, Boyd, A, Cheng, Z M, and Sullivan, J. 1984. Low dose cytosine arabinoside: partial remission of acute myeloid leukaemia without evidence of differentiation induction. Br J Haematol 57:301–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, F P and Fraumeni, J F. 1969. Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome. Ann Intern Med 71:747–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J, Simpson, L, Takahashi, M, Miliaresis, C, Myers, M P, Tonks, N, and Parsons, R. 1998. The PTEN/MMAC1 tumor suppressor induces cell death that is rescued by the AKT/protein kinase B oncogene. Cancer Res 58:5667–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, L and Dixon, J E. 2000. Form, function, and regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases and their involvement in human diseases. Semin Immunol 12:75–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y, Dowbenko, D and Lasky, L A. 2002. AKT/PKB phosphorylation of p21Cip/WAF1 enhances protein stability of p21Cip/WAF1 and promotes cell survival. J Biol Chem 277:11352–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, J, Zubovitz, J, Petrocelli, T, Kotchetkov, R, Connor, M K, Han, K, Lee, J H, Ciarallo, S, Catzavelos, C, Beniston, R. 2002. PKB/Akt phosphorylates p27, impairs nuclear import of p27 and opposes p27-mediated G1 arrest. Nat Med 8:1153–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, R, Chow, W S, Chiu, E, Chan, T K, Lie, A, Kwong, Y L, and Chan, L C. 1993. Effective salvage therapy using all-trans retinoic acid for relapsed and resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia. Anti-Cancer Drugs 4:339–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, P, Holm, N V, Verkasalo, P K, Iliadou, A, Kaprio, J, Koskenvuo, M, Pukkala, E, Skytthe, A, and Hemminki, K. 2000. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer. N Eng J Med 343:78–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebermann, D, Hoffman-Liebermann, B, and Sachs, L. 1982. Regulation and role of different macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing proteins in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Int J Cancer 29:159–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liedtke, C, Groger, N, Manns, M P, and Trautwein, C. 2003. The human caspase-8 promoter sustains basal activity through SP1 and ETS-like transcription factors and can be up-regulated by a p53-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 278:27593–27604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lijinsky, W. 1999. N-Nitroso compounds in the diet. Mutat Res 443:129–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lijinsky, W and Shubik, P. 1964. Benzo[a]pyrene and other polynuclear hydrocarbons in charcoal-broiled meat. Science 145:53–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindahl, T and Nyberg, B. 1972. Rate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 11:3610–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindahl, T and Nyberg, B. 1974. Heat-induced deamination of cytosine residues in deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 13:3405–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lingner, J, Hughes, T R, Shevchenko, A, Mann, M, Lundblad, V, and Cech, T R. 1997. Reverse transcriptase motifs in the catalytic subunit of telomerase. Science 276:561–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Link, B K, Budd, G T, Scott, S, Dickman, E, Paul, D, Lawless, G, Lee, M W, Fridman, M, Ford, J, and Carter, W B. 2001. Delivering adjuvant chemotherapy to women with early-stage breast carcinoma: Current patterns of care. Cancer 92:1354–67.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liotta, L A, Abe, S, Robey, P G, and Martin, G R. 1979. Preferential digestion of basement membrane collagen by an enzyme derived from a metastatic murine tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:2268–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liotta, L A, Rao, C N, and Barsky, S H. 1983. Tumor invasion and the extracellular matrix. Lab Invest 49:636–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Livant, D L, Linn, S, Markwart, S, and Shuster, J. 1995. Invasion of selectively permeable sea urchin embryo basement membrane by metastatic tumor cells, but not by their normal counterparts. Cancer Res 55:5085–93.Google Scholar
Loeb, L A, Loeb, K R, and Anderson, J P. 2003. Multiple mutations and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:776–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lollini, P L and Forni, G. 2002. Antitumor vaccines: Is it possible to prevent a tumor?Cancer Immunol Immunother 51:409–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lombardi, D, Crivellari, D, Scuderi, C, Magri, M D, Spazzapan, S, Sorio, R, DiLauro, V, Scalone, S, Veronesi, A. 2004. Long-term, weekly one-hour infusion of paclitaxel in patients with metastastic breast cancer: A phase II monoinstitutional study. Tumori 90:285–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longnecker, D S and Curphey, T J. 1975. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in azaserine-treated rats. Cancer Res 35:2249–58.Google ScholarPubMed
Loser, R, Seibel, K, and Eppenberger, U. 1985. No loss of estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity after demethylation of roloxifene 3-OH-tamoxifen. Int J Cancer 36:701–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loser, R, Seibel, K, Roos, W, and Eppenberger, U. 1985. In vivo and in vitro antiestrogenic action of 3-hydroxytamoxifen, tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 21:985–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotem, J and Sachs, L. 1982. Mechanisms that uncouple growth and differentiation in myeloid leukemia cells: Restoration of requirement for normal growth-inducing protein without restoring induction of differentiation-inducing protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4347–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotem, J and Sachs, L. 1992. Hematopoietic cytokines inhibit apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 and cancer chemotherapy compounds in myeloid leukemic cells. Blood 80:1750–7.Google Scholar
Loury D L, Goldsworthy T L, and Butterworth B E. 1987. The value of measuring cell replication as a predictive index of tissue-specific tumorigenic potential. In: Butterworth, B E and Slaga, T J (eds.). Banbury Report 25: Nongenotoxic mechanisms in carcinogenesis, pp. 119–36. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press.Google Scholar
Lowenstein, E J, Daly, A G, Batzer, A G, Li, W, Margolis, B, Lammers, R, Ullrich, A, Skolnik, E Y, Bar-Sagi, D, and Schlessinger, J. 1992. The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell 70:431–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luande, J, Henschke, C I, and Mohammed, N. 1985. The Tanzanian human albino skin. Cancer 55:1823–8.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucké, B. 1934. A neoplastic disease of the kidney of the frog, Rana pipiens. Am J Cancer 20:352–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucké, B. 1938. Carcinoma in the leopard frog: Its probable causation by a virus. J Exp Med 68:457–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucké, B. 1939. Characteristics of frog carcinoma in tissue culture. J Exp Med 70:269–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lunn, R M, Zhang, Y J, Wang, L Y, Chen, C J, Lee, P H, Lee, C S, Tsai, W Y, and Santella, R M. 1997. p53 mutations, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and aflatoxin exposure in hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Res. 57:3471–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Luo, J, Manning, B D, and Cantley, L C. 2003. Targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway in human cancer: Rationale and promise. Cancer Cell 4:257–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lust, J M, Carlson, D L, Kowles, R, Rollins-Smith, L, Williams, J W III, and McKinnell, R G. 1991. Allografts of tumor nuclear transplantation embryos: Differentiation competence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6883–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyman, G H, Dale, D C and Crawford, J. 2003. Incidence and predictors of low dose-intensity in adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy: A nationwide study of community practices. J Clin Oncol 21:4524–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyman, S D and Jordan, V C. 1985. Metabolism of tamoxifen and its uterotrophic activity. Biochem Pharmacol 34:2787–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, D K, Ellis, C A, Edwards, P A, and Hiles, I D. 1999. Integrin-linked kinase regulates phosphorylation of serine 473 of protein kinase B by an indirect mechanism. Oncogene 18:8024–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, H T. 1985a. Classics in oncology. Alfred Scott Warthin, MD, PhD (1866–1931). CA Cancer J Clin 35:345–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, H T. 1985b. Hereditary colon cancer: Polyposis and nonpolyposis variants. CA Cancer J Clin 35:95–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, H T and Chapelle, A. 2003. Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:919–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, H T, Lynch, P M, Albano, W A, and Lynch, J F. 1981. The cancer syndrome: A status report. Dis Colon Rectum 24:311–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Lynch, T J, Bell, D W, Sordella, R, Gurubhagavatula, S, Okimoto, R A, Brannigan, B W, Harris, P L, Haserlat, S M, Supko, J G, Haluska, F G. 2004. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non–small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 350:2129–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
M⊘rk S, Laerum O D, and de Ridder L. 1984. Invasiveness of tumours of the central nervous system. In: Mareel, M M and Calman, K C (eds.). Invasion, Experimental and Clinical Implications, pp. 79–125. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Macaluso, M, Russo, G, Cinti, C, Bazan, V, Gebbia, N, and Russo, A. 2002. Ras family genes: an interesting link between cell cycle and cancer. J Cell Physiol 192:125–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDonald A D and MacDonald J C. 1987. Asbestos-Related Malignancy, Antman, K H and Aisner, J, eds., pp. 31–55. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
MacLachlan, T K and El-Deiry, W S. 2002. Apoptotic threshold is lowered by p53 transactivation of caspase-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:9492–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maclure, M, Katz, R BA, Bryant, M S, Skipper, P L, and Tannenbaum, S R. 1989. Elevated blood levels of carcinogens in passive smokers. Am J Public Health 79:1381–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madigan, M P, Ziegler, R G, Benichou, J, Byrne, C, and Hoover, R N. 1995. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1681–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magee, P N and Barnes, J M. 1956. The production of malignant primary hepatic tumours in the rat by feeding dimethylnitrosamine. Br J Cancer 10:114–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maiese, W M, Lechevalier, M P, Lechevalier, H A, Korshalla, J, Kuck, N, Fantini, A, Wildey, M J, Thomas, J, and Greenstein, M. 1989. Calicheamicins, a novel family of antitumor antibiotics: Taxonomy, fermentation and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 42:558–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malaise, E P, Chavaudra, N, and Tubiana, M. 1973. The relationship between growth rate, labelling index and histological type of human solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 9:305–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malaise, E P, Chavaudra, N, Charbit, A, and Tubiana, M. 1974. Relationship between the growth rate of human metastases, survival and pathological type. Eur J Cancer 10:451–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malkin, D. 1993. p53 and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 66:83–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malkin, D, Li, F P, Strong, L C, Fraumeni, J F, Nelson, C E, Kim, D H, Kassel, J, Gryka, M A, Bischoff, F Z, Tainsky, M A. 1990. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science 250:1233–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamane, Y, Petroulakis, E, Rong, L, Yoshida, K, Ler, L W, and Sonenberg, N. 2004. eIF4E – from translation to transformation. Oncogene 23:3172–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mancuso, M, Pazzaglia, S, Tanori, M, Hahn, H, Merola, P, Rebessi, S, Atkinson, M J, Di Majo, V, Covelli, V, and Saran, A. 2004. Basal cell carcinoma and its development: insights from radiation-induced tumors in Ptch1-deficient mice. Cancer Res 64:934–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandahl, N, Gustafson, P, Mertens, F, Akerman, M, Baldetorp, B, Gisselsson, D, Knuutila, S, Bauer, H C, Larsson, O. 2002. Cytogenetic aberrations and their prognostic impact in chondrosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:188–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maniotis, A J, Folberg, R, Hess, A, Seftor, E A, Gardner, L M, Pe'er, J, Trent, J M, Meltzer, P S, and Hendrix, M J. 1999. Vascular channel formation by human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro: Vasculogenic mimicry. Am J Pathol 155:739–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manni, A and Arafah, B M. 1981. Tamoxifen-induced remission in breast cancer by escalating the dose to 40 mg daily after progression on 20 mg daily: A case report and review of the literature. Cancer 48:873–5.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchenko, N D, Zaika, A, and Moll, U M. 2000. Death signal-induced localization of p53 protein to mitochondria. A potential role in apoptotic signaling. J Biol Chem 275:16202–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mareel, M M, DeBaetselier, P, and Roy, F M. 1991. Mechanisms of Invasion and Metastasis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Mareel, M M, Storme, G A, DeBruyne, G K, and Cauwenberge, R M. 1982. Vinblastine, vincristine, and vindesine: Antiinvasive effect on MO4 mouse fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 18:199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mareel, M M, Roy, F M, Bracke, M E. 1993. How and when do tumor cells metastasize. Crit Rev Oncogenesis 4:559–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Margolese, R, Poisson, R, Shibata, H, Pilch, Y, Lerner, H, and Fisher, B. 1987. The technique of segmental mastectomy (lumpectomy) and axillary dissection. Surgery 102:828–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Margolis, B. 1999. The PTB Domain: The Name Doesn't Say It All. Trends Endocrinol Metab 10:262–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marjon, P L, Bobrovnikova-Marjon, E V, and Abcouwer, S F. 2004. Expression of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8/cxcl8 by human breast carcinomas is responsive to nutrient deprivation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Cancer 3:4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, R. 1996a. Prevention and control of melanoma: The public health approach. CA Cancer J Clin 46:199–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, R. 1996b. Squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet 347:735–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marnett, L J. 2000. Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 21:361–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, G R. 1981. Isolation of a pluripotential cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:7634–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martineau, D, Lemberger, K, Dallaire, A, Labelle, P, Lipscomb, T P, Michel, P, and Mikaelian, I. 2002. Cancer in wildlife, a case study: beluga from the St Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada. Environ Health Perspect 110:285–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinelli, P T and Tyring, S K. 2002. Human herpesvirus 8. Dermatol Clin 20:307–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martland, H S. 1931. The occurrence of malignancy in radioactive persons. Am J Cancer 15:2435–2516.Google Scholar
Masahito, . 1994. Frequent development of pancreatic carcinomas in the Rana nigromaculata group. Proc 8th Int Conf Int Soc Diff, pp. 183–6, Hiroshima, Japan: International Society of Differentiation, Inc.Google Scholar
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, and Sugano, H. 1988. Fish tumors and their importance to cancer research. Jpn J Cancer Res (Gann) 79:545–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, and Sugano, H. 1989. Pigment cells and pigment cell tumors in fish. J Invest Dermatol 92:266S–270S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, Sugano, H, Uchida, H, Yasuda, T, Inaba, T, Hirosaki, Y, and Kasuga, A. 1986. Spontaneous hepatocellular carcinomas in lungfish. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:291–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, and Takayama, S. 1984. Spontaneous spermatocytic seminoma in African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus, Heckel. J Fish Dis 7:169–72.Google Scholar
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, Takayama, S, and Sugimura, H. 1984. Gonadal neoplasms in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides and Japanese Dace (Ugui), Tribolodon hakonensis. Gann 75:776–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Masahito, P, Nishioka, M, Ueda, H, Kato, Y, Yamazaki, I, Nomura, K, Sugano, H, and Kitagawa, T. 1995. Frequent development of pancreatic carcinomas in the Rana nigromaculata group. Cancer Res 55:3781–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Masahito, P, Nishioka, M, Kondo, Y, Yamazaki, I, Nomura, K, Kato, Y, Sugano, H, and Kitagawa, T. 2003. Polycystic kidney and renal cell carcinoma in Japanese and Chinese toad hybrids. Int J Cancer 103:1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masuda, A and Takahashi, T. 2002. Chromosome instability in human lung cancers: possible underlying mechanisms and potential consequences in the pathogenesis. Oncogene 21:6884–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masui, Y and Markert, C L. 1971. Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation in frog oocytes. J Exp Zool 177:129–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsumoto, J, Akiyama, T, Nemoto, N, Masahito, P, and Ishikawa, T. 1993. Appearance of tumorous phenotypes in goldfish erythrophores transfected with ras, src, and myc oncogenes and spontaneous differentiation of the transformants in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 100:214S–221S.Google ScholarPubMed
Matsumura, Y and Tarin, D. 1992. Significance of CD44 gene products for cancer diagnosis and disease evaluation. Lancet 340:1053–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayo, J G, Laster, W R Jr, Andrews, C M, and Schabel, F M Jr. 1972. Success and failure in the treatment of solid tumors 3: “Cure” of metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma with methyl-CCNU (NSC-95442) and surgery-chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Rep Part 1, 56:183–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Mayo, L D and Donner, D B. 2001. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway promotes translocation of Mdm2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11598–11603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McBurney, M W. 1993. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Int J Dev Biol 37:135–40.Google ScholarPubMed
McCague, R, Parr, I B, Leclercq, G, Leung, O T, and Jarman, M. 1990. Metabolism of tamoxifen by isolated rat hepatocytes. Identification of the glucuronide of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Biochem Pharmacol 39:1459–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, J B, Basara, M L, Palm, S L, Sas, D F, and Furcht, L T. 1985. The role of cell adhesion proteins – laminin and fibronectin – in the movement of malignant and metastatic cells. Cancer Metastasis Rev 4:125–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, N J, Smith, C A, and Williams, G T. 1992. Apoptosis in the development of the immune system: Growth factors, clonal selection and bcl-2. Cancer Metastasis Rev 11:157–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormack J J and Johns D G. 1990. Purine and purine nucleoside antimetabolites. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 234–52. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
McCullough, M L, Robertson, A S, Rodriguez, C, Jacobs, E J, Chao, A, Carolyn, J, Calle, E E, Willett, W C, and Thun, M J. 2003. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control 14:1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonnell, T J, Deane, N, Platt, F M, Nunez, G, Jaeger, U, McKearn, J P, and Korsmeyer, S J. 1989. Bcl-2-immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation. Cell 57:79–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, J A, Loane, J F, Ross, V G, Ameyaw, M M, Murray, G I, Cassidy, J, and McLeod, H L. 2002a. C-erbb-2 is not a major factor in the development of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 86:568–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, J A, Murray, L J, Curran, S, Ross, V G, Clark, C, Murray, G I, Cassidy, J, and McLeod, H L. 2002b. Evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) in colorectal tumours and lymph node metastases. Eur J Cancer 38:2258–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G. 1973. Nuclear transplantation. In Seventh National Cancer Conference Proceedings, pp. 65–72. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
McKinnell RG. 1989a. Expression of differentiated function in neoplasms. In: Sirica, A E (ed.). The Pathobiology of Neoplasia, pp. 435–60. New York, Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell RG. 1989b. Neoplastic cells: Modulation of the differentiated state. In: DiBeradino, M A and Etkin, L D (eds.). Genomic Adaptability in Somatic Cell Specialization, pp. 199–236. New York, Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G. 1994. Reduced oncogenic potential associated with differentiation of the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. In Vivo 8:65–70.Google ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G and DiBerardino, M A. 1999. Animal cloning: History and rationale. BioScience 49:875–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G and Carlson, D L. 1997. The Lucké renal adenocarcinoma, an anuran neoplasm: Studies at the interface of pathology, virology and differentiation competence. J Cell Physiol 173:115–18.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G and Tarin, D. 1984. Temperature dependent metastasis of the Lucké renal carcinoma and its significance for studies on mechanisms of metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 3:373–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G, Bruyneel, E A, Mareel, M M, Tweedell, K S, and Mekela, P. 1988. Temperature-dependent malignant invasion in vitro by frog renal carcinoma-derived PNKT4B cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 6:49–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G, DeBruyne, G K, Mareel, M M, Tarin, D, and Tweedell, K S. 1984. Cytoplasmic microtubules of normal and tumor cells of the leopard frog. Temperature effects. Differentiation 26:231–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G, Deggins, B A, and Labat, D D 1969. Transplantation of pluripotential nuclei from triploid frog tumorsScience 165:394–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G, Kren, B T, Bergad, R, Schultheis, M, Byrne, T, and Schaad, J W IV. 1980. Dominant lethality in Xenopus laevis induced with triethylene melamine. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1:283–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G, Mareel, M M, Bruyneel, E A, Seppanen, E D, Mekala, P R. 1986. Invasion in vitro by explants of Lucké renal carcinoma cocultured with normal tissue is temperature dependent. Clin Exp Metastasis 4:237–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G, Sauerbier, W, Lust, J M, Williams, J W, Williams, C S, Rollins-Smith, L A, and Carlson, D L. 1991. The Lucké renal adenocarcinoma and its herpesvirus. In 4. Internationales Colloquium für Pathologie und Therapie der Reptilien und Amphibien. Gissen: Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft e.V., pp. 204–18.Google Scholar
McKinnell, R G, Lust, J M, Sauerbier, W, Rollins-Smith, L, Williams, J W III, Williams, C S, Carlson, D L. 1993. Genomic plasticity of the Lucké carcinoma: A review. Int J Develop Biol 37:213–19.Google ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, P, Grillo-Lopez, A J, Link, B K, Levy, R, Czuczman, M S, Williams, M E, Heyman, M R, Bence-Bruckler, I, White, C A, Cabanillas, F. 1998. Rituximab chimeric anti-cd20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: Half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 16:2825–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McTiernan, A and Thomas, D B. 1986. Evidence for a protective effect of lactation on risk of breast cancer in young women: Results from a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 124:353–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medeiros, F, Corless, C L, Duensing, A, Hornick, J L, Oliveira, A M, Heinrich, M C, Fletcher, J A, and Fletcher, C D. 2004. Kit-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Proof of concept and therapeutic implications. Am J Surg Pathol 28:889–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meinsma, R, Fernandez-Salguero, P, Kuilenburg, A B, Gennip, A H, and Gonzalez, F J. 1995. Human polymorphism in drug metabolism: Mutation in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene results in exon skipping and thymine uracilurea. DNA Cell Biol 14:1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellon, I, Spivak, G, and Hanawalt, P C. 1987. Selective removal of transcription-blocking DNA damage from the transcribed strand of the mammalian DHFR gene. Cell 51:241–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menard, S, Casalini, P, Campiglio, M, Pupa, S, Agresti, R, and Tagliabue, E. 2001. HER2 overexpression in various tumor types, focussing on its relationship to the development of invasive breast cancer. Ann Oncol 12 Suppl 1:S15–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendelsohn, M L. 1960a. The growth fraction: A new concept applied to tumors. Science 132:1496.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, M L. 1960b. Autoradiographic analysis of cell proliferation in spontaneous breast cancer of C3H mouse. I. Growth and survival of cells labelled with tritiated thymidine. J Natl Cancer Inst 25:485–500.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, M L, Dohan, F C Jr., and Moore, H A Jr.. 1960. Autoradiographic analysis of cell proliferation in spontaneous breast cancer of C3H mouse. I. Typical cell cycle and timing of DNA synthesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 25:477–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Menssen, A and Hermeking, H. 2002. Characterization of the c-MYC-regulated transcriptome by SAGE: identification and analysis of c-MYC target genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6274–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyn, M S. 1995. Ataxia-telangiectasia and cellular responses to DNA damage. Cancer Res 55:5991–6001.Google ScholarPubMed
Michalewicz, R, Lotem, J, and Sachs, L. 1984. Cell differentiation and therapeutic effect of low doses of cytosine arabinoside in human myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 8:783–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikaelian, I, Lapointe, J M, Lafontaine, Y, Harshbarger, J C, Côté, R J, Naydan, D K, and Martineau, D. 2000. Suprasellar germinoma in three lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 100:228–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikhailov, V, Mikhailova, M, Pulkrabek, D J, Dong, Z, Venkatachalam, M A, and Saikumar, P. 2001. Bcl-2 prevents Bax oligomerization in the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Biol Chem 276:18361–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikheev, A M, Mikheeva, S A, Liu, B, Cohen, P, and Zarbl, H. 2004. A functional genomics approach for the identification of putative tumor suppressor genes: Dickkopf-1 as suppressor of HeLa cell transformation. Carcinog 25:47–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miki, Y, Swensen, J, Shattuck-Eidens, D, Futreal, P A, Harshman, K, Tavtigian, S, Liu, Q, Cochran, C, Bennett, L M, Ding, W. 1994. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266:66–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milburn, M V, Tong, L, Voss, A M, Brunger, A, Yamaizumi, Z, Nishimura, S, and Kim, S-H. 1990. Molecular switch for signal transduction: Structural differences between active and inactive forms of protooncogenic ras proteins. Science 247:939–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, E C. 1978. Some current perspectives on chemical carcinogenesis in humans and experimental animals. Cancer Res 38:1479–96.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, J A. 1970. Carcinogenesis by chemicals: An overview. Cancer Res 30:559–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, R W. 1966. Delayed radiation effects in atomic bomb survivors. Science 166:569–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minamoto, T, Mai, M, and Ronai, Z. 2000. K-ras mutation: early detection in molecular diagnosis and risk assessment of colorectal, pancreas, and lung cancers – a review. Cancer Detect Prev 24:1–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Mintz, B and Illmensee, K. 1975. Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:3585–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Misra, R P, Bonni, A, Miranti, C K, Rivera, V M, and Sheng, Z H. 1994. L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel activation stimulates gene expression by a serum response factor-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 269:25483–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Mitelman, F. 1994. Catalog of chromosome aberrations in cancer, 5th ed. New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
Miyashita, T and Reed, J C. 1995. Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80:293–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Molineux, G, Migdalska, A, Haley, J, Evans, G S, and Dexter, T M. 1994. Total marrow failure induced by pegylated stem-cell factor administered before 5-fluorouracil. Blood 3:3491–9.Google Scholar
Monchaux, G and Morlier, J P. 2002. Influence of exposure rate on radon-induced lung cancer in rats. J Radiol Prot 22:A81–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monden, Y, Hamano-Takaku, F, Shindo-Okada, N, and Nishimura, S. 1999. Azatyrosine: Mechanism of action for conversion of transformed phenotype to normal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 886:109–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moodie, S A and Wolfman, A. 1994. The 3Rs of life: Ras, Raf and growth regulation. Trends Genet 10:44–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, K L and Persaud, T V. 1993. The Developing Human, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Moore, M A and Owen, J J. 1967. Stem cell migration in developing myeloid and lymphoid systems. Lancet 2:658–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, C M, Reeve, A E, Fitzgerald, P H, Hollings, P E, Beard, M E J, and Heaton, D C. 1986. Genomic diversity correlates with clinical variation in Ph1-negative chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nature 320:281–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, G B, Bastian, A, Dela Rosa, T, Diasio, R B, and Takimoto, C H. 1997. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency: A pharmacogenetic defect causing severe adverse reactions to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 24:83–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Morrison, V A. 1994. Chronic leukemias. CA Cancer J Clin 44:353–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morse D, Dailey R C, and Bunn J. 1976. Prehistoric multiple myeloma. In: Jarcho, S (ed.). Essays on the History of Medicine, pp. 413–24. New York: Science History Publications/USA.Google Scholar
Morton D L, Antman K H, and Tepper J. 1993. Soft tissue sarcoma. In Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 1858–87. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Morton D L, Cochran A J, and Lazar G. 1990. Melanoma. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 500–12. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Morton, S, Davis, R J, McLaren, A, and Cohen, P. 2003. A reinvestigation of the multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun. EMBO J 22:3876–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mossman, B T, Bignon, J, Corn, M, Seaton, A, and Gee, J B. 1990. Asbestos: Scientific developments and implications for public policy. Science 247:294–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mossman, B T, Kamp, D W, and Weitzman, S A. 1996. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis and clinical features of asbestos-associated cancers. Cancer Invest 14:466–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moulton, J E. 1978. Tumors in Domestic Animals. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mueller, C B and Jeffries, W. 1975. Cancer of the breast: Its outcome as measured by the rate of dying and causes of death. Ann Surg 182:334–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muir, C, Waterhouse, J, Mack, T, Powell, J, and Whelan, S, eds. 1987. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol V IARC Scientific Publications No 88. Lyon, FR: IARC.Google Scholar
Mundoz-Dorado, J, Inouye, M, and Inouye, S. 1990. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from Myxococcus xanthus: I Cloning and sequencing of the gene. J Biol Chem 265:2702–6.Google Scholar
Münger, K, Werness, B A, Dyson, N, Phelps, W C, and Howley, P M. 1989. Complex suppressor gene product. EMBO J 8:4099–4105.Google ScholarPubMed
Munson, L. 1987. Carcinoma of the mammary gland in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:71–2.Google Scholar
Muraoka, R S, Lenferink, A E, Law, B, Hamilton, E, Brantley, D M, Roebuck, L R, and Arteaga, C L. 2002. ErbB2/Neu-induced, cyclin D1-dependent transformation is accelerated in p27-haploinsufficient mammary epithelial cells but impaired in p27-null cells. Mol Cell Biol 22:2204–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, C S, Langan-Fahey, S M, McCague, R, and Jordan, V C. 1990. Structure-function relationships of hydroxylated metabolites of tamoxifen that control the proliferation of estrogen-responsive T47D breast cancer cells in vitro. Mol Pharmacol 38:737–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Murphy, M, Stinnakre, M G, Senamaud-Beaufort, C, Winston, N J, Sweeney, C, Kubelka, M, Carrington, M, Brechot, C, and Sobczak-Thepot, J. 1997. Delayed early embryonic lethality following disruption of the murine cyclin A2 gene. Nat Genet 15:83–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, L, Chen, B, Galy, A, Chen, S, Tushinski, R, Uchida, N, Negrin, R, Tricot, G, Jagannath, S, Vesole, D, et al. 1995. Enrichment of human hematopoietic stem cell activity in the CD34+Thy-1+Lin-subpopulation from mobilized peripheral blood. Blood 85:368–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Murray, L, DiGusto, D, Chen, B, Chen, S, Combs, J, Conti, A, Galy, A, Negrin, R, Tricot, G, and Tsukamoto, A. 1994. Analysis of human hematopoietic stem cell populations. Blood Cells 20:364–9; discussion 369–70.Google ScholarPubMed
Muss, H B, Smith, L R, and Cooper, M R. 1987. Tamoxifen rechallenge: Response to tamoxifen following relapse after adjuvant chemohormonal therapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 5:1556–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers C E and Chabner B A. 1990. Anthracyclines. In: Chabner, C A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 356–81. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Myers, G H Jr, Fehrenbaker, L G, and Kelalis, P P. 1968. Prognostic significance of renal vein invasion by hypernephroma. J Urol 100:420–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naghshineh, R, Hagdoost, I S, and Mokhber-Dezfuli, M R. 1991. A retrospective study of the incidence of bovine neoplasms in Iran. J Comp Pathol 105:235–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, J and Swenberg, J A. 1999. Endogenous apinic/apyrimidinic sites in genomic DNA of mammalian tissues. Cancer Res 59:2522–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Nakayama, K, Nakayama, K-I, Negishi, I, Kuida, K, Sawa, H, and Loh, D Y. 1994. Targeted disruption of Bcl-2 alpha beta in mice: occurrence of gray hair, polycystic kidney disease, and lymphocytopenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3700–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakayama, K, Ishida, N, Shirane, M, Inomata, A, Inoue, T, Shishido, N, Horii, I, Loh, D Y, and Nakayama, K. 1996. Mice lacking p27(Kip1) display increased body size, multiple organ hyperplasia, retinal dysplasia, and pituitary tumors. Cell 85:707–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakazawa, H, English, D, Randell, P L, Nakazawa, K, Martel, N, Armstrong, B K, and Yamasaki, H. 1994. UV and skin cancer: Specific p53 gene mutation in normal skin as a biologically relevant exposure measurement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:360–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 1987. Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States. NCRP Report 93. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
National Research Council. 1982. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council, Committee on Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations (Beir VII) 1998. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: Time for Reassessment? Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 5–32.
Needham, J. 1942. Biochemistry and Morphogenesis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Neel, J V, Schull, W J, Awa, A A, Satoh, C, Kato, H, Otake, M, and Yoshimoto, Y. 1990. The children of parents exposed to atomic bombs: Estimates of the genetic doubling dose of radiation for humans. Am J Hum Genet 46:1053–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, D R and Strobel, H W. 1987. Evolution of cytochrome P-450 protein. Mol Biol Evol 4:572–93.Google Scholar
Nelson, D R, Kamataki, T, Waxman, D J, Guengerich, F P, Estabrook, R W, Feyereisen, R, Gonzalez, F J, Coon, M J, Gunsalus, I C, Gotoh, O. 1993. The P450 superfamily: Update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers, early trivial names of enzymes and nomenclature. DNA Cell Biol 12:1–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, M A, Futscher, B W, Kinsella, T, Wymer, J, and Bowden, G T. 1992. Detection of mutant Ha-ras genes in chemically initiated mouse skin epidermis before the development of benign tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:6398–6402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, W G, Marzo, A M, Isaacs, W B. 2003. Prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 349:366–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nemoto, N, Kodama, K, Tazawa, A, Masahito, P, and Ishikawa, T. 1986. Extensive sequence homology of the goldfish ras gene to mammalian ras genes. Differentiation 32:17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesnow, S, Miyazaki, T, Khwaja, T, Meyer, R B Jr., and Heidelberger, C. 1973. Pyridine nucleosides related to 5-fluorouracil and thymine. J Med Chem 16:524–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuberger, J S. 1992. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: An overview of ongoing studies. Health Phys 63:503–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuberger, J S and Gesell, T F. 2002. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: risk in nonsmokers. Health Phys 83:1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuman, E, Flemington, E K, Sellers, W R, and Kaelin, W G Jr. 1994. Transcription of the E2F-1 gene is rendered cell cycle dependent by E2F DNA-binding sites within its promoter. Mol Cell Biol 14:6607–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuwirth H and De Kermion J B. 1990. Prostate. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Prostate Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 737–49. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Neuwirth H, Figlin R A, and de Kernion J B. 1990. Kidney. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 769–78. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Newton, A C. 1995. Protein kinase C: Structure, function, and regulation. J Biol Chem 270:28495–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nikitin, A Y, Ballering, L A P, and Rajewsky, M F. 1991. Early mutatins of the neu (erbB-2) gene during ethylnitrosourea-induced oncogenesis in the rat Schwann cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:9939–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, T, Hoglund, M, Lenhoff, S, Rylander, L, Turesson, I, Westin, J, Mitelman, F, and Johansson, B. 2003. A pooled analysis of karyotypic patterns, breakpoints and imbalances in 783 cytogenetically abnormal multiple myelomas reveals frequently involved chromosome segments as well as significant age- and sex-related differences. Br J Haematol 120:960–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishizuka, Y. 1992. Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science 258:607–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noble, R L, Beer, C T, and Cutts, J H. 1958. Further biological activities of vincaleukoblastine – an alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea (L). Biochem Pharmacol 1:347–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noel, A C, Calle, A, Emonard, H P, Nusgens, B V, Simar, L, Foidart, J, Lapiere, C M, and Foidart, J M. 1991. Invasion of reconstituted basement membrane matrix is not correlated to the malignant metastatic cell phenotype. Cancer Res 51:405–14.Google Scholar
Noguchi, S, Miyauchi, K, Nishizawa, Y, and Koyama, H. 1988. Induction of progesterone receptor with tamoxifen in human breast cancer with special reference to its behavior over time. Cancer 61:1345–9.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, M D, Burkhart, C A, Marshall, G M, Weiss, W A, and Haber, M. 2000. Expression of N-myc and MRP genes and their relationship to N-myc gene dosage and tumor formation in a murine neuroblastoma model. Med Pediatr Oncol 35:585–9.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton L. 1979. Thoughts on a role for cell kinetics in cancer chemotherapy. In: Tagnon, H J and Staquet, M J (eds.). Controversies in Cancer: Design of Trials and Treatment, pp. 105–15. New York: Masson.Google Scholar
Norton, L. 1990. Biology of residual breast cancer after therapy: A kinetic interpretation. Prog Clin Biol Res 354A:109–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Norton, L and Simon, R. 1986. The Norton-Simon hypothesis revisited. Cancer Treat Rep 70:163–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Novick, D, Cohen, B, and Rubinstein, M. 1992. Soluble interferon-a receptor molecules are present in body fluids. Fed Exp Biol Soc Lett 314:445–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowell, P C. 1976. The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 194:23–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowell, P C. 2002. Tumor progression: a brief historical perspective. Semin Cancer Biol 12:261–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowell, P C and Hungerford, D A. 1960a. A minute chromosome in human granulocytic leukemia. Science 132:1497.Google Scholar
Nowell, P C and Hungerford, D A. 1960b. Chromosome studies on normal and leukemic human leukocytes. J Natl Cancer Inst 25:85–109.Google ScholarPubMed
Ochsner, A. 1954. Smoking and Cancer: A Doctor's Report. New York: J Messner.Google Scholar
Ochsner, A and DeBakey, M. 1939. Primary pulmonary malignancy: Treatment of total pneumonectomy: Analysis of seventy-nine collected cases and presentation of seven personal cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 68:435–51.Google Scholar
Ochsner, A and DeBakey, M. 1940. Surgical considerations of primary carcinoma of the lung. Surgery 8:992–1023.Google Scholar
Ochsner, A and DeBakey, M. 1941. Carcinoma of the lung. Arch Surg 42:209–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochsner, A. 1942. Significance of metastasis in primary carcinoma of the lungs. J Thoracic Surgery 11:357–87.Google Scholar
Oda, K, Arakawa, H, Tanaka, T, Matsuda, K, Tanikawa, C, Mori, T, Nishimori, H, Tamai, K, Tokino, T, Nakamura, Y, and Taya, Y. 2000. p53AIP1, a potential mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis, and its regulation by Ser-46-phosphorylated p53. Cell 102:849–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogilvie, D, McKinnell, R G, and Tarin, D. 1984. Temperature-dependent elaboration of collagenase by the renal adenocarcinoma of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Cancer Res 44:3438–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Okey, A B. 1990. Enzyme induction in the cytochroms P-450 system. Pharmacol Ther 45:241–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okey, A B, Roberts, E A, Harper, P A, and Denison, M S. 1986. Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes: Mechanisms and consequences. Clin Biochem 19:132–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olivier, M, Eeles, R, Hollstein, M, Khan, M A, Harris, C C, and Hainaut, P. 2002. The IARC TP53 database: new online mutation analysis and recommendations to users. Hum Mutat 19:607–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omenn, G S, Goodman, G E, Thornquist, M D, Balmes, J, Cullen, M R, Glass, A, Keogh, J P, Meyskens, F L, Valanis, B, Williams, J H. 1996. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334:1150–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oro, A E, Higgins, K M, Hu, Z, Bonifas, J M, Epstein, E H Jr, and Scott, M P. 1997. Basal cell carcinomas in mice overexpressing sonic hedgehog. Science 276:817–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orr, L C, Fleitz, J, McGavran, L, Wyatt-Ashmead, J, Handler, M, Forman, N K. 2002. Cytogenetics in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas. Med Pediatr Oncol 38:173–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortega, S, Prieto, I, Odajima, J, Martin, A, Dubus, P, Sotillo, R, Barbero, J L, Malumbres, M, and Barbacid, M. 2003. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is essential for meiosis but not for mitotic cell division in mice. Nat Genet35:25–31.Google Scholar
Ortner, D J and Putschar, W G. 1981. Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Orzechowski, A, Schrenk, D, and Bock, K W. 1992. Metabolism of 1- and 2-naphthylamine in isolated rat hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis 13:2227–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborne, C K, Coronado-Heinsohn, E B, Hilsenbeck, S G, McCue, B L, Wakeling, A E, McClelland, R A, Manning, D L, and Nicholson, R I. 1995. Comparison of the effects of a pure steroidal antiestrogen with those of tamoxifen in a model of human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:746–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborne, C K, Yochmowitz, M G, Knight, W A, and McGuire, W L. 1980. The value of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the treatment of breast cancer. Cancer 46 (Suppl 12):2884–8.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozes, O N, Klein, S B, Reiter, Z, and Taylor, M W. 1993. An interferon resistant variant of the hairy cell leukemic cell line, Eskol: Biochemical and immunological characterization. Leuk Res 17:983–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paez, J G, Janne, P A, Lee, J C, Tracy, S, Greulich, H, Gabriel, S, Herman, P, Kaye, F J, Lindeman, N, Boggon, T J. 2004. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 304:1497–1500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paffenbarger, R S, Hyde, R T, and Wing, A L. 1987. Physical activity and incidence of cancer in diverse populations: A preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 45:312–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paffenbarger, R S, Hyde, R T, Wing, A L, and Hsieh, C C. 1986. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med 314:605–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paget, S. 1889. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1:571–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papadopoulos, N, Nicolaides, N C, Wei, Y-F, Ruben, S M, Carter, K C, Rosen, C A, Haseltine, W A, Fleischmann, R D, Fraser, C M, Adams, M D. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science 263:1625–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parchment, R E. 1993. The implications of a unified theory of programmed cell death, polyamines, oxyradicals and histogenesis in the embryo. Int J Dev Biol 37:75–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Parchment, R E. 1998. Alternative testing systems for evaluating noncarcinogenic, hematologic toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 106:541–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parchment, R E and Pierce, G B. 1989. Polyamine oxidation, programmed cell death, and regulation of melanoma in the murine limb. Cancer Res 49:6680–6.Google Scholar
Parchment, R E, Gordon, M, Grieshaber, C K, Sessa, C, Volpe, D, and Ghielmini, M. 1998. Predicting hematological toxicity (myelosuppression) of cytotoxic drug therapy from in vitro tests. Ann Oncol 9:357–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parczyk, K and Schneider, M R. 1996. The future of antihormone therapy: Innovations based on an established principle. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 122:383–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, E J and Pezzuto, J M. 2002. Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 21:231–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker R G. 1990. Principles of radiation oncology. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed, pp. 15–21. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Parker, S L, Tong, T, Bolden, S, and Wingo, P A. 1997. Cancer statistics, 1997. CA Cancer J Clin 47:5–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkin, D M, Pisani, P, Muñoz, N, and Ferlay, J. 1999. The global health burden of infection associated cancers. Cancer Surv Suppl. 33:5–34.Google Scholar
Patel, J D, Bach, P B, and Kris, M G. 2004. Lung cancer in US women: A contemporary epidemic. JAMA 291:1763–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, N H and Rothenberg, M L. 1994. Multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Invest New Drugs 12:1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, B H and Block, G. 1988. Food choices and the cancer guidelines. Am J Public Health 78:282–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payne, D M, Rossomando, A J, Martino, P, Erickson, A K, Her, J-H, Shananowitz, J, Hunt, D F, Weber, M J, and Sturgill, T W. 1991. Identification of the regulatory phosphorylation sites in pp42/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinases). EMBO J 10:885–92.Google Scholar
Pearl, R. 1922. New data on the influence of alcohol on the expectation of life in man. Am J Hygiene 2:463–6.Google Scholar
Pecorelli, S. 1994. Management of the symptomatic patient: Surgery NIH Consensus Development Conference on Ovarian Cancer. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.Google Scholar
Peltomäki, P, Aaltonen, L A, Sistonen, P, Pylkkänen, L, Mecklin, J-P, Järvinen, H, Green, J S, Jass, J R, Weber, J L, Leach, F S. 1993. Genetic mapping of a locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer. Science 260:810–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pendergast, A M, Quilliam, L A, Cripe, L D, Bassing, C H, Dai, Z, Li, N, Batzer, A, Rabun, K M, Der, C J, Schlessinger, J, and Gishizky, M L. 1993. BCR-ABL-induced oncogenesis is mediated by direct interaction with the SH2 domain of the GRB-2 adaptor protein. Cell 75:175–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peraino, D R, Fry, R J, and Staffeldt, E. 1971. Reduction and enhancement by phenobarbital of hepatocarcinogenesis induced in the rat by 2-acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Res 31:1506–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Perantoni, A O, Rice, J M, Reed, C D, Watatani, M, and Wenk, M L. 1987. Activated neu oncogene sequences in primary tumors of the peripheral nervous system induced in rats by transplacental exposure to ethylnitrosourea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6317–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perantoni, A O and Rice, J M. 1999. Mutation patterns in non-ras oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in experimentally induced tumours. IARC Sci Publ 146:87–122.Google Scholar
Perantoni, A O, Turusov, V S, Buzard, G S, and Rice, J M. 1994. Infrequent transforming mutations in the transmembrane domain of the neu oncogene in spontaneous rat schwannomas. Mol Carcinog 9:230–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perri, R T, Weisdorf, D J, and Oken, M M. 1985. Low-dose ARA-C fails to enhance differentiation of leukaemic cells. Br J Haematol 59:697–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perris, R and Bronner-Fraser, M. 1989. Recent advances in defining the role of the extracellular matrix in neural crest development. Commun Dev Neurobiol 1:61–83.Google Scholar
Pesenti-Barili, B, Ferdandi, E, Mosti, M, and Degli-Innocenti, F. 1991. Survival of Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 on various carriers for crown gall control. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:2047–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Pestell, K E, Ducruet, A P, Wipf, P, and Lazo, J S. 2000. Small molecule inhibitors of dual specificity protein phosphatases. Oncogene 19:6607–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peter, M and Herskowitz, I. 1994. Joining the complex: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory proteins and the cell cycle. Cell 79:181–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelps, W C, Yee, C L, Munger, K, and Howley, P M. 1988. The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 gene encodes transactivation and transformation functions similar to adenovirus E1a. Cell 53:539–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, D H, Carmichael, P L, Hewer, A, Cole, K J, Hardcastle, I R, Poon, G K, Keogh, A, and Strain, A J. 1996. Activation of tamoxifen and its metabolite alpha-hyroxytamoxifen to DNA-binding products: Comparisons between human, rat and mouse hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis 17:89–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickle, L W, Mason, T J, Howard, N, Hoover, R, and Fraumeni, J F. 1987. Atlas of US Cancer Mortality Among Whites. Bethesda, MD: Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health.Google Scholar
Pickle, L W, Mungiole, M, Jones, G K, and White, A A. 1996. Atlas of United States Mortality. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Pierce, G B. 1974. Neoplasms, differentiation, mutations. Am J Pathol 77:103–18.Google Scholar
Pierce, G B. 1983. The cancer cell and its control by the embryo. Am J Pathol 113:117–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B and Dixon, F J. 1959. The demonstration of teratogenesis by metamorphosis of multipotential cells. Cancer 12:573–89.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce G B and Parchment R. 1991. Progression and teratocarcinoma. In: Sudilovsky, O, Pitot, H, and Liotta, L (eds.). Boundaries Between Promotion and Progression During Carcinogenesis, pp. 71–81. Collection of Basic Life Science. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Pierce, G B and Speers, W C. 1988. Tumors as caricatures of the process of tissue renewal: prospects for therapy by directing differentiation. Cancer Res 48:1996–2004.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B and Wallace, C. 1971. Differentiation of malignant to benign cells. Cancer Res 31:127–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B, Dixon, F J, and Verney, E L. 1960. Teratocarcinogenic and tissue forming potentials of the cell types comprising neoplastic embryoid bodies. Lab Invest 9:583–602.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B, Gramzinski, R A, and Parchment, R E. 1990. Amine oxidases, programmed cell death, and tissue renewal. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol 327:67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B, Lewellyn, A L, and Parchment, R E. 1989. Mechanisms of programmed cell death in the blastocyst. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:3654–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B, Shikes, R H, and Fink, L M. 1978. Cancer: A problem of developmental biology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Pierce, G B, Stevens, L C, and Nakane, P K. 1967. Ultrastructural analysis of the early development of teratocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 39:755–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, D A., Shimizu, Y, Preston, D L, Vaeth, M, and Mabuchi, K. 1996. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950–1990. Radiat Res 146:1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pines, J 1994. The cell cycle kinases. Semin Cancer Biol 5:305–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Pinkney, A E, Harshbarger, J C, May, E B, and Melancon, M J. 2001. Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the tidal Potomac River, USA, watershed. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:196–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirila, E, Sharabi, A, Salo, T, Quaranta, V, Tu, H, Heljasvaara, R, Koshikawa, N, Sorsa, T, and Maisi, P. 2003. Matrix metalloproteinases process the laminin-5 gamma 2-chain and regulate epithelial cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303:1012–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pittillo, R F, Schabel, F M Jr, and Skipper, H E. 1970. The “sensitivity” of resting and dividing cells. Cancer Chemother Rep 54:137–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Plasterk, R H. 1992. Genetic switches: Mechanisms and function. Trends Genet 8:403–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platanias, L C, Pfeffer, L M, Barton, K P, Vardiman, J W, Golomb, H M, and Colamonici, O R. 1992. Expression of the IFNa receptor in hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematology 82:541–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pluk, H, Dorey, K and Superti-Furga, G. 2002. Autoinhibition of c-Abl. Cell 108:247–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podesta, A H, Mullins, J, Pierce, G B, and Wells, R S. 1984. The neurula stage mouse embryo in control of neuroblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:7608–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poland, A, Glover, E, and Kende, A S 1976. Stereospecific high affinity binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by hepatic cytosols. Evidence that the binding species is a receptor for induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 251:4936–46.Google ScholarPubMed
Polednak, A P 1976. College athletics, body size, and cancer mortality. Cancer 38:382–7.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polek, T C and Weigel, N L. 2002. Vitamin D and prostate cancer. J. Androl 23:9–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poste, G and Paruch, L. 1989. Stephen Paget, MD, FRCS (1855–1926): A retrospective. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 8:93–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pott, P. 1775. Chirurgical observations relative to the cataract, the polypus of the nose, the cancer of the scrotum, the different kinds of ruptures and the mortification of the toes and feet. London: Hawkes, Clarke, and Collins.Google Scholar
Potten, C S and Chadwick, C A. 1994. Small intestinal regulatory factors extracted by simple diffusion from intact irradiated intestine and tested in vivo. Growth Factors 10:63–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potten, C S, Chadwick, C, Ijiri, K, Tsubouchi, S, and Hanson, W R. 1984. The recruitability and cell-cycle state of intestinal stem cells. Int J Cell Cloning 2:126–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potten, C S, Booth, C, Chadwick, C A, and Evans, G S. 1994. A potent stimulator of small intestinal cell proliferation extracted by simple diffusion from intact irradiated intestine: In vitro studies. Growth Factors 10:53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potten, C S, Owen, G, Hewitt, D, Chadwick, C A, Hendry, H, Lord, B I, and Woolford, L B. 1995. Stimulation and inhibition of proliferation in the small intestinal crypts of the mouse after in vivo administration of growth factors. Gut 36: 864–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potten, C S, Watson, R J, Williams, G T, Tickle, S, Roberts, S A, Harris, M, and Howell, A. 1988. The effect of age and menstrual cycle upon proliferative activity of normal human breast. Br J Cancer 58:163–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, C J, Turenchalk, G S and Xu, T. 2000. Drosophila in cancer research: an expanding role. Trends in Genetics 16:33–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Press, O W, Appelbaum, F, Ledbetter, J A, Martin, P J, Zarling, J, Kidd, P, and Thomas, E D. 1987. Monoclonal antibody 1f5 (anti-cd20) serotherapy of human b cell lymphomas. Blood 69:584–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Pruitt, K and Der, C J. 2001. Ras and Rho regulation of the cell cycle and oncogenesis. Cancer Lett 171:1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulciani, S, Santos, E, Lauver, A V, Long, L K, Robbins, K C, and Barbacid, M. 1982. Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines: Molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder cell carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2845–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purchio, A F, Erikson, E, Brugge, J S, and Erikson, R L. 1978. Identification of a polypeptide encoded by the avian sarcoma virus src gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1567–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quaranta, V. 2002. Motility cues in the tumor environment. Differentiation 70:590–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quintanilla, M, Brown, K, Ramsden, M, and Balmain, A. 1986. Carcinogen-specific mutation and amplification of Ha-ras during mouse skin carcinogenesis. Nature 322:78–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabinowitz, Y and Wilhite, B A. 1969. Thymidine salvage pathway in normal and leukemic leukocytes with effects of ATP on enzyme control. Blood 33:759–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Rader, K. 2002. The origin of mouse genetics: beyond the Bussey Institution. II Defining the problem of mouse supply: the 1928 National Research Council Committee on Experimental Plants and Animals. Mamm Genome 13:2–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radonski, J L. 1979. The primary aromatic amines, their biological properties and structure-activity relationships. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 19:129–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rameh, L E and Cantley, L C. 1999. The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase lipid products in cell function. J Biol Chem. 274:8347–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rampino, N, Yamamoto, H, Ionov, Y, Li, Y, Sawai, H, Reed, J C, and Perucho, M. 1997. Somatic frameshift mutations in the BAX gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Science 275:967–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rauh, M J, Blackmore, V, Andrechek, E R, Tortorice, C G, Daly, R, Lai, V K, Pawson, T, Cardiff, R D, Siegel, P M, and Muller, W J. 1999. Accelerated mammary tumor development in mutant polyomavirus middle T transgenic mice expressing elevated levels of either the Shc or Grb2 adapter protein. Mol Cell Biol 1912:8169–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raz, E. 2003. Primordial germ-cell development: the zebrafish perspective. Nat Rev Genet 4:690–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebello, P, Cwynarski, K, Varughese, M, Eades, A, Apperley, J F, and Hale, G. 2001. Pharmacokinetics of campath-1h in bmt patients. Cytotherapy 3:261–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Recamier, J C. 1829. Recherches sur le traitement du cancer, par la compression methodique simple ou combinée et sur l'histoire générale de la même maladie, vol II. Paris: Gabon.Google Scholar
Rechsteiner, M and Rogers, S W. 1996. PEST sequences and regulation by proteolysis. Trends Biochem Sci 21:267–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Recny, M A, Scoble, H A, and Kim, Y. 1987. Structural characterization of natural human urinary and recombinant DNA-derived erythropoietin. J Biol Chem 262:17156–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Reddel, R R, Alexander, I E, Koga, M, Shine, J, and Sutherland, R L. 1988. Genetic instability and the development of steroid hormone insensitivity in cultured T 47D human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 48:4340–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Reed E and Kohn K W. 1990. Platinum analogues. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 465–90. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Rees, E, Young, R D, and Evans, D J. 2003. Spatial and temporal contribution of somatic myoblasts to avian limb muscles. Dev Biol 253:264–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regaud, C. 1930. Sur les principes radiophysiologiques de la radiotherapie des cancers. Acta Radiol 11:456–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regaud, C and Ferroux, R. 1927. Discordance des effets des rayons X, d'une part dans la peau, d'autre part dans le testicule, par le fractionnement de la dose; diminution de l'efficacité dans le peau, maintien de l'efficacité dans le testicule. C R Soc Biol 97:431–4.Google Scholar
Rehn, L. 1895. Bladder tumours in Fuchsine workers. Arch Klin Chir 50:588–600.Google Scholar
Reiss, M, Gamba-Vitalo, C, and Sartorelli, A C. 1986. Induction of tumor differentiation as a therapeutic approach: Preclinical models for hematopoietic and solid neoplasms. Cancer Treat Rep 70:201–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Remmer H. 1962. Drug tolerance. In: Mongar, J L and Reuck, A V S (eds.). Ciba Foundations Symposium on Enzymes and Drug Action, pp. 276–98. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, R. 2002. The molecular mechanism of chronic myelogenous leukemia and its therapeutic implications: studies in a murine model. Oncogene 21:8629–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rendina, G M, Donadio, C, and Giovannini, M. 1982. Steroid receptors and progestinic therapy in ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 3:241–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Repesh, L A, Drake, S R, Warner, M C, Downing, S W, Jyring, R, Seftor, E A, Hedrix, M J, and McCarthy, J B. 1993. Adriamycin-induced inhibition of melanoma cell invasion is correlated with decreases in tumour cell motility and increases in focal contact formation. Clin Exp Metastasis 11:91–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynisdottir, I, Polyak, K, Iavarone, A, Massague, J. 1995. Kip/Cip and Ink4 Cdk inhibitors cooperate to induce cell cycle arrest in response to TGF-beta. Genes Dev 9:1831–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rideout, W M, Coetzee, G A, Olumi, A F, Jones, P A. 1990. 5-Methylcytosine as an endogenous mutagen in the human LDL receptor and p53 genes. Science 249:1248–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rigel, D S. 1996. Malignant melanoma: Perspectives on incidence and its effects on awareness, diagnosis, and treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 46:195–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rigel, D S. 2002. The effect of sunscreen on melanoma risk. Dermatol Clin 20:601–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rigel, D S, Friedman, R J, Dzubow, L M, Reintgen, D S, Bystryn, J-C, Marks, R. (eds.). 2005. Cancer of the skin. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.Google Scholar
Rijke, R P, Plaisier, H M, and Langendoen, N J. 1979. Epithelial cell kinetics in the descending colon of the rat. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 30:85–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Rizzino, A and Crowley, C. 1980. The growth and differentiation of the embryonal carcinoma cell line, F9, in defined media. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:457–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, J M and Sherr, C J. 2003. Bared essentials of CDK2 and cyclin E. Nat Genet 35:9–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, A M, Bird, C C, Waddell, A W, and Currie, A R. 1978. Morphological aspects of glucocorticoid-induced cell death in human lymphoblastoid cells. J Pathol 126:181–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roninson, I. B. 2002. Oncogenic functions of tumour suppressor p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1): association with cell senescence and tumour-promoting activities of stromal fibroblasts. Cancer Lett 179:1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, C. 2003. A comparison of the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in second-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 26:S9–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, F L and Harshbarger, J C. 1977. Neoplastic and possibly related skin lesions in neotenic tiger salamanders from a sewage lagoon. Science 298:270–9.Google Scholar
Rosen, P R, Groshen, S, Saigo, P E, Kinne, D W, Hellman, S. 1989. A long-term follow-up study of survival in stage I (T1N0M0) and stage II (T1N1M0) breast carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 7:355–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, H, Webb, E, Adams, J M, Cory, S, and Harris, A W. 1989. N-myc transgene promotes B lymphoid proliferation, elicits lymphomas and reveals cross-regulation with c-myc. EMBO J 8:749–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, B, VanCamp, L, Trosko, J E, and Mansour, V H. 1965. Inhibition of cell division in Escherichia coli by electrolysis products from a platinum electrode. Nature 205:698–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, B, VanCamp, L, Trosko, J E, and Mansour, V H. 1969. Platinum compounds: A new class of potent anti-tumour agents. Nature 222:385–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roskoski, R Jr. 2004. The ErbB/HER receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319:1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rostami, M, Tateyama, S, Uchida, K, Naitou, H, Yamaguchi, R, and Ostuka, H. 1994. Tumors in domestic animals examined during a ten-year period 1980 to 1990 at Miyazaki University. J Vet Med Sci 56:403–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rous, P. 1911a. A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells. J Exp Med 13:397–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rous, P. 1911b. Transmission of a malignant new growth by means of a cell-free filtrate. JAMA 56:198–208.Google Scholar
Rovero, S, Amici, A, Carlo, E D, Bei, R, Nanni, P, Quaglino, E, Porcedda, P, Boggio, K, Smorlesi, A, Lollini, P L. 2000. DNA vaccination against rat her-2/Neu p185 more effectively inhibits carcinogenesis than transplantable carcinomas in transgenic BALB/c mice. J Immunol 165:5133–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowley, J D. 1973. A new consistent chromosomal abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukaemia identified by quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa staining. Nature 243:290–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowley, J D. 1977. Mapping of human chromosomal regions related to neoplasia: Evidence from chromosomes 1 and 17. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:5729–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, H K, Olusola, B F, Clemens, D L, Karolski, W J, Ratashak, A, Lynch, H T, and Smyrk, T C. 2002. AKT proto-oncogene overexpression is an early event during sporadic colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 23:201–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin P and Cooper R A. 1993. Statement of the clinical oncologic problem. In: Rubin, P (ed.). Clinical Oncology: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Physicians and Students, 7th ed., pp. 8–11. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Ruddon, R W. 1995. Cancer Biology, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University.Google Scholar
Rudkin, G T, Hungerford, D A and Nowell, P C. 1964. DNA contents of chromosome Ph1 and chromosome 21 in human granulocytic leukemia. Science 144:1229–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruggeri, B, Zhang, Y, Caamano, J, DiRado, M, Flynn, S D, and Klein-Szanto, A J. 1992. Human pancreatic carcinomas and cell lines reveal frequent and multiple alterations in the p53 and Rb-1 tumor-suppressor genes. Oncogene 7:1503–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Ruggero, D, Montanaro, L, Ma, L, Xu, W, Londei, P, Cordon-Cardo, C, and Pandolfi, P P. 2004. The translation factor eIF-4E promotes tumor formation and cooperates with c-Myc in lymphomagenesis. Nat Med 10:484–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz i Altaba, A, Sanchez, P, and Dahmane, N. 2002. Gli and hedgehog in cancer: tumours, embryos and stem cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2:361–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruley, H E. 1990. Transforming collaborations between ras and nuclear oncogenes. Cancer Cells 2:258–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Sachs, L. 1987. Cell differentiation and bypassing genetic defects in the suppression of malignancy. Cancer Res 47:1981–6.Google Scholar
Sachs, L. 1993. Regulation of normal development and tumor suppression. Int J Dev Biol 37:51–9.Google Scholar
Safai, B, Diaz, B, and Schwartz, J. 1992. Malignant neoplasms associated with human immunodeficiency virus infections. CA Cancer J Clin 42:74–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salerno, M, Ouatas, T, Palmieri, D, and Steeg, P S. 2003. Inhibition of signal transduction by the nm23 metastasis suppressor: Possible mechanisms. Clin Exptl Metastasis 20:3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salih, H R and Kiener, P A. 2004. Alterations in Fas (CD 95/Apo-1) and Fas ligand (CD178) expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia during treatment with ATRA. Leuk Lymphoma 45:55–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salonen, J T. 1986. Selenium and human cancer. Ann Clin Res 18:18–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Salsbury, A J. 1975. The significance of the circulating cancer cell. Cancer Treat Rev 2:55–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saltz, L B, Meropol, N J, Loehrer, P J Sr., Needle, M N, Kopit, J, and Mayer, R J. 2004. Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with refractory colorectal cancer that expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Clin Oncol 22:1201–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samet, J M and Eradze, G R. 2000. Radon and lung cancer risk: taking stock at the millenium. Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 4:635–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, M L, Weber, M J, Bishop, J M, and McMahon, M. 1993. Conditional transformation of cells and rapid activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by an estradiol-dependent human raf-1 protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 13:6241–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels-Lev, Y, O'Connor, D J, Bergamaschi, D, Trigiante, G, Hsieh, J K, Zhong, S, Campargue, I, Naumovski, L, Crook, T, and Lu, X. 2001. ASPP proteins specifically stimulate the apoptotic function of p53. Mol Cell 8:781–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandford, N L, Searle, J W, and Kerr, J F. 1984. Successive waves of apoptosis in the rat prostate after repeated withdrawal of testosterone stimulation. Pathology 164:406–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandow, B A, West, N B, Norman, R L, and Brenner, R M. 1979. Hormonal control of apoptosis in hamster uterine luminal epithelium. Am J Anat 156:15–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santen, R J, Manni, A, and Harvey, H. 1986. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs for the treatment of breast and prostatic carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 7:129–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santoro, M, Carlomagno, F, Romano, A, Bottaro, D P, Dathan, N A, Grieco, M, Fusco, A, Vecchio, G, Matoskova, B, Kraus, M H, and Di Fiore, P P. 1995. Activation of RET as a dominant transforming gene by germline mutations of MEN2A and MEN2B. Science 267:381–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, E and Nebreda, A R. 1989. Structural and functional properties of ras proteins. Fed Am Soc Exp Biol J 3:2151–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Saracci, R. 1987. The interactions of tobacco smoking and other agents in cancer etiology. Epidemiol Rev 9:175–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarasin, A. 1999. The molecular pathways of ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 428:5–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargent, J D and DiFranza, J R. 2003. Tobacco control for clinicians who treat adolescents. CA Cancer J Clin 53:102–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sasaki, M. 1982. Current status of cytogenetic studies in animal tumors with special reference to nonrandom chromosome changes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 5:153–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sasaoka, T, Langlois, W J, Bai, F, Rose, D W, Leitner, J W, Decker, S J, Saltiel, A, Gill, G N, Kobayashi, M, Draznin, B. 1996. Involvement of ErbB2 in the signaling pathway leading to cell cycle progression from a truncated epidermal growth factor receptor lacking the C-terminal autophosphorylation sites. J Biol Chem 271:8338–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, S, Fujita, N, and Tsuruo, T. 2004. Involvement of PDK1 in the MEK/MAPK signal-transduction pathway. J Biol Chem 279:33759–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauerbier, W, Rollins-Smith, L A, Carlson, D L, Williams, C S, Williams, J W, and McKinnell, R G. 1995. Sizing of the Lucké tumor herpesvirus genome by field inversion gel electrophoresis and restriction analysis. Herpetopathologia 2:137–43.Google Scholar
Scarpelli D G. 1975. Neoplasia in poikilotherms. In: Becker, F F (ed.). Cancer 4, Biology of Tumors, pp. 375–410. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Scartozzi, M, Bearzi, I, Berardi, R, Mandolesi, A, Fabris, G, and Cascinu, S. 2004. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status in primary colorectal tumors does not correlate with EGFR expression in related metastatic sites: Implications for treatment with egfr-targeted monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Oncol 22:4772–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaaper, R M and Dunn, R L. 1987. Spectra of spontaneous mutations in Escherichia coli strains defective in mismatch repair correction: The nature of in vivo DNA replication errors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6220–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr 1969. The use of tumor growth kinetics in planning “curative” chemotherapy of advanced solid tumors. Cancer Res 29:2384–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr 1975. Concepts for systemic treatment of micrometastases. Cancer 35:15–24.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr 1976. Concepts for treatment of micrometastases developed in murine systems. Am J Roentgenol 126:500–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr, Johnston, T P, Mc, C G, Montgomery, J A, Laster, W R, and Skipper, H E. 1963. Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents VIII. Effects of certain nitrosoureas on intracerebral L1210 leukemia. Cancer Res 23:725–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr, Skipper, H E, Trader, M W, and Wilcox, W S. 1965. Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents: XIX Sensitivity of nondividing leukemic cell populations to certain classes of drugs in vivo. Cancer Chemother Rep 48:17–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr, Skipper, H E, Trader, M W, Laster, W R Jr, Corbett, T H, and Griswold, D P Jr. 1980. Concepts for controlling drug-resistant tumor cells. Eur J Cancer Suppl 1:199–211.Google ScholarPubMed
Schaeffer, H J and Weber, M J. 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinases: specific messages from ubiquitous messengers. Mol Cell Biol 19:2435–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheffner, M, Werness, B A, Huibregste, J M, Levine, A J, and Howley, P M. 1990. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 63:1129–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheijen, B and Griffin, J D. 2002. Tyrosine kinase oncogenes in normal hematopoiesis and hematological disease. Oncogene 21:3314–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffer C A. 1993. Acute lymphocytic leukemia in adults. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 1946–55. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Schlegel, R. 1990. Papilloma viruses and human cancer. Semin Virol 1:297–306.Google Scholar
Schlessinger, J. 2000. Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 103:211–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlieman, M G, Fahy, B N, Ramsamooj, R, Beckett, L, and Bold, R J. 2003. Incidence, mechanism and prognostic value of activated AKT in pancreas cancer. Br J Cancer 89:2110–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, G H, Winton, D J, and Ponder, B A. 1988. Development of the pattern of cell renewal in the crypt-villus unit of chimaeric mouse small intestine. Development 103:785–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, C A. 2003. Senescence, apoptosis and therapy – cutting the lifelines of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3:286–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönthal, A H. 2001. Role of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A in cancer. Cancer Lett 170:1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schröck, E, du Manoir, S, Veldman, T, Schoell, B, Wienberg, J, Ferguson-Smith, M A, Ning, Y, Ledbetter, D H, Bar-Am, I, Soenksen, D. 1996. Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes. Science 273:494–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuchardt, A, D'Agati, V, Larsson-Blomberg, L, Costantini, F, and Pachnis, V. 1994. Defects in the kidney and enteric nervous system of mice lacking the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret. Nature 367:380–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuster, S J, Wilson, J H, Erslev, A J, and Caro, J. 1987. Physiologic regulation and tissue localization of renal erythropoietin messenger RNA. Blood 70:316–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Schwartsmann, G, Brondani da Rocha, A, Berlinck, R G, and Jimeno, J. 2001. Marine organisms as a source of new anticancer agents. Lancet Oncol 2:221–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz M K. 1993. Cancer markers. In: DeVita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed, pp. 531–42. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Sears, R, Leone, G, DeGregori, J, and Nevins, J R. 1999. Ras enhances Myc protein stability. Mol Cell 3:169–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sears, R C and Nevins, J R. 2002. Signaling networks that link cell proliferation and cell fate. J Biol Chem 277:11617–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seger, R, Ahn, N G, Posada, J, Manur, E S, Jensen, A M, Cooper, J A, Cobb, M H, and Krebs, E G. 1992. Purification and characterization of mitogen-activated protein kinase activator(s) from epidermal growth factor-stimulated A431 cells. J Biol Chem 267:14373–81.Google ScholarPubMed
Selikoff, I J, Seidman, H, and Hammond, E C. 1980. Mortality effects of cigarette smoking among amosite asbestos factory workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 65:507–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Sell, S (ed.). 1980. Cancer Markers Diagnostic and Developmental Significance. Clifton, NY: Humana Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sell, S and Leffert, H L. 1982. An evaluation of cellular lineages in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2:77–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sell, S and Pierce, G B. 1994. Maturation arrest of stem cell differentiation is a common pathway for the cellular origin of teratocarcinomas and epithelial cancers. Lab Invest 70:6–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Semenza, G L. 2003. Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 3:721–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen, P, Mukherjee, S, Ray, D, and Raha, S. 2003. Involvement of the Akt/PKB signaling pathway with disease processes. Mol Cell Biochem 253:241–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seppanen, E D, McKinnell, R G, Rollins-Smith, L A, and Hanson, W. 1984. Temperature-dependent dissociation of Lucké renal adenocarcinoma cells. Differentiation 26:227–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serra, E, Ars, E, Ravella, A, Sanchez, A, Puig, S, Rosenbaum, T, Estivill, X, and Lazaro, C. 2001. Somatic NF1 mutational spectrum in benign neurofibromas: mRNA splice defects are common among point mutations. Hum Genet 108:416–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Serrano, M, Hannon, G J, and Beach, D. 1993. A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4. Nature 366:704–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serrano, M, Lee, H-W, Chin, L, Cordon-Cardo, C, Beach, D, and DePinho, R A. 1996. Role of the INK4a locus in tumor suppression and cell mortality. Cell 85:27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setlow, R B. 1974. The wavelength of sunlight effective in producing skin cancer: A theoretical analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:3363–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shackney, S E, McCormack, G W, and Cuchural, G J Jr. 1978. Growth rate patterns of solid tumors and their relation to responsiveness to therapy: An analytical review. Ann Int Med 89:107–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, D M and Fugmann, R A. 1957. A role for chemotherapy as an adjunct to surgery. Cancer Res 17:1098–1101.Google Scholar
Shaulian, E and Karin, M. 2002. AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death. Nat Cell Biol 4:E131–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, P E, Schroter, H, and Nordheim, A. 1989. The ability of a ternary complex to form over the serum response element correlates with serum inducibility of the human c-fos promoter. Cell 56:563–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelby, M D and Zeiger, E. 1990. Activity of human carcinogens in the Salmonella and rodent bone-marrow cytogenetics tests. Mutat Res 34:257–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherr, C J. 1996. Cancer cell cycles. Science 274:1672–7.PubMed
Sherr, C J. 2001. The INK4a/ARF network in tumour suppression. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:731–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherr, C J and McCormick, F. 2002. The RB and p53 pathways in cancer. Cancer Cell 2:103–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shevde, L A and Welch, D R. 2003. Metastasis suppressor pathways – an evolving paradigm. Cancer Lett 198:1–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibata, M A, Liu, M L, Knudson, M C, Shibata, E, Yoshidome, K, Bandey, T, Korsmeyer, S J, and Green, J E. 1999. Haploid loss of bax leads to accelerated mammary tumor development in C3(1)/SV40-TAg transgenic mice: reduction in protective apoptotic response at the preneoplastic stage. EMBO J 18:2692–2701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibutani, S, Takeshita, M, and Grollman, A P. 1991. Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature 349:431–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shields, S E, Ogilvie, D J, McKinnell, R G, and Tarin, D. 1984. Degradation of basement membrane collagens by metalloproteases released by human, murine, and amphibian tumours. J Pathol 143:193–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, C and Weinberg, R A. 1982. Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Cell 29:161–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, C, Padhy, L C, Murray, M, and Weinberg, R A. 1981. Transforming genes of carcinomas and neuroblastomas introduced into mouse fibroblasts. Nature 290:261–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, Y, Kato, H, and Schull, W J. 1990. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors; mortality, 1950–1985: Part 2. Cancer mortality based on the recently revised doses DS86. Radiat Res 121:120–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, Y, Kato, H, Schull, W J, Preston, D L, Fujita, S, and Pierce, D A. 1989. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors; mortality, 1950–1985: Part 1. Comparison of risk coefficients for site-specific cancer mortality based on the DS86 and T65DR shielded kerma and organ doses. Radiat Res 118:502–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, Y, Nakatsuru, Y, Ichinose, M, Takahashi, Y, Kume, H, Mimura, J, Fujii-Kuriyama, Y, and Ishikawa, T 2000. Benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenicity is lost in mice lacking the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:779–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimkin, M B. 1977. Contrary to Nature. Pub NIH 76–720. Washington, DC: US Dept Health, Education and Welfare.Google Scholar
Sieweke, M H, Thompson, N L, Sporn, M B, and Bissell, M J. 1990. Mediation of wound-related Rous sarcoma virus tumorigenesis by TGF-beta. Science 248:1656–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sifri, R, Gangadharappa, S, and Acheson, L S. 2004. Identifying and testing for hereditary susceptibility to common cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 54:309–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sikic, B I. 1993. Modulation of multidrug resistance – at the threshold. J Clin Oncol 11:1629–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sills, R C, Boorman, G A, Neal, J E, Hong, H L, and Devereux, T R. 1999. Mutations in ras genes in experimental tumours of rodents. IARC Sci Publ 146:55–86.Google Scholar
Silvennoinen, O, Ihle, J N, Schlessinger, J, and Levy, D E. 1993. Interferon-induced nuclear signalling by Jak protein tyrosine kinases. Nature 366:583–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, R, Nocito, A, Hubscher, T, Bucher, C, Torhorst, J, Schraml, P, Bubendorf, L, Mihatsch, M M, Moch, H, Wilber, K, Schotzau, A, Kononen, J, and Sauter, G. 2001. Patterns of her-2/neu amplification and overexpression in primary and metastatic breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1141–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson, L and Parsons, R. 2001. PTEN: life as a tumor suppressor. Exp Cell Res 264:29–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson-Herren, L and Noker, P E. 1990. Effects of the initial chemotherapy on subsequent therapy. Prog Clin Biol Res 354A:21–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Sincock, A M, Delhanty, J D, and Casey, G A. 1982. A comparison of the cytogenetic response to asbestos and glass fibers in CHO cell lines. Mutat Res 101:257–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, A A, Gleason, D F, Staley, N A, Wilson, M J, Sameni, M, and Sloane, B. 1995. Cathepsin B in angiogenesis of human prostate: An immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscope analysis. Anat Rec 241:353–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, A A, Quast, B J, Korkowski, J C, Wilson, M J, Reddy, P K, Ewing, S L, Sloane, B F, and Gleason, D F. 1999. The relationship of cathepsin B and Stefin A mRNA localization identifies a potentially aggressive variant of human prostate cancer within a Gleason histologic score. Anticancer Res 19:2821–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Sinha, A A, Quast, B J, Wilson, M F, Fernandes, E T, Reddy, P K, Ewing, S L, Sloane, B F, and Gleason, D F. 2001. Ratio of cathepsin B to stefin A identifies heterogeneity within Gleason histologic scores for human prostate cancer. Prostate 48:274–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinha, A A, Quast, B J, Wilson, M F, Fernandes, E T, Reddy, P K, Ewing, S L, and Gleason, D F. 2002. Prediction of pelvic lymph node metastasis by the ratio of cathepsin B to stefin A in patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 94:3141–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sioud, M. 2002. How does autoimmunity cause tumor regression? A potential mechanism involving cross-reaction through epitope mimicry. Mol Med 8:115–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Sisskin, E E, Gray, T, and Barrett, J C. 1982. Correlation between sensitivity to tumor promotion and sustained epidermal hyperplasia of mice and rats treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Carcinogenesis 3:403–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivridis, E and Alison, M R. 2003. Tissue-based stem cells: ABC transporter protein take center stage. J Pathol 200:547–50.Google Scholar
Skipper, H E and Perry, S. 1970. Kinetics of normal and leukemic leukocyte populations and relevance to chemotherapy. Cancer Res 30:1883–97.Google Scholar
Skipper, H E, Schabel, F M Jr, and Lloyd, H H. 1978. Experimental therapeutics and kinetics: Selection and overgrowth of specifically and permanently drug-resistant tumor cells. Semin Hematol 15:207–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Skipper, H E, Schabel, F M Jr, and Wilcox, W S. 1967. Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents: XⅪ Scheduling of arabinosylcytosine to take advantage of its S-phase specificity against leukemia cells. Cancer Chemother Rep 51:125–65.Google Scholar
Skipper, H E, Schabel, F M Jr, Mellett, L B, Montgomery, J A, Wilkoff, L J, Lloyd, H H, and Brockman, R W. 1970. Implications of biochemical, cytokinetic, pharmacologic, and toxicologic relationships in the design of optimal therapeutic schedules. Cancer Chemother Rep 54:431–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Slack, J M. 1983. From Egg to Embryo: Determinative Events in Early Development, pp. 136–61. Cambridge, London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Slaga, T, Bowden, G T, and Boutwell, R K. 1975. Acetic acid, a potent stimulator of mouse epidermal macromolecular synthesis and hyperplasia but weak promoting activity. J Natl Cancer Inst 55:983–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slamon, D and Pegram, M. 2001. Rationale for trastuzumab (herceptin) in adjuvant breast cancer trials. Semin Oncol 28:13–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slamon, D J, Clark, G M, Wong, S G, Levin, W J, Ullrich, A, and McGuire, W L. 1987. Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER2/neu oncogene. Science 235:177–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slamon, D J, Leyland-Jones, B, Shak, S, Fuchs, H, Paton, V, Bajamonde, A, Fleming, T, Eiermann, W, Wolter, J, Pegram, M. 2001. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against her2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses her2. N Engl J Med 344:783–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slee, E A, Harte, M T, Kluck, R M, Wolf, B B, Casiano, C A, Newmeyer, D D, Wang, H G, Reed, J C, Nicholson, D W, Alnemri, E S. 1999. Ordering the cytochrome c-initiated caspase cascade: hierarchical activation of caspases-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, and -10 in a caspase-9-dependent manner. J Cell Biol 144:281–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slichenmyer, W J, Rowinsky, E K, Grochow, L B, Kaufmann, S H, and Donehower, R C. 1994. Camptothecin analogues: Studies from the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 34 Suppl:S53–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sloan, D A, Schwartz, R W, McGrath, P C, and Kenady, D E. 1996. Diagnosis and management of adrenal tumors. Curr Opin Oncol 8:30–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, E F and Townsend, C O. 1907. A plant-tumor of bacterial origin. Science 25:671–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J R, Freije, D, Carpten, J D, Grönberg, H, Xu, J, Isaacs, S D, Brownstein, M J, Bova, G S, Guo, H, Bujnovszky, P. 1996. Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search. Science 274:1371–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M W and Jarvis, L G. 1980. Use of differential interference contrast microscopy to determine cell renewal times in mouse intestine. J Micros 118:153–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M W, Jarvis, L G, and King, I S. 1980. Cell proliferation in follicle-associated epithelium of mouse Peyer's patch. Am J Anat 159:157–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith R B and Haskell C M. 1990. Testis. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 779–97. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Smith-Hicks, C L, Sizer, K C, Powers, J F, Tischler, A S, and Costantini, F. 2000. C-cell hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma and sympathoadrenal malformation in a mouse model of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. EMBO J 19:612–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smolev, J K, Coffey, D S, and Scott, W W. 1977. Experimental models for the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 118:216–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smolev, J K, Heston, W D, Scott, W W, and Coffey, D S. 1977. Characterization of the Dunning R3327H prostatic adenocarcinoma: An appropriate animal model for prostatic cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 61:273–87.Google ScholarPubMed
Snell, R S. 1978. Clinical and Functional Histology for Medical Students. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Snellwood, R A, Kuper, S W A, Payne, P M, and Burn, J I. 1969. Factors affecting the finding of cancer cells in the blood. Br J Surg 56:649–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snustad, D P and Simmons, M J. 2003. Principles of Genetics, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Song, M J, Reilly, A A, Parsons, D F, and Hussain, M. 1986. Patterns of blood-vessel invasion by mammary tumor cells. Tissue Cell 18:817–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Songyang, Z, Shoelson, S E, Chaudhuri, M, Gish, G, Pawson, T, Haser, W G, King, F, Roberts, T, Ratnofsky, S, Lechleider, R J. 1993. SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 72:767–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Sonoda, J, Rosenfeld, J M, Xu, Lu, Evans, R M, and Xie, W. 2003. A nuclear receptor-mediated xenobiotic response and its implication in drug metabolism and host protection. Curr Drug Metab 4:59–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sora, M, Einisto, P, Husgafvel-Pdursiainen, K, Jarventaus, H, Kivisto, H, Peltonen, Y, Tuomi, T, and Valkonen, S. 1985. Passive and active exposure to cigarette smoke in a smoking experiment. J Toxicol Environ Health 16:523–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sordella, R, Bell, D W, Haber, D A, and Settleman, J. 2004. Gefitinib-sensitizing EGFR mutations in lung cancer activate anti-apoptotic pathways. Science 305:1163–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Span, M, Moerkerk, P T, Goeij, A F, and Arends, J W. 1996. A detailed analysis of K-ras point mutations in relation to tumor progression and survival in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 69:241–5.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Speers, W C. 1982. Conversion of malignant murine embryonal carcinomas to benign teratomas by chemical induction of differentiation in vivo. Cancer Res 42:1843–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Spinelli, G, Bardazzi, N, Citernesi, A, Fontanarosa, M, and Curiel, P. 1991. Endometrial carcinoma in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients. J Chemother 3:267–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spratt, N T. 1946. Formation of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm marked with carbon particles. J Exp Zool 103:259–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanglmaier, M, Reis, S, and Hallek, M. 2004. Rituximab and alemtuzumab induce a nonclassic, caspase-independent apoptotic pathway in b-lymphoid cell lines and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Ann Hematol 83:634–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanton, B R, Perkins, A S, Tessarollo, L, Sassoon, D A, and Parada, L F. 1992. Loss of N-myc function results in embryonic lethality and failure of the epithelial component of the embryo to develop. Genes Dev 6:2235–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, M B. 1918. An hereditary tumor in the fruit fly, Drosophila. J Cancer Res 3:279–301.Google Scholar
Stayner, L T, Dankovic, D A, and Lemen, R A. 1996. Occupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and cancer risk: A review of the amphibole hypothesis. Am J Public Health 86:179–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steeg, P S, Bevilacqua, G, Kopper, L, Thorgeirsson, U P, Talmadge, J E, Liotta, L A, and Sobel, M E. 1988. Evidence for a novel gene associated with low tumor metastatic potential. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:200–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steelman, L S, Pohnert, S C, Shelton, J G, Franklin, R A, Bertrand, F E, and McCubrey, J A. 2004. JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis. Leukemia 18:189–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stehelin, D, Varmus, H E, Bishop, J M, and Vogt, P K, 1976. DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma virus is present in normal avian DNA, Nature 260:170–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinbach, G, Lynch, P M, Phillips, R K, Wallace, M H, Hawk, E, Gordon, G B, Wakabayashi, N, Saunders, B, Shen, Y, Fujimura, T. 2000. The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 342:1946–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmetz, K A and Potter, J D. 1991. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer: II Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 2:427–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stellman, J M and Stellman, S D. 1996. Cancer and the workplace. CA Cancer J Clin 46:70–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, L C. 1967. Origin of testicular teratomas from primordial germ cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 38:549–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Stevens, L C. 1970. The development of transplantable teratocarcinomas from intertesticular grafts of pre- and post-implantation mouse embryos. Dev Biol 21:364–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, L C. 1984. Germ cell origin of testicular and ovarian teratomas. Transplant Proc 16:502–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Stewart, B W and Kleihues, P. (eds.). 2003. World Cancer Report, Lyon, FR: International Agency for Research on Cancer.Google Scholar
Stoker, A W, Hatier, C, and Bissell, M J. 1990. The embryonic environment strongly attentuates v-src oncogenesis in mesenchymal and epithelial tissues but not in endothelia. J Cell Biol 111:217–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strasser, A, Harris, A W, Bath, M L, and Cory, S. 1990. Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in transgenic mice by cooperation between myc and bcl-2. Nature 348:331–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strasser, A, Harris, A W and Cory, S. 1993. E mu-bcl-2 transgene facilitates spontaneous transformation of early pre-B and immunoglobulin-secreting cells but not T cells. Oncogene 8:1–9.Google Scholar
Strauli P and Haemmerli G. 1984. Cancer cell locomotion: Its occurrence during invasion. In: Mareel, M M and Calman, K C (eds.). Invasion: Experimental and Clinical Implications, pp. 252–74. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Straume, T, Rugel, G, Marchetti, A A, Ruhm, W, Korschinek, G, McAninch, J E, Carroll, K, Egbert, S, Faestermann, T, Knie, K. 2003. Measuring fast neurons in Hiroshima at distances relevant to atomic-bomb survivors. Nature 424:539–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strickland, S, Smith, K K, and Marotti, K R. 1980. Hormonal induction of differentiation in teratocarcinoma stem cells. Generation of endoderm with retinoic acid and dibuteryl cAMP. Cell 21:347–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Studzinski, G P and Moore, D C. 1995. Sunlight – Can it prevent as well as cause cancer?Cancer Res 55:4014–22.Google Scholar
Sugerbaker, E V. 1981. Patterns of metastasis in human malignancies. Cancer Biol Rev 2:235–78.Google Scholar
Sugio, K, Kishimoto, Y, Virmani, A K, Hung, J Y, and Gazdar, A F. 1994. K-ras mutations are a relatively late event in the pathogenesis of lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 54:5811–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Sutherland, B M, Delihas, N C, Oliver, R P, and Sutherland, J C. 1981. Action spectra for ultraviolet light-induced transformation of human cells to anchorage-independent growth. Cancer Res 41:2211–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, K, Hattori, Y, Uraji, M, Ohta, N, Iwata, K, Murata, K, Kato, A, and Yoshida, K. 2000. Complete nucleotide sequence of a plant tumor-inducing Ti plasmid. Gene 242:331–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweeney, D C and Johnston, G S. 1995. Radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24:803–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Swift, C H, 1914. Origin and early history of the primordial germ cells in the chick, Am J Anat 15:483–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symonds, G and Sachs, L. 1982a. Autoinduction of differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells: Restoration of normal coupling between growth and differentiation in leukemic cells that constitutively produce their own growth-inducing protein. EMBO J 1:1343–6.Google Scholar
Swift, C H. 1982b. Cell competence for induction of differentiation by insulin and other compounds in myeloid leukemic clones continuously cultured in serum-free medium. Blood 60:208–12.Google Scholar
Swift, C H. 1982c. Modulation of cell competence for induction of differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells. J Cell Physiol 111:9–14.Google Scholar
Symonds, H, Krall, L, Remington, L, Saenz-Robles, M, Lowe, S, Jacks, T, and Dyke, T. 1994. p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo. Cell 78:614–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szekely, L, Salivanova, G, Magnusson, K P, Klein, G, and Wiman, K G. 1993. EBNA-5, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen, binds to the Rb and p53 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:5455–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takanami, I and Takeuchi, K. 2003. Autocrine motility factor-receptor gene expression in lung cancer. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 51:368–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takayama S, Ishikawa T, Masahito P, and Matsumoto J. 1981. Overview of biological characterization of tumors in fish. In: Dawe, C J. (eds.). pp. 3–17. Phyletic Approaches to Cancer. Tokyo: Japan Sci Soc Press.Google Scholar
Takimoto, R and El-Deiry, W S. 2000. Wild-type p53 transactivates the KILLER/DR5 gene through an intronic sequence-specific DNA-binding site. Oncogene 19:1735–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallman, M S. 1994. All-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia and its potential in other hematologic malignancies. Semin Hematol 31 (Suppl 5):38–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Tamimi, R M, Lagiou, P, Adami, H O, and Trichopoulos, D. 2002. Prospects for chemoprevention of cancer. J Intern Med 251:286–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamura, M, Gu, J, Matsumoto, K, Aota, S, Parsons, R, and Yamada, K M. 1998. Inhibition of cell migration, spreading, and focal adhesions by tumor suppressor PTEN. Science 280:1614–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamura, M, Gu, J, Tran, H, and Yamada, K M. 1999. PTEN gene and integrin signaling in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1820–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamura, K, Fukuoka, M. 2005. Gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 6:985–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanaka, K, Oshimura, M, Kikuchi, R, Seki, M, Hayashi, T, and Miyaki, M. 1991. Suppression of tumorigenicity in human colon carcinoma cells by introduction of normal chromosome 5 or 18. Nature 349:340–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarin D. 1992. Tumour metastasis. In: McGee, J O'D, Isaacson, P G, and Wright, N A (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Pathology, pp. 607–33. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tarin D. 1997. Prognostic markers and mechanisms of metastasis. In: Anthony, P P, MacSween, R N M, and Lowe, D (eds.). Recent Advances in Histopathology 17:14–45. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Tarin, D, Price, J E, Kettlewell, M G, Souter, R G, Vass, A C, and Crossley, B. 1984. Clinicopathological observations on metastasis in patients treated with peritoneovenus shunts. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 288:749–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarkowski, A K and Wroblewska, J. 1967. Development of blastomeres of mouse eggs isolated at the 4–8 cell stage. J Embryol Exp Morph 18:155–80.Google Scholar
Taub, R, Kirsch, I, Morton, C, Lenoir, G, Swan, D, Tronick, S, Aaronson, S, and Leder, P. 1982. Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7837–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tedder, T F, Boyd, A W, Freedman, A S, Nadler, L M, and Schlossman, S F. 1985. The b cell surface molecule b1 is functionally linked with b cell activation and differentiation. J Immunol 135:973–9.Google Scholar
Teicher, B A, Ara, G, Herbst, R, Palombella, V J, and Adams, J. 1999. The proteasome inhibitor ps-341 in cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 5:2638–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Terranova V P and Maslow D E. 1991. Interactions of tumor cells with basement membrane. In: Orr, F W, Buchanan, M R, and Weiss, L (eds.). Microcirculation in Cancer Metastasis, pp. 23–44. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, R K, Re, D, Zander, T, Wolf, J, and Diehl, V. 2002. Epidemiology and etiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 13 (Suppl 4):147–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, S M and Grandis, J R. 2004. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of EGFR inhibitors under clinical investigation. Cancer Treat Rev 30:255–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, T C, Southgate, J, Kitchener, G, and Land, H. 1990. Multistage carcinogenesis induced by ras and myc oncogenes in a reconstituted organ. Cell 56:917–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorgeirsson, S S, Gant, T W, and Silverman, J A. 1994. Transcriptional regulation of multidrug resistance gene expressionCancer Treat Res 73:57–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorgeirsson, U P, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen, T, Williams, J E, Westen, E H, Heilman, C A, Talmadge, J E, and Liotta, L A. 1985. NIH/3T3 cells transfected with human tumor DNA containing activated ras oncogenes express the metastatic phenotype in nude mice. Mol Cell Bio 5:259–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tirmarche, M, Raphalen, A, Allin, F, Chameaud, J, and Bredon, P. 1993. Mortality of a cohort of French uranium miners exposed to relatively low radon concentrations. Br J Cancer 67:1090–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tisdale, M J. 2000. Biomedicine. Protein loss in cancer cachexia. Science 289:2292–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tjio, J H and Levan, A. 1956. The chromosome number of man. Hereditas 42:1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toker, A and Newton, A C. 2000. Akt/protein kinase B is regulated by autophosphorylation at the hypothetical PDK-2 site. J Biol Chem 275:8271–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomatis, L. 1988. The contribution of the IARC monographs program to the identification of cancer risk factors. Ann NY Acad Sci 534:31–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tone, H and Heidelberger, C. 1973. Fluorinated pyrimidines. Xliv. Interaction of 5-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate with deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases. Mol Pharmacol 9:783–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Tonini, T, Rossi, F, and Claudio, P P. 2003. Molecular basis of angiogenesis and cancer. Oncogene 22:6549–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tortora, G and Ciardiello, F. 2003. Antisense strategies targeting protein kinase C: preclinical and clinical development. Semin Oncol 30(Suppl 10):26–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tracy, S, Mukohara, T, Hansen, M, Meyerson, M, Johnson, B E, and Janne, P A. 2004. Gefitinib induces apoptosis in the EGFRL858R non-small-cell lung cancer cell line H3255. Cancer Res 64:7241–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trask, B J. 2002. Human cytogenetics: 46 chromosomes, 46 years and counting. Nat Rev Genet 3:769–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Traver, D, Akashi, K, Weissman, I L, and Lagasse, E. 1998. Mice defective in two apoptosis pathways in the myeloid lineage develop acute myeloblastic leukemia. Immunity 9:47–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trayner, I D and Farzaneh, F. 1993. Retinoid receptors and acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Eur J Cancer 29A:2046–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, R. 1990. The SRE: A growth factor responsive transcription regulator. Semin Cancer Biol 1:47–58.Google Scholar
Treisman, R. 1994. Ternary complex factors: Growth factor regulated transcriptional activators. Curr Opin Genet Dev 4:96–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trichopoulos D, Petridou E, Lipworth L, and Adami H-O. 1997. Epidemiology of Cancer. In: DeVita, V T Jr., Hellman, S, Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Cancer, 5th ed., pp. 231–57. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.Google Scholar
Trigg M E. 1993. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 2153–66. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Trosko, J E. 2001. Commentary: is the concept of “tumor promotion” a useful paradigm?Mol Carcinog 30:131–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimoto, Y, Cossman, J, Jaffe, E, and Croce, C M. 1985. Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science 228:1440–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimoto, Y, Finger, L R, Yunis, J, Nowell, P C, and Croce, C M. 1984. Cloning of the chromosome breakpoint of neoplastic B cells with the t(14;18) chromosome translocation. Science 226:1097–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turesky, R J. 2002. Heterocyclic aromatic amine metabolism, DNA adduct formation, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. Drug Metab Rev 34:625–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turusov, V S and Mohr, U, eds. 1994. Pathology of Tumours in Laboratory Animals, II: Tumours of the Mouse. Lyon, FR: Int Agency Res Cancer.Google Scholar
Tuyns, A J. 1990. Alcohol and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 49:145–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tylecote, F E. 1927. Cancer of the lung. Lancet 2:256–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ueda, K, Cornwell, M M, Gottesman, M M, Pastan, I, Robinson, I B, Ling, V, and Riordan, J R. 1986. The mdr1 gene, responsible for multidrug-resistance, codes for P-glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 141:956–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uesugi, M and Sugiura, Y. 1992. DNA cleaving modes in minor groove of DNA helix by esperamicin and calicheamicin antitumor antibiotics. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1–2.Google ScholarPubMed
Urbach, F. 1993. Environmental risk factors for skin cancer. Recent Res Cancer Res 128:243–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vadhan-Raj, S. 1996. Recombinant human erythropoietin in combination with other hematopoietic cytokines in attenuating chemotherapy-induced multilineage myelo-suppression: Brief communication. Semin Hematol 33:16–18.Google Scholar
Vadhan-Raj, S, Broxmeyer, H E, Hittelman, W N, Papadopoulos, N E, Chawla, S P, Fenoglio, C, Cooper, S, Buescher, E S, Frenck, R Jr., Holian, A. 1992. Abrogating chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression by recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with sarcoma: Protection at the progenitor level. Journal of Clinical Oncology 10:1266–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vainio, H, Miller, A B, and Bianchini, F. 2000. An international evaluation of the cancer-preventive potential of sunscreens. Int J Cancer 88:838–42.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valentine, M A, Meier, K E, Rossie, S, and Clark, E A. 1989. Phosphorylation of the cd20 phosphoprotein in resting b lymphocytes. Regulation by protein kinase c. J Biol Chem 264:11282–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Beneden, R J, Henderson, K W, Blair, D G, Papas, T S, and Gardner, H S. 1990. Oncogenes in hematopoietic and hepatic fish neoplasms. Cancer Res 50 Suppl:5671s–5674s.Google ScholarPubMed
Beneden, R J, Rhodes, L D, and Gardner, G R. 1998. Studies of the molecular basis of gonadal tumors in the marine bivalve, Mya arenaria. Mar Environ Res 46:209–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bliek, A M and Borst, P. 1989. Multidrug resistance. Adv Cancer Res 52:165–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaft, D W, Seftor, R E, Seftor, E A, Hess, A R, Gruman, L M, Kirschmann, D A, Yokoyama, Y, Griffioen, A W, and Hendrix, M J. 2004. Effects of angiogenesis inhibitors on vascular network formation by human endothelial and melanoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:1473–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steenbrugge, G J, Groen, M, Romijn, J C, and Schroder, F H. 1984. Biological effects of hormonal treatment regimens on a transplantable human prostatic tumor line (PC-82). J Urol 131:812–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van't Veer, L J and Weigelt, B. 2003. Road map to metastasis. Nature Medicine 9:999–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, W P, Karp, J E, and Burke, P J. 1984. Two-cycle-timed sequential chemotherapy for adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 64:975–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Vedantham, S, Gamliel, H, and Golomb, H M. 1992. Mechanism of interferon action in hairy cell leukemia: A model of effective cancer biotherapy. Cancer Res 52:1056–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Vermeulen, K, Bockstaele, D R, and Berneman, Z N. 2003. The cell cycle: a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Prolif 36:131–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigneri, P and Wang, J Y. 2001. Induction of apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells through nuclear entrapment of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Nat Med 7:228–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villunger, A, Michalak, E M, Coultas, L, Mullauer, F, Bock, G, Ausserlechner, M J, Adams, J M, and Strasser, A. 2003. p53- and drug-induced apoptotic responses mediated by BH3-only proteins puma and noxa. Science 302:1036–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virchow, R. 1863. Über bewegliche thierische Zellen. Arch Pathol Anat 28:237–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitaliano, P P. 1978. The use of logistic regression for modeling risk factors: With application to non-melanoma skin cancer. Am J Epidemiol 108:402–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlach, J, Hennecke, S, and Amati, B. 1997. Phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. EMBO J 16:5334–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogel, C L. 1996. Hormonal approaches to breast cancer treatment and prevention: An overview. Semin Oncol 23 (4 Suppl 9):2–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Vogel, C L, Cobleigh, M A, Tripathy, D, Gutheil, J C, Harris, L N, Fetirenbacher, L, Slamon, D J, Murphy, M, Norotny, W F, Burchmore, M. 2002. Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:719–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogelstein, B and Kinzler, K W. 1993. The multistep nature of cancer. Trends Genet 9:138–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogelstein, B, Fearon, E R, Hamilton, S R, and Kern, S E. 1988. Genetic alteration during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med 319:525–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vousden, K H. 2002. Activation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1602:47–59.Google ScholarPubMed
Wagner, J C, Newhouse, M L, Corrin, B, Rossiter, C E R, and Griffiths, D M. 1988. Correlation between fibre content of the lung and disease in east London asbestos factory workers. Br J Ind Med 45:305–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Wagner, J C, Sleggs, C A, and Marchand, P. 1960. Diffuse pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in the North Western Cape Province. Br J Ind Med 17:260–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Waldron, H A, Waterhouse, J A, and Tessema, N. 1984. Scrotal cancer in the West Midlands 1936–1976. Br J Ind Med 41:473–4.Google Scholar
Wales, J H and Sinnhuber, R O. 1966. An early hepatoma epizootic in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii. Calif Fish Game 52:85–91.Google Scholar
Wallet, V, Mutzel, R, Troll, H, Barzu, O, Wurster, B, Veron, M, and Lacombe, M. 1990. Dictyostelium nucleoside diphosphate kinase highly homologous to nm23 and awd proteins involved in mammalian tumor metastasis and Drosophila development. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:1199–1202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, P C, Lepor, H, and Eggleston, J C. 1983. Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: Anatomical and pathological considerations. Prostate 4:473–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, P C, Quinlan, D M, Morton, R A, and Steiner, R A. 1990. Radical retropubic prostatectomy. Improved anastomosis and urinary continence. Urol Clin North Am 17:679–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Walter, J B. 1982. An Introduction to the Principles of Disease, p. 245 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Wang, J Y J. 1994. Nuclear protein tyrosine kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 19:373–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, L, Patel, U, Lagnajita, G, and Banerjee, S. 1992. DNA polymerase b mutations in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 52:4824–7.Google Scholar
Wang, S S, Esplin, E D, Li, J L, Huang, L, Gazdar, A, Minna, J, and Evans, G A. 1998. Alterations of the PPP2R1B gene in human lung and colon cancer. Science 282:284–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y L, Bagg, A, Pear, W, Nowell, P C, and Hess, J L. 2001. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: laboratory diagnosis and monitoring. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 32:97–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Z, Atencio, J, Robinson, E S, and McCarrey, J R. 2001. Ultraviolet B-induced melanoma in Monodelphis domestica occurs in the absence of alterations in the structure or expression of the p53 gene. Melanoma Res 11:239–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wani, M C, Taylor, H L, and Wall, M E. 1971. Plant antitumor agents: VI The isolation and structure of Taxol, a novel antileukemic and antitumor agent from Taxus brevifolia. J Am Chem Soc 93:2325–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, M, Richardson, C, Pioli, P, Smith, L, Podda, S, Goff, S, Hesdorffer, C, and Bank, A. 1994. Transfer and expression of the human multiple drug resistance gene in human CD34+ cells. Blood 84:1408–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Warne, P H, Viciana, P R, and Downward, J. 1993. Direct interaction of Ras and the amino-terminal region of Raf-1 in vitro. Nature 364:353–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, J R, Scarpelli, D G, Reddy, J K, and Kanwar, Y S. 1987. Essentials of General Pathology. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Wasserman, E, Myara, A, Lokiec, F, Goldwasser, F, Trivin, F, Mahjoubi, M, Misset, J L, and Cvitkovic, E. 1997. Severe cpt-11 toxicity in patients with gilbert's syndrome: Two case reports. Ann Oncol 8:1049–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wattenberg, L W. 1985. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res 45:1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Wattenberg, L W. 1996. Chemoprevention of cancer. Prev Med 25:44–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weh, H J, Zschaber, R, and Hossfeld, D K. 1984. Low-dose cytosine-arabinoside in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Blut 48:239–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weichselbaum R R, Hallahan D E, and Chen G T. 1993. Biological and physical basis to radiation oncology. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 539–66. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Weinberg, R A. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisburger, J H, Wynder, E L. 1987. Etiology of colorectal cancer with emphasis on mechanisms of action and prevention. Important Adv Oncol 1987:197–221.Google Scholar
Weisenburger, D D, Sanger, W G, Armitage, J O, and Purtilo, D T. 1987. Intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma: immunophenotypic and cytogenetic findings. Blood 69:1617–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Weiss, W A, Aldape, K, Mohapatra, G, Feuerstein, B G, and Bishop, J M. 1997. Targeted expression of MYCN causes neuroblastoma in transgenic mice. EMBO J 16:2985–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werness B A, Münger K, and Howley P M. 1991. The role of the human papillomavirus oncoproteins in transformation and carcinogenic progression. In: DeVita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Important Advances in Oncology, pp. 2–18. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Whang-Peng, J, Lee, E C, and Knutsen, T A. 1974. Genesis of the Ph chromosome. J Natl Cancer Inst 52:1035–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, V M, Rosenblatt, D S, Vuchich, M J, and Beaulieu, D. 1987. Methotrexate polyglutamate synthesis in lymphoblasts from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Dev Pharmacol Ther 10:443–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whyte, P, Williamson, N M, and Harlow, E. 1989. Cellular targets for transformation by the adenovirus E1A proteins. Cell 56:67–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilbourn, J, Haroun, L, Heseltine, E, Kaldor, J, Partensky, C, and Vainio, H. 1986. Response of experimental animals to human carcinogens: An analysis based upon the IARC monographs programme. Carcinogenesis 7:1853–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilcox, W S. 1966. The last surviving cancer cell: The chances of killing it. Cancer Chemother Rep 50:541–2.Google Scholar
Wilcox, W S. 1970. The last surviving cancer cell: the chances of killing it. CA Cancer J Clin 20:164–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, W S, Griswold, D P, Laster, W R Jr, Schabel, F M Jr, and Skipper, H E. 1965. Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents: XVII. Kinetics of growth and regression after treatment of certain solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Rep 47:27–39.Google Scholar
Willett, C G, Boucher, Y, di Tomaso, E, Duda, D G, Munn, L L, Tong, R T, Chung, D C, Sahani, D V, Kalva, S P, Kozin, S V. 2004. Direct evidence that the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab has antivascular effects in human rectal cancer. Nat Med 10:145–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, B O, Remington, L, Albert, D M, Mukai, S, Bronson, R T, and Jacks, T. 1994. Cooperative tumorigenic effects of germline mutations in Rb and p53. Nat Genet 7:480–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. 2002. Cancer after nuclear fallout: lessons from the Chernobyl accident. Nature Rev Cancer 2:543–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J W III, Carlson, D L, Gadson, R G, Rollins-Smith, L, Williams, C S, and McKinnell, R G. 1993. Cytogenetic analysis of triploid renal carcinoma in Rana pipiens. Cytogenet Cell Genet 64:18–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willis, R A. 1967. Pathology of Tumors, 4th ed. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Willis, R A. 1973. The Spread of Tumours in the Human Body, 3rd ed. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Wilson M J and Sinha A A. 2004. Matrix degradation in prostate cancer. In: Ablin, R J and Mason, M D (eds.). Metastasis of Prostate Cancer, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (In press).Google Scholar
Winton, D J and Ponder, B A. 1990. Stem-cell organization in mouse small intestine. Proc R Soc Lond, Part B 241:13–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witschi, E. 1948. Migrations of germ cells of human embryos from the yolk sac to the primitive gonadal folds. Contr Embryol Carnegie Inst 32:67–80.Google Scholar
Wittes, R E. 1986. Adjuvant chemotherapy – Clinical trials and laboratory models. Cancer Treat Rep 70:87–103.Google ScholarPubMed
Wogan, G N. 1986. Diet and nutrition as risk factors for cancer. Int Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund 16:3–10.Google Scholar
Wolfel, T, Hauer, M, Schneider, J, Serrano, M, Wolfel, C, Klehmann-Hieb, E, Plaen, E, Hankeln, T, Meyer zum Buschenfelde, K H, and Beach, D. 1995. A p16INK4a-insensitive CDK4 mutant targeted by cytolytic T lymphocytes in a human melanoma. Science 269:1281–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolk, A, Gridley, G, Svensson, M, Nyren, O, McLaughlin, J K, Fraumeni, J F, and Adam, H O. 2001. A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 12:13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Won, K A and Reed, S I. 1996. Activation of cyclin E/CDK2 is coupled to site-specific autophosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin E. EMBO J 15:4182–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Wong, C, Rougier-Chapman, E M, Frederick, J P, Datto, M B, Liberati, N T, Li, J M, and Wang, X F. 1999. Smad3-Smad4 and AP-1 complexes synergize in transcriptional activation of the c-Jun promoter by transforming growth factor beta. Mol Cell Biol 19:1821–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, D W, Setubal, J C, Kaul, R, Monks, D E, Kitajima, J P, Okura, V K, Zhou, Y, Chen, L, Wood, G E, Almeida, N F Jr. 2001. The genome of the natural genetic engineer Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Science 294:2317–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodhouse, E, Hersperger, E and Shearn, A. 1998. Growth, metastasis, and invasiveness of Drosophila tumors caused by mutations in specific tumor suppressor genes. Dev Genes Evol 207:542–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodhouse, E, Hersperger, E, Stetler-Stevenson, W G, Liotta, L A, and Shearn, A. 1994. Increased type-IV collagenase in IgI-induced invasive tumors of Drosophila. Cell Growth Differ 5:151–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Wooster, R and Weber, B L. 2003. Breast and ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 348:2339–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Cancer Research Fund Panel. 1997. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research.
Wright, N, Watson, A, Morley, A, Appleton, D, Marks, J, and Douglas, A. 1973. The cell cycle time in the flat (avillous) mucosa of the human small intestine. Gut 14:603–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, C C, Fang, T H, Yang, M D, Wu, T C, and Liu, T J. 1992. Gastrectomy for advanced gastric carcinoma with invasion to the serosa. Int Surg 77:144–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Wu, J, Dent, P, Jelinek, T, Wolfman, A, Weber, M J, and Sturgill, T W. 1993. Inhibition of the EGF-activated MAP kinase signaling pathway by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. Science 262:1065–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, X, Wang, X, Qien, X, Liu, H, Ying, J, Yang, Z, and Yao, H. 1993. Four years' experience with the treatment of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 43:183–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wylie, C V, Nakane, P K, and Pierce, G B. 1973. Degrees of differentiation in nonproliferating cells of mammary carcinoma. Differentiation 1:11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyllie, A H and Morris, R G. 1982. Hormone-induced cell death. Purification and properties of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis after glucocorticoid treatment. Am J Pathol 109:78–87.Google ScholarPubMed
Wyllie, A H, Kerr, J F, and Currie, A R. 1980. Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68:251–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynder, E L and Graham, E A. 1950. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiological factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. A study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases. JAMA 143:329–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, D, Srivastava, S K, Lew, K L, Zeng, Y, Hershberger, P, Johnson, C S, Trump, D L, and Sing, S V. 2003. Allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, inhibits proliferation of human prostate cancer cells by causing G(2)/M arrest and inducing apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 24:891–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, J, Murone, M, Luoh, S M, Ryan, A, Gu, Q, Zhang, C, Bonifas, J M, Lam, C W, Hynes, M, Goddard, A. 1998. Activating Smoothened mutations in sporadic basal-cell carcinoma. Nature 391:90–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamada, K M and Araki, M J. 2001. Tumor suppressor PTEN: modulator of cell signaling, growth, migration and apoptosis. Cell Sci 114:2375–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamada, T and McDevitt, D. 1974. Direct evidence for transformation of differentiated iris epithelial cells into lens cells. Dev Biol 38:104–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamagawa, K and Ichikawa, K. 1918. Experimental study of the pathogenesis of carcinoma. J Cancer Res 3:1–29.Google Scholar
Yamaguchi, A, Tamatani, M, Matsuzaki, H, Namikawa, K, Kiyama, H, Vitek, M P, Mitsuda, N, and Tohyama, M. 2001. Akt activation protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis by inhibiting transcriptional activity of p53. J Biol Chem 276:5256–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yandell, D W, Campbell, T A, Dayton, S H, Petersen, R, Walton, D, Little, J B, McConkie-Rosell, A, Buckley, E G, and Dryja, T P. 1989. Oncogenic point mutations in the human retinoblastoma gene: Their application to genetic counseling. N Engl J Med 321:1689–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, E, Lerner, L, Besser, D, and Darnell, J E Jr. 2003. Independent and cooperative activation of chromosomal c-fos promoter by STAT3. J Biol Chem 278:15794–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Q, Rasmussen, S A, and Friedman, S A. 2002. Mortality associated with Down's syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: a population-based study. Lancet 359:1019–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yano, S, Shinohara, H, Herbst, R S, Kuniyasu, H, Bucana, C D, Ellis, L M, Davis, D W, McConkey, D J, and Fidler, I J. 2000. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is necessary but not sufficient for production and growth of brain metastasis. Cancer Res 60:4959–67.Google Scholar
Yarden, Y and Schlessinger, J. 1987. Epidermal growth factor induces rapid, reversible aggregation of the purified epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochemistry 26:1443–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ye, H, Liu, H, Raderer, M, Chott, A, Ruskone-Fourmestraux, A, Wotherspoon, A, Dyer, M J, Chuang, S S, Dogan, A, Isaacson, P G, and Du, M Q. 2003. High incidence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) in Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric MALT lymphoma. Blood 101:2547–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yordy, J S and Muise-Helmericks, R C. 2000. Signal transduction and the Ets family of transcription factors. Oncogene 19:6503–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshino, K, Rubin, J S, Higinbotham, K G, Uren, A, Anest, V, Plisov, S Y, and Perantoni, A O. 2001. Secreted Frizzled-related proteins can regulate metanephric development. Mech Dev. 102:45–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, R C. 1994. Management of early ovarian epithelial cancer. NIH Consensus Development Conference on Ovarian Cancer: Screening, Treatment, and Followup April 5–7, Bethesda, MD: NIH.Google Scholar
Yunis, J J. 1976. High resolution of human chromosomes. Science 191:1268–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuspa, S H. 1994. The pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer: Lessons learned from studies of skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 54:1178–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Zacharski L R. 1984. The coagulation hypothesis of cancer dissemination. In: Hellmann, K and Eccles, S A (eds.). Treatment of Metastasis: Problems and Prospects, pp. 77–80. London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Zarbl, H, Sukumar, S, Arthur, A V, Martin-Zanca, D, and Barbacid, M. 1985. Direct mutagenesis of Ha-ras-1 oncogenes by N-nitroso-N-methylurea during initiation of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Nature 315:382–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zech, L, Haglund, U, Nilsson, K, and Klein, G. 1976. Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid-cell lines from patients with Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas. Int J Cancer 17:47–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeegers, M P, Jellema, A, and Ostrer, H. 2003. Empiric risk of prostate carcinoma for relatives of patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 97:1894–1903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X and Ren, R. 1998. Bcr-Abl efficiently induces a myeloproliferative disease and production of excess interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in mice: a novel model for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 92:3829–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X, Settleman, J, Kyriakis, J M, Takeuchi-Suzuki, E, Elledge, S J, Marshall, M S, Bruder, J T, Rapp, U R, and Avruch, J. 1993. Normal and oncogenic p21ras proteins bind to the amino-terminal reulatory domain of c-Raf-1. Nature 364:308–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y and Xiong, Y. 2001. A p53 amino-terminal nuclear export signal inhibited by DNA damage-induced phosphorylation. Science 292:1910–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zong, W X, Lindsten, T, Ross, A J, MacGregor, G R, and Thompson, C B. 2001. BH3-only proteins that bind pro-survival Bcl-2 family members fail to induce apoptosis in the absence of Bax and Bak. Genes Dev 15:1481–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zörnig, M, Hueber, A, Baum, W and Evan, G. 2001. Apoptosis regulators and their role in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1551:F1–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Zwart P and Harshbarger J C. 1991. A contribution to tumors in reptiles. Description of new cases. In: Gabrisch, K, Schildger, B, and Zwart, P (eds.). 4 Internationales Colloquium für Pathologie und Therapie der Reptilien und Amphibien, pp. 219–24. Bad Nauheiml: Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft eV.Google Scholar
Zwickey, R E and Davis, K J. 1959. Carcinogenicity screening. In Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. Austin, TX: Association of Food and Officials of the United States.Google Scholar
Abbrecht, P H and Littell, J K. 1972. Plasma erythropoietin in men and mice during acclimatization to different altitude. J Appl Physiol 32:54–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adachi, M, Cossman, J, Longo, D, Croce, C M, and Tsujimoto, Y. 1989. Variant translocation of the bcl-2 gene to immunoglobulin lambda light chain gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2771–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, J, Palombella, V J, Sausville, E A, Johnson, J, Destree, A, Lazarus, D D, Maas, J, Pien, C S, Prakash, S, and Elliott, P J. 1999. Proteasome inhibitors: A novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res 59:2615–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Adams, J M. 2003. Ways of dying: multiple pathways to apoptosis. Genes Dev 17:2481–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, J M, Harris, A W, Pinkert, C A, Corcoran, L M, Alexander, W S, Cory, S, Palmiter, R D, and Brinster, R L. 1985. The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice. Nature 318:533–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, M D, Celniker, S E, Holt, R A, Evans, C A, Gocayne, J D, Amanatides, P G, Scherer, S E, Li, P W, Hoskins, R A, Galle, R F. 2000. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 287:2185–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, I. 1912. Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi. New York: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Adnane, J, Jackson, R J, Nicosia, S V, Cantor, A B, Pledger, W J, and Sebti, S M. 2000. Loss of p21WAF1/CIP1 accelerates Ras oncogenesis in a transgenic/knockout mammary cancer model. Oncogene 19:5338–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General. 1964. Smoking and Health. US Public Health Service Publication 1103, Washington, DC: US Dept Health, Education and Welfare.
Alberti, L, Carniti, C, Miranda, C, Roccato, E, Pierotti, M A. 2003. RET and NTRK1 proto-oncogenes in human diseases. J Cell Physiol 195:168–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Appleton, D R, Watson, A J, and Wright, N A. 1979. Variation in the cell cycle time in the crypts of Lieberkuhn of the mouse. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 31:37–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Wright, N A, Appleton, D R, and Watson, A J. 1974. The cell cycle time in the rat jejunal mucosa. Cell Tissue Kinet 7:587–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Wright, N A, Appleton, D R, and Watson, A J. 1975. Cell population kinetics in the mouse jejunal crypt. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 18:225–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Wright, N A, Appleton, D R, and Watson, A J 1977. The effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea on cell population kinetics in the small bowel mucosa of the rat. Cell Tissue Kinet 10:203–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Dewachi, H S, Wright, N A, Appleton, D R, and Watson, A J 1980. The effect of a single injection of cytosine arabinoside on cell population kinetics in the mouse jejunal crypt. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 34:299–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, W S, Adams, J M, and Cory, S. 1989. Oncogene cooperation in lymphocyte transformation: malignant conversion of E mu-myc transgenic pre-B cells in vitro is enhanced by v-H-ras or v-raf but not v-abl. Mol Cell Biol 9:67–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allegra C J. 1990. Antifolates. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 110–53. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Almoguera, C, Shibata, D, Forrester, K, Martin, J, Arnheim, N, and Perucho, M. 1988. Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes. Cell 53:549–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Mulla, F, Going, J J, Sowden, E T, Winter, A, Pickford, I R, and Birnie, G D. 1998. Heterogeneity of mutant versus wild-type Ki-ras in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas, and association of codon-12 valine with early mortality. J Pathol 185:130–8.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alpert, M E, Hutt, M S, and Davidson, C S. 1968. Hepatoma in Uganda A study in geographic pathology. Lancet I:1265–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpha Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. 1994. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 330:1029–35.CrossRef
Alt, J R, Gladden, A B, and Diehl, J A. 2002. p21(Cip1) Promotes cyclin D1 nuclear accumulation via direct inhibition of nuclear export. J Biol Chem 277:8517–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvarez, O A, Carmichael, D F, and Declerck, Y A. 1990. Inhibition of collagenolytic activity and metastasis by a recombinant human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:589–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Cancer Society 1996 Advisory Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention. 1996. Guidelines on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 46:325–41.
American Cancer Society. 2005. Cancer Facts & Figures 2005. http://www.cancerorg/statistics.
Ames, B N and Gold, L S. 2000. Paracelsus to parascience: the environmental cancer distraction. Mutat Res 447:3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ames, B N, Magaw, R, Gold, L S. 1987. Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science 236:271–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anaissie, E J, Vartivarian, S, Bodey, G P, Legrand, C, Kantarjian, H, Abi-Said, D, Karl, C, and Vadhan-Raj, S. 1996. Randomized comparison between antibiotics alone and antibiotics plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (escherichia coli-derived in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. Am J Med 100:17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, K C, Bates, M P, Slaughenhoupt, B L, Pinkus, G S, Schlossman, S F, and Nadler, L M. 1984. Expression of human b cell-associated antigens on leukemias and lymphomas: A model of human b cell differentiation. Blood 63:1424–33.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. 1994. Palaeopathology: More than just dry bones. Proc R Coll Physicians Edinb 24:554–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, T J, Battersby, S, King, R J B, McPherson, K, and Going, J J. 1989. Oral contraceptive use influences resting breast proliferation. Human Pathology 20:1139–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, T J, Ferguson, D J, and Raab, G M. 1982. Cell turnover in the “resting” human breast: Influence of parity, contraceptive pill, age and laterality. Br J Cancer 46:376–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, P W. 2002. From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357:405–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anonymous. 1994. A 44 year campaign, but the epidemic is growing. BMJ 309: Number 6960, unnumbered contents page (8 October 1994).
Anthony, M, Williams, J K, and Dunn, B K. 2001. What would be the properties of an ideal SERM? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 949:261–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aoki, T, Takeda, S, Yanagisawa, A, Kato, Y, Ajioka, Y, Watanabe, H, Kudo, S, and Nakamura, Y. 1994. APC and p53 mutations in de novo colorectal adenocarcinomas. Hum Mutat 3:342–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ATAC Trialists' Group. 2005. Results of the ATAC (arimidex, tamoxifen, alone or in combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 365:60–2.CrossRef
Aragane, Y, Kulms, D, Metze, D, Wilkes, G, Poppelmann, B, Luger, T A, and Schwarz, T. 1998. Ultraviolet light induces apoptosis via direct activation of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) independently of its ligand CD95L. J Cell Biol 140:171–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, B K. 1984. Melanoma of the skin. Br Med Bull 40:346–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, B K. 1988. Epidemiology of malignant melanoma: Intermittent or total accumulated exposure to the sun?J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14:835–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong P B. 1984. Invasiveness of non-malignant cells. In Invasion, Experimental and Clinical Implications, Mareel, M M and Calman, K C, eds, pp. 126–167. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ashkenazi, A. 2002. Targeting death and decoy receptors of the tumour-necrosis factor superfamily. Nat Rev Cancer 2:420–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashworth, T R. 1869. A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death. Aust Med J 14:146–7.Google Scholar
Assoian, R K and Zhu, X. 1997. Cell anchorage and the cytoskeleton as partners in growth factor dependent cell cycle progression. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:93–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aszterbaum, M, Epstein, J, Oro, A, Douglas, V, LeBoit, P E, Scott, M P, and Epstein, E H Jr. 1999. Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation enhance the growth of BCCs and trichoblastomas in patched heterozygous knockout mice. Nat Med 5:1285–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ault, J G, Cole, R W, Jensen, C G, Jensen, L C, Bachert, L A, and Rieder, C L. 1995. Behavior of crocidolite asbestos during mitosis in living vertebrate lung epithelial cells. Cancer Res 55:792–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Bach, P B, Kattan, M W, Thornquist, M D, Kris, M G, Tate, R C, Barnett, M J, Hsieh, L J, and Begg, C B. 2003. Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:470–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bader, J P. 1972. Temperature-dependent transformation of cells infected with a mutant of Bryan Rous sarcoma virus. J Virol 10:267–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Bagshawe, K D. 1992. Choriocarcinoma: A model for tumour markers. Acta Oncol 31:99–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, S J, Markowitz, S, Fearon, E R, Willson, J K, and Vogelstein, B. 1990. Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53. Science 249:912–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldus, C D, Tanner, S M, Ruppert, A S, Whitman, S P, Archer, K J, Marcucci, G, Caligiuri, M A, Carroll, A J, Vardiman, J W, Powell, B L. 2003. BAALC expression predicts clinical outcome of de vovo acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal cytogenetics: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Blood 102:1613–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bale A E and Brown S J. 2001. Etiology of cancer: cancer genetics. In: DeVita, V T, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology, 6th ed., pp. 207–17. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Balendran, A, Casamayor, A, Deak, M, Paterson, A, Gaffney, P, Currie, R, Downes, C P, and Alessi, D R. 1999. PDK1 acquires PDK2 activity in the presence of a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl terminus of PRK2. Curr Biol 9:393–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, H R K and Brunschwig, A. 1968. Treatment and results of recurrent cancer of corpus uteri in patients receiving anterior and total pelvic exenteration. Cancer 22:949–55.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bargmann, C I, Hung, M C, and Weinberg, R A. 1986. Multiple independent activations of the neu oncogene by a point mutation altering the transmembrane domain of p185. Cell 45:649–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, N, Morin, P J, and Clevers, H. 2000. The Yin-Yang of TCF/beta-catenin signaling. Adv Cancer Res 77:1–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Barradell, L B and Faulds, D. 1994. Cyproterone A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in prostate cancer. Drugs Aging 5:59–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barratt-Fornell, A, Drewnowski, A. 2002. The taste of health: nature's bitter gifts. Nutr Today 37:144–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bar-Sagi, D and Feramisco, J R. 1985. Micro-injection of the ras oncogene protein into PC12 cells induces morphological differentiation. Cell 42:841–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartsch, H, Ohshima, H, Pignatelli, B, and Calmels, S. 1992. Endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and nitrosating agents in human cancer etiology. Pharmacogenetics 2:272–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baselga, J, Pfister, D, Cooper, M R, Cohen, R, Burtness, B, Bos, M, D'Andrea, G, Seidman, A, Norton, L, Gunnett, K. 2000. Phase I studies of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor chimeric antibody c225 alone and in combination with cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 18:904–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baskaran, R, Dahmus, M E, and Wang, J Y J. 1993. Tyrosine phosphorylation of mammalian RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:11167–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, C M, Kharzai, S, Erwin, T, Rossant, J, and Parada, L F. 2000. Role of N-myc in the developing mouse kidney. Dev Biol 222:317–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batzdorf U, Black K L, and Selch M T. 1990. Neoplasms of the nervous system. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 436–68. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Batzer, A G, Blaikie, P, Nelson, K, Schlessinger, J, and Margolis, B. 1995. The phosphotyrosine interaction domain of Shc binds an LXNPXY motif on the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mol Cell Biol 15:4403–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, M. 1976. The curability of breast cancer. Br Med J 1:439–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumann, P C and Harshbarger, J C. 1995. Decline in liver neoplasms in wild brown bullhead catfish after coking plant closes and environmental PAHs plummet. Environ Health Perspect 103:168–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baxevanis, C N, Sotiropoulou, P A, Sotiriadou, N N, and Papamichail, M. 2004. Immunobiology of HER-2/ neu oncoprotein and its potential application in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 53:166–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayreuther, K. 1960. Chromosomes in primary neoplastic growth. Nature 186:6–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckman, K B and Ames, B N. 1997. Oxidative decay of DNA. J Biol Chem 272:19633–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beirut, L J, Dinwiddie, S H, Begleiter, H, Crowe, R R, Hesselbrock, V, Nurnberger, J I Jr, Porjesz, B, Schuckit, M A, and Reich, T. 1998. Familial transmission of substance dependence: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and habitual smoking: a report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:982–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell B. 1794. A Treatise on the Hydrocele or Sarcocele, or Cancer and Other Disease of the Testes. Edinburgh.
Bellacosa, A, Testa, J R, Staal, S P, and Tsichlis, P N. 1991. A retroviral oncogene, akt, encoding a serine-threonine kinase containing an SH2-like region. Science 254:274–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bender R A, Hamel E, and Hande K R. 1990. Plant alkaloids. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 253–75. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Beral, V, Peterman, T A, Berkelman, R L, and Jaffe, H W. 1990. Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection?Lancet 335:123–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berchuck, A, Kamel, A, Whitaker, R, Kerns, B, Olt, G, Kinney, R, Soper, J T, Dodge, R, Clarke-Pearson, D L, Marks, P. 1990. Overexpression of HER-2/neu is associated with poor survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 50:4087–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Berek J S and Hacker N F. 1990. Ovary and fallopian tubes. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 295–325. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Berenblum, I and Shubik, P. 1947. The role of croton oil application associated with a single painting of a carcinogen in tumour induction of the mouse's skin. Br J Cancer 1:379–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenson J R and Gale R P. 1990. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 606–20. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Berkowitz R S and Goldstein D P. 1990. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 366–72. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Berman M L and Berek J S. 1990. Uterine corpus. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed, pp. 338–51. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Beukers, R and Berends, W. 1960. Isolation and identification of the irradiation product of thymine. Biochim Biophys Acta 41:550–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beutler, B and Cerani, A. 1986. Cachectic and tumor necrosis factors as two sides of the same biological coin. Nature 320:584–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bevona, C and Sober, A J. 2002. Melanoma incidence trends. Dermatol Clin 20:589–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biggs, J, Hersperger, E, Steeg, P S, Liotta, L A, and Shearn, A. 1990. A Drosophila gene that is homologous to a mammalian gene associated with tumor metastasis codes for a nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Cell 63:933–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biggs, P M. 2001. The history and biology of Mareks disease virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 255:1–24.Google Scholar
Bingham, C A. 1978. The cell cycle and cancer chemotherapy. Am J Nurs 78:1201–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S A, Day, N E, Luben, R, Ferrari, P, Slimani, N, Norat, T, Clavel-Chapelon, F, Kesse, E, Nieters, A, Boeing, H. 2003. Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Lancet 361:1496–1501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binns, A N. 2002. T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: 25 years and counting. Trends Plant Sci 7:231–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birner, P, Oberhuber, G, Stani, J, Reithofer, C, Samonigg, H, Hausmaninger, H, Kubista, E, Kwasny, W, Kandioler-Eckersberger, D, Gnant, M. 2001. Evaluation of the United States Food and Drug Administration-approved scoring and test system of HER-2 protein expression in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:1669–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Bister, K and Jansen, H W. 1986. Oncogenes in retroviruses and cells: Biochemistry and molecular genetics. Adv Cancer Res 47:99–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bittner, J J. 1936. Some possible effects of nursing on the mammary gland tumor incidence in mice. Science 84:162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bittner, J J. 1937. Mammary tumors in mice in relation to nursing. Am J Cancer 30:530–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjorge, J D, Jakymiw, A and Fujita, D J. 2000. Selected glimpses into the activation and function of Src kinase. Oncogene 19:5620–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorkoy, G, Overvatn, A, Diaz-Meco, M T, Moscat, J, and Johansen, T. 1995. Evidence for a bifurcation of the mitogenic signaling pathway activated by Ras and phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C. J Biol Chem 270:21299–21306.Google ScholarPubMed
Blain, S W, Montalvo, E, and Massague, J. 1997. Differential interaction of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27Kip1 with cyclin A-Cdk2 and cyclin D2-Cdk4. J Biol Chem 272:25863–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakeslee, A F. 1934. New Jimson weeds from old chromosomes. J Hered 25:80–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaney, S M, Bernstein, M, Neville, K, Ginsberg, J, Kitchen, B, Horton, T, Berg, S L, Krailo, M, and Adamson, P C. 2004. Phase I study of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: A children's oncology group study (advl0015). J Clin Oncol 22:4752–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blasco, M A, Lee, H W, Hande, M P, Samper, E, Lansdorp, P M, DePinho, R A, and Greider, C W. 1997. Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA. Cell 91:25–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blezinger, P, Wang, J, Gondo, M, Quezada, A, Mehrens, D, French, M, Singhal, A, Sullivan, S, Rolland, A, Ralston, R, and Min, W. 1999. Systemic inhibition of tumor growth and tumor metastases by intramuscular administration of the endostatin gene. Nat Biotechnol 17:343–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blount, W P. 1961. Turkey “X” disease. J Br Turkey Fed 9:522–8.Google Scholar
Blume-Jensen, P and Hunter, T. 2001. Oncogenic kinase signalling. Nature 411:355–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobrovnikova-Marjon, E V, Marjon, P L, Barbash, O, Vander Jagt, D L, and Abcouwer, S F. 2004. Expression of angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8/cxcl8 is highly responsive to ambient glutamine availability: Role of nuclear factor-kappab and activating protein-1. Cancer Res 64:4858–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boccardo, F, Bruzzi, P, Rubagotti, A, Nicolo, G U, and Rosso, R. 1981. Estrogen-like action of tamoxifen on vaginal epithelium in breast cancer patients. Oncology 38:281–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bocci, G, Nicolaou, K C, and Kerbel, R S. 2002. Protracted low-dose effects on human endothelial cell proliferation and survival in vitro reveal a selective antiangiogenic window for various chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer Res 62:6938–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Bodmer, W F, Bailey, C J, Bodmer, J, Bussey, H J, Ellis, A, Gorman, P, Lucibello, F C, Murday, V A, Rider, S H, Scambler, P. 1987. Localization of the gene for familial adenomatous polyposis on chromosome 5. Nature 328:614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodnar, A G, Ouellette, M, Frolkis, M, Holt, S E, Chiu, C P, Morin, G B, Harley, C B, Shay, J W, Lichtsteiner, S, and Wright, W E. 1998. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 279:349–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boffetta, P. 2002. Involuntary smoking and lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 28, Suppl 2:30–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Bogenrieder, T and Herlyn, M. 2003. Axis of evil: molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis. Oncogene 22:6524–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boice, J D Jr, Greene, M H, Killen, J Y, Ellenberg, S S, Keehn, R J, McFadden, E, Chen, T T, and Fraumeni, J F Jr. 1983. Leukemia and preleukemia after adjuvant treatment of gastrointestinal cancer with semustine methyl-CCNU. N Engl J Med 309:1079–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borthwick, N J, Bofill, M, Hassan, I, Panayiotidis, P, Janossy, G, Salmon, M, and Akbar, A N. 1996. Factors that influence activated CD8+ T-cell apoptosis in patients with acute herpesvirus infections: Loss of costimulatory molecules CD28, CD5 and CD6 but relative maintenance of Bax and Bcl-X expression. Immunology 88:508–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Borucinska, J D, Harshbarger, J C, Reimschuessel, R, and Bogicevic, T. 2004. Gingival neoplasms in a captive sand tiger shark, Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque), and a wild-caught blue shark, Prionace glauca (L). J Fish Diseases 27:185–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosari, S, Lee, A K, DeLellis, R A, Wiley, B D, Heatley, G J, and Silverman, M L. 1992. Microvessel quantitation and prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 23:755–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouroncle, B A. 1994. Thirty-five years in the progress of hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 14 (Suppl 1):1–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Boveri, T. 1907. Zellen-Studien. Heft 6. Die Entwicklung dispermer Seeigel-Eier. Ein Beitrag zur Befruchtungslehre und zur Theorie des Kerns. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Boveri, T. 1914. Zur Frage der Erstehung Maligner Tumoren. Jena: Gustav Fischer (English translation by M Boveri). 1929. The Origin of Malignant Tumors. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins).Google Scholar
Bowen, I D and Bowen, S M. 1990. Programmed Cell Death in Tumors and Tissues. New York: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Bowman, T, Broome, M A, Sinibaldi, D, Wharton, W, Pledger, W J, Sedivy, J M, Irby, R, Yeatman, T, Courtneidge, S A, and Jove, R. 2001. Stat3-mediated Myc expression is required for Src transformation and PDGF-induced mitogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7319–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyle, P, Zaridze, D G, and Smans, M. 1985. Descriptive epidemiology of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 36:9–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandom, W F, Saccomanno, G, Archer, V E, Archer, P G, and Bloom, A D. 1978. Chromosome aberrations as a biological dose-response indicator of radiation exposure in uranium miners. Rad Res 76:59–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, A C. 1956. The activation of two growth-substance systems accompanying the conversion of normal to tumor cells in crown gall. Cancer Res 16:53–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Braun A C. 1972. The usefulness of plant tumor systems for studying the basic cellular mechanisms that underlie neoplastic growth generally. In: Harris, R, Allin, P, and Viza, D (eds.). Cell Differentiation, pp. 115–18. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Braun, A C. 1974. The Biology of Cancer. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Braun, A C. 1981. An epigenetic model for the origin of cancer. Q Rev Biol 56:33–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breinholt, V, Hendricks, J, Pereira, C, Arbogast, D, and Bailey, G. 1995. Dietary chlorophyllin is a potent inhibitor of aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in rainbow trout. Cancer Res 55:57–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Brentnall, T A, Haggitt, R C, Rabinovitch, P S, Kimmey, M B, Bronner, M P, Levine, D S, Kowdley, K V, Stevens, A C, Crispin, D A, Emond, M. 1996. Risk and natural history of colonic neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 110:331–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridges, C B. 1916. Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity. Genetics 1:107–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Briggs, R and King, T J. 1952. Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 38:455–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinster, R. 1993. Stem cells and transgenic mice in the study of development. Int J Dev Biol 37:89–99.Google Scholar
Brinster, R L. 1974. Effects of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent development. J Exp Med 140:1049–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinster, R L, Chen, H Y, Messing, A A, Dyke, T, Levine, A J, and Palmiter, R D. 1984. Transgenic mice harboring SV40 T-antigen genes develop characteristic brain tumors. Cell 37:367–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromberg, J and Darnell, J E Jr. 2000. The role of STATs in transcriptional control and their impact on cellular function. Oncogene 19:2468–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromley, M, Rew, D, Becciolini, A, Balzi, M, Chadwick, C, Hewitt, D, Li, Y Q, and Potten, C S. 1996. A comnparison of proliferation markers (BrdUrd, Ki-67, PCNA) determined at each cell position in the crypts of normal human colonic mucosa. Eur J Histochem 40:89–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, D R, Fife, K H, Wheeler, C M, Koutsky, L A, Lupinacci, L M, Railkar, R, Suhr, G, Barr, E, Dicello, A, Li, W. 2004. Early assessment of the efficacy of a human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particle vaccine. Vaccine 22:2936–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bucher, N L R and Malt, R A. 1971. Regeneration of the Liver and Kidney. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Buchkovich, K, Duffy, L A, and Harlow, E. 1989. The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated during specific phases of the cell cycle. Cell 58:1097–1105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buday, L and Downward, J. 1993. Epidermal growth factor regulates p21ras through the formation of a complex of receptor, Grb2 adapter protein, and Sos nucleotide exchange factor. Cell 73:611–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budillon, A, Cereseto, A, Kondrashin, A, Nesterova, M, Merlo, G, Clair, T, and Cho-Chung, Y S. 1995. Point mutation of the autophosphorylation site or in the nuclear location signal causes protein kinase A RII beta regulatory subunit to lose its ability to revert transformed fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10634–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullough, W S. 1962. The control of mitotic activity in adult mammalian tissues. Biol Rev 37:301–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunn P A Jr and Ridgway E C. 1993. Paraneoplastic syndromes. In: DeVita, V T Jr., Hellman, S., and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed., pp. 2026–71. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Burke, T G, Morin, M J, Sartorelli, A C, Lane, P E, and Tritton, T R. 1987. Function of the anthracycline amino group in cellular transport and cytotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 31:552–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Burkitt, D P. 1958. A sarcoma involving the jaws of African children. Br J Surg 46:218–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkitt, D P. 1971. Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 28:3–13.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkitt, D P. 1975. Large-bowel cancer: An epidemiological jigsaw puzzle. J Natl Cancer Inst 54:3–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burmer, G C and Loeb, L A. 1989. Mutations in the KRAS2 oncogene during progressive stages of human colon carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2403–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butel, J S and Lednicky, J A. 1999. Cell and molecular biology of simian virus 40: implications or human infections and disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:119–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buters, J T, Sakai, S, Richter, T, Pineau, T, Alexander, D L, Savas, U, Doehmer, J, Ward, J M, Jefcoate, C R, and Gonzalez, F J. 1999. Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 determines susceptibility to 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1977–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, T P and Gullino, P M. 1975. Quantitation of cell shedding into efferent blood of mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 35:512–16.Google ScholarPubMed
Butlin, H J. 1892. Cancer of the scrotum in chimney-sweeps and others: II. Why foreign sweeps do not suffer from scrotal cancer. Br Med J 2:1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butrum, R R, Clifford, C K, and Lanza, E. 1988. NCI dietary guidelines: Rationale. Am J Clin Nutr 48:888–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byers, T, Nestle, M, McTiernan, A, Doyle, C, Currie-Williams, A, Gansler, T, and Thun, M. 2002. American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: Reducing the risk for cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 52:92–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calabresi P and Parks R E Jr. 1980. Antiproliferative agents and drugs used for immunosuppression. In: Gilman, A G, Goodman, L S, and Gilman, A (eds.). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, pp. 1256–1313. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Calabresi, P and Schein, P S (eds.). 1993. Medical Oncology: Basic Principles and Clinical Management of Cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Calabresi, P and Welch, A D. 1962. Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases. Annu Rev Med 13:147–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calman K C. 1992. Cachexia. In: McGee, J O'D, Isaacson, P G, and Wright, N A (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Pathology, vol 1, pp. 715–17. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cameron, I L, Hardman, W E, and Skehan, P. 1990. Regulation of growth in normal and neoplastic cell populations by a tissue sizer mechanism: Therapeutic implications. Prog Clin Biol Res 354A:61–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Campen, C A, Jordan, V C, and Gorski, J. 1985. Opposing biological actions of antiestrogens in vitro and in vivo: Induction of progesterone receptor in the rat and mouse uterus. Endocrinology 116:2327–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, D B and Perdew, G H. 2002. A dynamic role for the Ah receptor in cell signaling? Insights from a diverse group of Ah receptor interacting proteins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:317–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, K K and Khor, H T. 1975. Dietary fat in relation to tumorigenesis. Prog Biochem Pharmacol 10:308–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Carson, D A, Kaye, J, and Wasson, D B. 1980. Differences in deoxyadenosine metabolism in human and mouse lymphocytes. J Immunol 124:8–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Carson, D A, Wasson, D B, Kaye, J, Ullman, B, Martin, D W Jr, Robins, R K, and Montgomery, J A. 1980. Deoxycytidine kinase-mediated toxicity of deoxyadenosine analogs toward malignant human lymphoblasts in vitro and toward murine L1210 leukemia in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:6865–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Case, R A. 1969. Some environmental carcinogens. Proc R Soc Med 62:1061–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Case, R A M and Hosker, M E. 1954. Tumours of the urinary bladder as an occupational disease in the rubber industry in England and Wales. Br J Prev Soc Med 8:39–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Case, R A, Hosker, M E, McDonald, D B, and Pearson, J T. 1954. Tumours of the urinary bladder in workmen engaged in the manufacture and use of certain dyestuff intermediates in the British chemical industry: Part I. The role of aniline, benzidine, alpha-naphthylamine and beta-napthylamine. Br J Ind Med 11: 75–104.Google Scholar
Cerhan, J R, Potter, J D, Gilmore, J M, Janney, C A, Kushi, L H, Lazovich, D, Anderson, K E, Sellers, T A, and Folsom, A R. 2004. Adherence to the AICR cancer prevention recommendations and subsequent morbidity and mortality in the Iowa women's health study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1114–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Cerutti, P. 1985. Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Science 227:375–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chabner B A. 1990a. Cytidine analogues. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 154–79. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Chabner B A. 1990b. Bleomycin. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 341–55. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Chabner B A. 1990c. Clinical strategies for cancer treatment: The role of drugs. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 1–15. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Chang, R L, Huang, M T, Wood, A W, Wong, C Q, Newmark, H L, Yagi, H, Sayer, J M, Jerind, D M, and Conney, A H. 1985. Effect of ellagic acid and hydroxylated flavonoids on the tumorigenicity of benzo(a)pyrene and ±-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene on mouse skin and in the newborn mouse. Carcinogenesis 6:1127–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, S, Khoo, C, and DePinho, R A. 2001. Modeling chromosomal instability and epithelial carinogenesis in the telomerase-deficient mouse. Semin Cancer Biol 11:227–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaplin, D J and Trotter, M J. 1990. The nature of tumor hypoxia: Implications for therapy. Prog Clin Biol Res 354B:81–92.Google Scholar
Charbit, A, Malaise, E P, and Tubiana, M. 1971. Relation between the pathological nature and the growth rate of human tumors. Eur J Cancer 7:307–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chardin, P, Camonis, J H, Gale, N W, Aelst, L, Schlessinger, J, Wigler, M H, and Bar-Sagi, D. 1993. Human Sos1: A guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras that binds to GRB2. Science 260:1338–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charlson, M E. 1985. Delay in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 160:393–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Charron, J, Malynn, B A, Fisher, P, Stewart, V, Jeannotte, L, Goff, S P, Robertson, E J, and Alt, F W. 1992. Embryonic lethality in mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of the N-myc gene. Genes Dev 6:2248–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chau, B N, Borges, H L, Chen, T T, Masselli, A, Hunton, I C, and Wang, J Y. 2002. Signal-dependent protection from apoptosis in mice expressing caspase-resistant Rb. Nat Cell Biol 4:757–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chau, B N and Wang, J Y. 2003. Coordinated regulation of life and death by RB. Nat Rev Cancer 3:130–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, L L, Trent, J C, Wu, E F, Fuller, G N, Ramdas, L, Zhang, W, Raymond, A K, Prieto, V G, Oyedeji, C O, Hunt, K K. 2004. A missense mutation in kit kinase domain 1 correlates with imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res 64:5913–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chin, K V, Pastan, I, and Gottesman, M M. 1993. Function and regulation of the human multidrug resistance gene. Adv Cancer Res 60:157–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, R, Boyle, W J, Meek, J, Smeal, T, Hunter, T, and Karin, M. 1988. The c-fos protein interacts with c-jun/AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 54:541–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chuang, T Y, Popecsh, A, Su, W P D, and Chute, C G. 1990. Basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 22:413–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chumas, P, Tyagi, A, Livingston, J. 2001. Hydrocephalus – what's new? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 85:F149–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, R, Lippman, M E, and Dickson, R B. 1990. Mechanisms of hormone and cytotoxic drug interactions in the development and treatment of breast cancer. Prog Clin Biol Res 322:243–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Cleary, M L, Smith, S D and Sklar, J. 1986. Cloning and structural analysis of cDNAs for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl-2/immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation. Cell 47:19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleaver, J E. 1968. Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum. Nature 218:652–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleaver, J E. 1994. It was a good year for DNA repair. Cell 76:1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleaver, J E and Crowley, E. 2002. UV damage, DNA repair and skin carcinogenesis. Front Biosci 7:d1024–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Cleaver J E and Kraemer K H. 1989. Xeroderma pigmentosum. In: Scriver, C R, Beaudet, A L, Sly, W S, and Valle, D (eds.). The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed., pp. 2949–71. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Cohen, S M and Ellwein, L B. 1991. Genetic errors, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 51:6493–6505.Google ScholarPubMed
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. 2002. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet 360:187–95.CrossRef
Colombo, N. 1994. Controversial issues in the management of early epithelial ovarian cancer: Conservative surgery and the role of adjuvant therapy. NIH Consensus Development Conference on Ovarian Cancer: Screening, Treatment, and Followup April 5–7, Bethesda, MD: NIH.Google Scholar
Coman, D R. 1944. Decreased mutual adhesiveness, a property of cells from squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 4:625–9.Google Scholar
Conney, A H. 1982. Induction of microsomal enzymes by foreign chemicals and carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Res 42:4875–4917.Google ScholarPubMed
Conrad, R A, Dobyns, B M, and Sutow, W W. 1970. Thyroid neoplasia as a late effect of exposure to radioactive iodine in fallout. J Am Med Assoc 214:316–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J W, Hewett, C L, and Hieger, I. 1933. The isolation of a cancer-producing hydrocarbon from coal tar Parts I, II, and III. J Chem Soc Issue 395–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, S J and McCormick, F. 1993. Inhibition by cAMP of Ras-dependent activation of RafScience 262:1069–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, D Y, Levin, S S, Narrasimhulu, S, Rosenthal, O, and Estabrook, R W. 1965. Photochemical action spectrum of the terminal oxidase of mixed function oxidase systems. Science 147:400–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corcos, L and Lagadic-Gossmann, D. 2001. Gene induction by Phenobarbital: an update on an old question that receives key novel answers. Pharmacol Toxicol 89:113–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornwell, M M, Tsuruo, T, Gottesman, M M, and Pastan, I. 1987. ATP-binding properties of P-glycoprotein from multidrug-resistant KB cells. FASEB J 1:51–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cory, S, Vaux, D L, Strasser, A, Harris, A W, and Adams, J M. 1999. Insights from Bcl-2 and Myc: malignancy involves abrogation of apoptosis as well as sustained proliferation. Cancer Res 59(7 Suppl):1685s–1692s.Google ScholarPubMed
Cotran, R S, Kumar, V, and Robbins, S L. 1994. Pathological Basis of Cancer, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Coultas, L and Strasser, A. 2003. The role of the Bcl-2 protein family in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 13:115–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Counts, J L, Sarmiento, J I, Harbison, M L, Downing, J C, McClain, R M, and Goodman, J L. 1996. Cell proliferation and global methylation status changes in mouse liver after phenobarbital and/or choline-devoid, methionine-deficient diet administration. Carcinogenesis 17:1251–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courtneidge, S A. 2003. Cancer: Escape from inhibition. Nature 422:827–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coutard, H. 1932. Roentgenotherapy of epitheliomas of the tonsillar region, hypopharynx and larynx from 1920 to 1926. Roentgenol Radium Ther 28:313–31.Google Scholar
Cox, A D and Der, C J. 2002. Ras family signaling: therapeutic targeting. Cancer Biol Ther. 1:599–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, A D and Der, C J. 2003. The dark side of Ras: regulation of apoptosis. Oncogene 22:8999–9006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, E C. 1976. Bacterial mutator genes and the control of spontaneous mutation. Annu Rev Genet 10:135–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crum, C P. 2002. The beginning of the end for cervical cancer?N Engl J Med 347:1703–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Culver, K, Cornetta, K, Morgan, R, Morecki, S, Aerbersold, T, Kasid, A, Lotv, M, Rosenberg, S A, Anderson, W F, and Blaese, R M. 1991. Lymphocyte as cellular vehicles for gene therapy in mouse and man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3155–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, S R, Eckert, S, Krueger, K A, Grady, D, Powles, T J, Cauley, J A, Norton, L, Nickelsen, T, Bjarnason, N H, Morrow, M. 1999. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA 281:2189–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, M and Matthews, H B. 1995. Cell proliferation as a determining factor for the carcinogenicity of chemicals: studies with mutagenic carcinogens and mutagenic noncarcinogens. Toxicol Lett 82–83:9–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, D, Humblet, Y, Siena, S, Khayat, D, Bleiberg, H, Santoro, A, Bets, D, Mueser, M, Harstrick, A, Verslype, C. 2004. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351:337–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curry, S J, Byers, T, and Hewitt, M. (eds). 2003. Cancer Prevention and Early Detection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Cushing, H and Wolback, S B. 1927. The transformation of a malignant paravertebral neuroblastoma into a benign ganglioneuroma. Am J Pathol 3:203–16.Google Scholar
Daenen, S, Vellenga, E, Dobbenburgh, O A, and Halie, M R. 1986. Retinoic acid as antileukemic therapy in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia and Aspergillus pneumonia. Blood 67:559–61.Google Scholar
Dalla Favera, R, Bregni, M, Erikson, J, Patterson, D, Gallo, R C, and Croce, C M. 1982. Assignment of the c-myc oncogene to the region of chromosome 8 which is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7824–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davesa, S S, Grauman, D J, Blot, W J, Pennello, G, Hoover, R N, and Fraumeni, J F Jr. 1999. Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1950–94. Washington, DC: US Govt Print Off (NIH) 99–4564.Google Scholar
Davidson, J R. 1934. Attempt to inhibit development of tar-carcinoma in mice: Preliminary note. Can Med Assoc J 31:486–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Davies, B R, Platt-Higgins, A M, Schmidt, G, and Rudland, P S. 1999. Development of hyperplasias, preneoplasias, and mammary tumors in MMTV-c-erbB-2 and MMTV-TGFalpha transgenic rats. Am J Pathol 155:303–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, H, Bignell, G R, Cox, C, Stephens, P, Edkins, S, Clegg, S, Teague, J, Woffendin, H, Garnett, M J, and Bottomley, W. 2002. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417:949–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, M A, Lu, Y, Sano, T, Fang, X, Tang, P, LaPushin, R, Koul, D, Bookstein, R, Stokoe, D, Yung, W K. 1998. Adenoviral transgene expression of MMAC/PTEN in human glioma cells inhibits Akt activation and induces anoikis. Cancer Res 58:5285–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, J M G, Beckett, S T, Bolton, R E, Collins, P, and Middleton, A P. 1978. Mass and number of fibres in the pathogenesis of asbestos-related lung disease in rats. Br J Cancer 37:673–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, A J. 2002. Evolution of the herpesviruses. Vet Microbiol 86:69–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, A J, Sauerbier, W, Dolan, A, Addison, C, and McKinnell, R G. 1999. Genomic studies of the Lucké tumor herpesvirus (RaHV-1). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 125:232–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawe C J. 1964. An appreciation of Dr. Mearl F Stanton. In: Use of small fish species in carcinogenecity testing. NCI Monograph 65:1–2.
Dawe C J. 1969. Phylogeny and oncogeny. In: Dawe, C J and Harshbarger, J C (eds.). Neoplasms and Related Disorders in Invertebrate and Lower Vertebrate Animals. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.Google Scholar
Dawe CJ. 1969. Phylogeny and oncogeny. In: Neoplasms and Related Disorders in Invertebrate and Lower Vertebrate Animals. Dawe, C J and Harshbarger, J C, eds, Bethesda: Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 31:1–40.Google Scholar
Dawe, C J, Harshbarger, J C, Kondo, S, Sugimura, T, and Takayama, S (eds.). 1981. Phyletic Approaches to Cancer. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.Google Scholar
Dean, C, Chetty, U, and Forrest, A P M. 1983. Effects of immediate breast reconstruction on psychosocial morbidity after mastectomy. Lancet 1:459–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeCaprio, J A, Ludlow, J W, Figge, J, Shew, J-Y, Huang, C-M, Lee, W-H, Marsillo, E, Paucha, E, and Livingston, D M. 1988. SV40 large tumor antigen forms a specific complex with the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Cell 54:275–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeGregori, J, Leone, G, Miron, A, Jakoi, L, and Nevins, J R. 1997. Distinct roles for E2F proteins in cell growth control and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7245–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruijl, F R, Longstreth, J, Norval, M, Cullen, A P, Slaper, H, Kripke, M L, Takizawa, Y, and Leun, J C. 2003. Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2:16–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Deininger, M W, Goldman, J M, Lydon, N, and Melo, J V. 1997. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor CGP57148B selectively inhibits the growth of BCR-ABL-positive cells. Blood 90:3691–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Jong, P J, Gorsovsky, A J, and Glickman, B W. 1988. Spectrum of spontaneous mutation at the APRT locus of Chinese hamster ovary cells: An analysis at the DNA sequence level. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3499–3503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kernion, J B and Berry, D. 1980. The diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 45:1947–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demetri, G D. 2002. Identification and treatment of chemoresistant inoperable or metastatic GIST: experience with the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI571). Eur J Cancer 38 Suppl 5:S-52–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demetri, G D, Mehren, M, Blanke, C D, Abbeele, A D, Eisenberg, B, Roberts, P J, Heimrich, M C, Tuveson, D A, Singer, S, and Janicek, M. 2002. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med 347:472–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demunter, A, Stas, M, Degreef, H, Wolf-Peeters, C, and Oord, J J. 2001. Analysis of N- and K-ras mutations in the distinctive tumor progression phases of melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 117:1483–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Deng, T and Karin, M. 1994. C-Fos transcriptional activity stimulated by H-ras-activated protein kinase distinct from JNK and ERK. Nature 371:171–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Der, C J, Finkel, T, and Cooper, G M. 1986. Biological and biochemical properties of human rasH genes mutated at codon 61. Cell 44:167–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dérijard, B, Hibi, M, Wu, I-H, Barret, T, Su, B, Deng, T, Karin, M, and Davis, R J. 1994. JNK1: A protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell 76:1025–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devesa, S S, Graman, D J, Blot, W J, Pennello, G, Hoover, R N, and Fraumeni, J F Jr. 1999. Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1954–94. Washington DC: US Govt Print Off (NIH) 99–4564.Google Scholar
DeVilliers, E-M. 1989. Heterogeneity of the human papillomavirus group. J Virol 53:4898–4903.Google Scholar
Vita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A, eds. 2004. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Dexter, D L, Oki, T, and Heidelberger, C. 1973. Fluorinated pyrimidines. Xⅼⅱ. Effect of 5-trifluoromethyl-1-2′-deoxyuridine on transcription of vaccinia viral messenger ribonucleic acid. Mol Pharmacol 9:283–96.Google Scholar
DiBerardino, M A. 1997. Genomic Potential of Differentiated Cells. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
DiBerardino, M A and McKinnell, R G. 2004. The pathway to animal cloning and beyond – Robert Briggs (1911–1983) and Thomas J. King (1921–2000). J Exp Zool 301A:275–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiBerardino, M A, King, T J, and McKinnell, R G. 1963. Chromosome studies of a frog renal adenocarcinoma line carried by intraocular transplantation. J Natl Cancer Inst 31:769–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Dickson, M A, Hahn, W C, Ino, Y, Ronfard, V, Wu, J Y, Weinberg, R A, Louis, D N, Li, F P, and Rheinwald, J G. 2000. Human keratinocytes that express hTERT and also bypass a p16(INK4a)-enforced mechanism that limits life span become immortal yet retain normal growth and differentiation characteristics. Mol Cell Biol 20: 1436–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diffey, B L. 1987. Cosmetic solaria and malignancies of the skin. Photodermatology 4:273–6.Google Scholar
Di Fiore, P P, Pierce, J H, Kraus, M H, Segatto, O, King, C R, and Aaronson, S A. 1987. erbB-2 is a potent oncogene when overexpressed in NIH3T3 cells. Science 237:178–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dipple, A, Khan, Q A, Page, J E, Ponten, I, and Szeliga, J. 1999. DNA reactions, mutagenic action and stealth properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens (review). Int J Oncol 14:103–11.Google Scholar
Diwan, B A, Ohshima, M, and Rice, J M. 1989. Promotion by sodium barbital of renal cortical and transitional cell tumors, but not intestinal tumors, in F344 rats given methylacetoxy-methylnitrosamine, and lack of effect of phenobarbital, amobarbital, or barbituric acid on development of either renal or intestinal tumors. Carcinogenesis 10:183–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, F J and Moore, R A. 1952. Tumors of the male sex organs. Atlas of tumor pathology, section ⅷ, Fascicle 31b and 32. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.Google Scholar
Dobson, J M, Samuel, S, Milstein, H, Rogers, K, and Wood, J L. 2002. Canine neoplasia in the UK: estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs. J Small Anim Pract 43:240–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dohner, K, Tobia, K, Ulrich, R, Frohling, S, Benner, A, Schlenk, R F, and Dohner, H. 2002. Prognostic significance of partial tandem duplications of the MLL gene in adult patients 16 to 60 years old with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: a study of the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group Ulm. J Clin Oncol 20:3254–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R. 1967. Prevention of Cancer: Pointers from Epidemiology. London: The Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.Google Scholar
Doll, R. 1992. Health and the environment in the 1990s. Am J Public Health 82:933–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R and Bradford-Hill, A. 1950. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Br Med J 2:739–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R and Peto, R. 1981. The causes of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 66:1191–1308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doll, R, Peto, R, Boreham, J, and Sutherland, I. 2004. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 328:1519–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R, Peto, R, Wheatley, K, Gray, R, and Sutherland, I. 1994. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40-years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 309:901–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donaldson, K L, Goolsby, G L, and Wahl, A F. 1994. Cytotoxicity of the anticancer agents cisplatin and Taxol during cell proliferation and the cell cycle. Int J Cancer 57:847–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donehower, L A, Harvey, M, Slagle, B L, McArthur, M J, Montgomery, C A Jr, Butel, J S, and Bradley, A. 1992. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 356:215–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dong, J-T, Lamb, P W, Rinker-Schaeffer, C W, Vukanovic, J, Ichikawa, T, Isaacs, J T, and Barrett, J C. 1995. KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p112. Science 268:884–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, S, Geng, J P, Tong, J H, Wu, Y, Cai, J R, Sun, G L, Chen, S R, Wang, Z Y, Larsen, C J, Berger, R. 1993. Breakpoint clusters of the pml gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia: Primary structure of the reciprocal products of the pml-rara gene in a patient with t(15;17). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 6:133–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doniach, I and Pelc, S R. 1950. Autoradiographic techniques. Br J Radiol 23:184–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doniger, J, Jacobson, E D, Krell, K, and DiPaolo, J A. 1981. Ultraviolet light action spectra for neoplastic transformation and lethality of Syrian hamster embryo cells correlate with spectrum for pyrimidine dimer formation in cellular DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2378–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doonan, J and Hunt, T. 1996. Why don't plants get cancer?Nature 380:481–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorr, R T and Fritz, W L. 1980. Cancer Chemotherapy HandbookNew York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Dorr, R T and Hoff, D. 1994. Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange.Google Scholar
Dotto, G P, Parada, L F, and Weinberg, R A. 1985. Specific growth response of ras-transformed fibroblasts to tumor promoters. Nature 318:472–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downward, J. 2003. Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 3:11–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drenou, B, Fardel, O, Amiot, L, and Fauchet, R. 1993. Detection of P glycoprotein activity on normal and leukemic CD34+ cells. Leuk Res 17:1031–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driessens, M H, Stroeken, P J, Erena, N F, Valk, M A, Rijthoven, E A, and Roos, E. 1995. Targeted disruption of CD44 in MDAY-D2 lymphosarcoma cells has no effect on subcutaneous growth or metastatic capacity. J Cell Biol 131:1849–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drinkwater, N R. 1990. Experimental models and biological mechanisms for tumor promotion. Cancer Cells 2:8–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Druckrey, H, Ivankovic, S, and Preussmann, R. 1966. Teratogenic and carcinogenic effects in the offspring after single injection of ethylnitrosourea to pregnant rats. Nature 210:1378–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Druker, B J, Tamura, S, Buchdunger, E, Ohno, S, Segal, G M, Fanning, S, Zimmermann, J, and Lydon, N B. 1996. Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med 2:561–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Du, C, Fang, M, Li, Y, Li, L, and Wang, X. 2000. Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 102:33–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumaz, N and Marais, R 2003. Protein kinase A blocks Raf-1 activity by stimulating 14–3-3 binding and blocking Raf-1 interaction with Ras. J Biol Chem 278:29819–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dungan, C F, Hamilton, R M, Hudson, K L, McCollough, C B, and Reece, K S. 2002. Two epizootic diseases in Chesapeake Bay commercial clams, Mya arenaria and Tagelus plebeius. Dis Aquat Organ 50:67–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, J E. 1975. Cancer epidemiology in populations of the United States – with emphasis on Hawaii and California – and Japan. Cancer Res 35:3240–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Dupont, E, Falardeau, P, Mousa, S A, Dimitriadou, V, Pepin, M C, Wang, T, and Alaoui-Jamali, M A. 2002. Antiangiogenic and antimetastatic properties of Neovastat (AE-941) an orally active extract derived from cartilage tissue. Clin Exp Metastasis 19:145–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dutreix, J, Tubiana, M, Wambersie, A, and Malaise, E. 1971. The influence of cell proliferation in tumours and normal tissues during fractionated radiotherapy. Eur J Cancer 7:205–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dworkin, H J, Meier, D A, and Kaplan, M. 1995. Advances in the management of patients with thyroid disease. Semin Nucl Med 25:205–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eardley, A M, Heller, G, and Warrell, R P Jr. 1994. Morbidity and costs of remission induction therapy with all-trans retinoic acid compared with standard chemotherapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 8:934–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Earle, J. 1808. Chirurgical works of Percivall Pott. A new edition with his last corrections to which are added a short account of the life of the author, a method of curing the hydrocele by injection and occasional notes and observations. London: J Johnson.Google Scholar
Easton, J, Wei, T, Lahti, J M, and Kidd, V J. 1998. Disruption of the cyclin D/cyclin-dependent kinase/INK4/retinoblastoma protein regulatory pathway in human neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 58:2624–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Eferl, R and Wagner, E F. 2003. AP-1: a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 3:859–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeblad, M and Werb, Z. 2002. New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nature Rev Cancer 2:161–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egner, P A, Wang, J B, Zhu, Y R, Zhang, B C, Wu, Y, Zhang, Q N, Qian, G S, Kuang, S Y, Gange, S J, Jacobson, L P. 2001. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14601–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehrhardt, A, Ehrhardt, G R A, Guo, X, and Schrader, J W. 2002. Ras and relatives – job sharing and networking keep an old family together. Exp Hematol 30:1089–1106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichner, E R. 1987. Exercise, lymphokines, calories, and cancer. Physician Sportsmed 15:109–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einfeld, D A, Brown, J P, Valentine, M A, Clark, E A, and Ledbetter, J A. 1988. Molecular cloning of the human b cell cd20 receptor predicts a hydrophobic protein with multiple transmembrane domains. EMBO J 7:711–17.Google Scholar
el-Deiry, W S, Harper, J W, O'Connor, P M, Velculescu, V E, Canman, C E, Jackman, J, Pietenpol, J A, Burrell, M, Hill, D E, and Wang, Y. 1994. WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res 54:1169–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Elion, G B and Hitchings, G H. 1965. Metabolic basis for the actions of analogs of purines and pyrimidines. Adv Chemother 2:91–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elwood, J M, Lee, J A H, Walter, S D, Mo, T, and Green, A E S. 1974. Relationship of melanoma and other skin cancer mortality to latitude and ultraviolet radiation in the United States and Canada. Int J Epidemiol 3:325–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Encarnacion, C A, Ciocca, D R, McGuire, W L, Clark, G M, Fuqua, S A, and Osborne, C K. 1993. Measurement of steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer patients on tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 26:237–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engell, H C. 1955. Cancer cells in the circulating blood. Acta Chir Scand (Suppl 201):1–70.Google ScholarPubMed
English, H F, Santner, S J, Levine, H B, and Santen, R J. 1986. Inhibition of testosterone production with ketoconazole alone and in combination with a gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue in the rat. Cancer Res 46:38–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Ennemoser, O, Ambach, W, Auer, T, Brunner, P, Schneider, P, Oberaigner, W, Purtscheller, F, and Stingl, V. 1994. High indoor radon concentrations in an alpine region of western Tyrol. Health Phys 67:151–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ennemoser, O, Ambach, W, Brunner, P, Schneider, P, and Oberaigner, W. 1993. High domestic and occupational radon exposures: A comparison. Lancet 342:47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enterline, H T and Coman, D R. 1950. The amoeboid motility of human and animal neoplastic cells. Cancer 3:1033–8.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epner, D E, Partin, A W, Schalken, J A, Isaacs, J T, and Coffey, D S. 1993. Association glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression with cell motility and metastatic potential of rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 53:1995–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Eskes, R, Desagher, S, Antonsson, B, and Martinou, J C. 2000. Bid induces the oligomerization and insertion of Bax into the outer mitochondrial membrane. Mol Cell Biol 20:929–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essigmann, J M, Croy, R G, Bennett, R A, and Wogan, G N. 1982. Metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1: Patterns of DNA adduct formation, removal, excretion in relation to carcinogenesis. Drug Metab Rev 13:581–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteller, M and Herman, J G. 2002. Cancer as an epigenetic disease: DNA methylation and chromatin alterations in human tumours. J Pathol 196:1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, M J and Kaufman, M H. 1981. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma cells. Nature (Lond) 292:154–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewen, M E. 1994. The cell cycle and the retinoblastoma protein family. Cancer Metastasis Rev 13:45–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewing, J. 1916. Pathological aspects of some problems of experimental cancer research. J Cancer Res 1:71–86.Google Scholar
Ewing, J. 1928. Neoplastic Diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Eyre, H, Kahn, R, Robertson, R M, and ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee. 2004. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. CA Cancer J Clin 54:190–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabre, I, Fabre, G, and Goldman, I D. 1984. Polyglutamylation, an important element in methotrexate cytotoxicity and selectivity in tumor versus murine granulocytic progenitor cells in vitro. Cancer Res 44:3190–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Falk, A and Sachs, L. 1980. Clonal regulation of the induction of macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing proteins for normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Int J Cancer 26:595–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fankhauser, G. 1945. The effects of changes in chromosome number on amphibian development. Q Rev Biol 20:20–78.Google Scholar
Fantl, W J, Escobedo, J A, Martin, G A, Turck, C W, del Rosario, M, McCormick, F, and Williams, L T. 1992. Distinct phosphoproteins on a growth factor receptor bind to specific molecules that mediate different signaling pathways. Cell 69:413–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farina, K L, Wyckoff, J B, Rivera, J, Lee, H, Segall, J E, Condeelis, J S, and Jones, J G. 1998. Cell motility of tumor cells visualized in living intact primary tumors using green fluorescent protein. Cancer Res 58:2528–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Fattman, C L, Delach, S M, Dou, Q P, and Johnson, D E. 2001. Sequential two-step cleavage of the retinoblastoma protein by caspase-3/-7 during etoposide-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 20:2918–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fausto, N and Webber, E M. 1993. Control of liver growth. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 3:316–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Fearon, E R, Vogelstein, B. 1990. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feig, D I, Reid, T M, and Loeb, L A. 1994. Reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res (Suppl 54):1890s–1894s.Google ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, A P and Williams, B R. 2003. Wilms' tumor as a model for cancer biology. Methods Mol Biol 222:239–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Fenaux, P. 1993. The role of all-trans-retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Acta Haematol 89(Suppl 1):22–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenaux, P, Deley, M C, Castaigne, S, Archimbaud, E, Chomienne, C, Link, H, Guerci, A, Duarte, M, Daniel, M T, Bowen, D. 1993. Effect of all transretinoic acid in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Results of a multicenter randomized trial. European apl 91 group. Blood 82:3241–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, D J and Anderson, T J. 1981a. Ultrastructural observations on cell death by apoptosis in the “resting” human breast. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 393:193–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, D J and Anderson, T J. 1981b. Morphological evaluation of cell turnover in relation to the menstrual cycle in the “resting” human breast. Br J Cancer 442:177–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, L R and Harris, P J. 2003. The dietary fibre debate: more food for thought. Lancet 361:1487–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feschenko, M S, Stevenson, E, Nairn, A C, and Sweadner, K J. 2002. A novel cAMP-stimulated pathway in protein phosphatase 2A activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:111–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, I J. 2003. The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer 6:453–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fidler, I J and Ellis, L M. 1994. The implications of angiogenesis for the biology and therapy of cancer metastasis. Cell 79:185–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, I J and Hart, I R. 1982. Biological diversity in metastatic neoplasms: Origins and implications. Science 217:998–1003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, I J, Kumar, R, Bielenberg, D R, and Ellis, L M. 1998. Molecular determinants of angiogenesis in cancer metastasis. Cancer J Sci Am 4 Suppl 1:S58–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Figlin R A, Holmes E C, Petrovich Z, and Sarna G P. 1990. Lung cancer. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 165–88. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Figg, W D, McLeod, H L (eds.). 2004. Handbook of anticancer pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B and Fisher, E R. 1967. Experimental evidence in support of the dormant tumor cell. Science 130:918–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B, Bauer, M, Margolese, R, Poisson, R, Pilch, Y, Redmond, C, Fisher, E R, Wolmark, N, Deutsch, M, Montague, E. 1985a. Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and segmental mastectomy with or without radiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 312:665–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B, Gunduz, N, and Saffer, E A. 1983. Influence of the interval between primary tumor removal and chemotherapy on kinetics and growth of metastases. Cancer Res 43:1488–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Fisher, B, Gunduz, N, Coyle, J, Rudock, C, and Saffer, E. 1989a. Presence of a growth-stimulating factor in serum following primary tumor removal in mice. Cancer Res 49:1996–2001.Google Scholar
Fisher, B, Montague, E, Redmond, C, Barton, B, Borland, D, Fisher, E R, Deutsch, M, Schwarz, G, Margolese, R, Donegan, W. 1977. Comparison of radical mastectomy with alternative treatments for primary breast cancer. Cancer 39:2827–39.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher B, Osborne C K, Margolese R, and Bloomer W. 1993. Neoplasms of the breast. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 1706–74. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Fisher, B, Redmond, C, Fisher, E R, Bauer, M, Wolmark, N, Wickerham, D L, Deutsch, M, Montague, E, Margolese, R, and Foster, R. 1985b. Ten-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing radical mastectomy and total mastectomy with or without radiation. N Engl J Med 312:674–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B, Redmond, C, Poisson, R, Caplan, R, Wickerham, D L, Wolmark, N, Fisher, E R, Deutsch, M, Margolese, R, Pitch, Y. 1989b. Eight-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and lumpectomy with or without radiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 320:822–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B, Redmond, C, Poisson, R, Caplan, R, Wickerham, D L, Wolmark, N, Fisher, E R, Deutsch, M, Margolese, R, Pitch, Y. 1989b. Effect of local or systemic treatment prior to primary tumor removal on the production and response to a serum growth stimulating factor in mice. Cancer Res 49:2002–4.Google Scholar
Fisher, B, Wolmark, N, Fisher, E R, and Deutsch, M. 1985c. Lumpectomy and axillary dissection for breast cancer: Surgical, pathological, and radiation considerations. World J Surg 9:692–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flynn, P J, Miller, W J, Weisdorf, D J, Arthur, D C, Brunning, R, and Branda, R F. 1983. Retinoic acid treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: In vitro and in vivo observations. Blood 62:1211–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Folberg, R, Hendrix, M J, and Maniotis, A J. 2000. Vasculogenic mimicry and tumor angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 156:361–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkman, J. 1971. Tumor angiogenesis: Therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 285:1182–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Folkman, J. 1985. Tumor angiogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 43:175–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkman, J. 2002. Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis. Semin Oncol 29:15–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkman, J. 2003a. Angiogenesis and apoptosis. Semin Cancer Biol 13:159–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, J. 2003b. Angiogenesis inhibitors: a new class of drugs. Cancer Biol Ther 2(4 Suppl 1):S127–S133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, J. 2003c. Fundamental concepts of the angiogenic process. Curr Mol Med 3:643–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, J, Merler, E, Abernathy, C, and Williams, G. 1971. Isolation of a tumor factor responsible for angiogenesis. J Exp Med 133:275–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, J F. 1990. Surgery, kinetics and biological considerations in planning adjuvant therapy protocols. Prog Clin Biol Res 354A:133–46.Google ScholarPubMed
Fornander, T, Rutqvist, L E, and Wilking, N. 1991. Effects of tamoxifen on the female genital tract. Ann NY Acad Sci 622:469–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forrester, K, Almoguera, C, Han, K, Grizzle, W E, and Perucho, M. 1987. Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human colon tumorigenesis. Nature 327:298–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foss, F M. 2002. Immunologic mechanisms of antitumor activity. Semin Oncol 29:5–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fosså, S D, Gunderson, R, and Moe, B. 1990. Recombinant interferon-alpha combined with prednisone in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 65:2451–4.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foty, R A and Steinberg, M A. 1997. Measurement of tumor cell cohesion and suppression of invasion by E- or P-cadherin. Cancer Res 57:5033–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Foulds, L. 1965. Multiple etiologic factors in neoplastic development. Cancer Res 25:1339–47.Google ScholarPubMed
Foulds, L. 1969. Neoplastic Development, vol 1. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, R G, Schaaper, R M, and Glickman, B W. 1986. Characterization of mutational specificity within the lacI gene for a mutD5 mutator strain of Escherichia coli defective in 3′–5′ exonuclease proofreading activity. J Bacteriol 167:130–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox H and Buckley C H. 1992. The female genital tract and ovaries. In: McGee, J O'D, Isaacson, P G, and Wright, N A (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Pathology, pp. 1563–1639. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fraumeni J F, Hoover R N, DeVesa S S, and Kinlen L J. 1989. Epidemiology of cancer. In: DeVita, V T, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed., pp. 150–81. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Fredriksson, M, Bengtsson, N O, Hardell, L, and Axelson, O. 1989. Colon cancer, physical activity, and occupational exposures. Cancer 63:1838–42.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, B. 2003. The active migration of germ cells in the embryos of mice and men is a myth. Reproduction 125:635–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freije, J M, MacDonald, N J, and Steeg, P S. 1996. Differential gene expression in tumor metastasis: Nm23. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 213:215–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Frieben, A. 1902. Cancroid des rechten Handruckens nach lang dauerden Einwirkung von Roentgenstrahlen. Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr 6:106–8.Google Scholar
Friedberg, E C. 2001. How nucleotide excision repair protects against cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 1:22–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedwald, W F and Rous, P. 1950. The pathogenesis of deferred cancer: A study of the after effects of methylcholanthrene upon the rabbit skin. J Exp Med 91:459–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, S H, Bernards, R, Rogelj, S, Weinberg, R A, Rapaport, J M, Albert, D M, and Dryja, T P. 1986. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature 323:643–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friend, S H, Horowitz, J M, Gerber, M R, Wang, X-F, Bogenmann, E, Li, F P, and Weinberg, R A. 1987. Deletions of a DNA sequence in restinoblastomas and mesenchymal tumors: Organization of the sequence and its encoded protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:9059–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frisch, R E, Wyshak, G, Albright, N L, Albright, F E, Schiff, I, Witschi, J, and Margullo, M. 1987. Lower lifetime occurrence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes. Am J Clin Nutr 45:328–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frisch, S M and Francis, H. 1994. Disruption of epithelial cell-matrix interactions induces apoptosis. J Cell Biol 124:619–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frixen, U H, Behrens, J, Sachs, M, Eberle, G, Voss, B, Warda, A, Lochner, D, and Birchmeier, W. 1991. E-Cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion prevents invasiveness of human carcinoma cells. J Cell Biol 113:173–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, P and Levin, B. 1992. Clinical implications of metastatic process. Lancet 339:1458–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, D A and Johnson, R K. 1978. Cytologic evidence that Taxol, an antineoplastic agent from Taxus brevifolia, acts as a mitotic spindle poison. Cancer Treat Rep 62:1219–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, I B, Landt, S, Bueler, H, Kuehl, U, Coupland, S, Kleine-Tebbe, A, Lichtenegger, W, and Schaller, G. 2003. Analysis of her2 and her4 in human myocardium to clarify the cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab (herceptin). Breast Cancer Res Treat 82:23–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujimoto, J, Ichigo, S, Hirose, R, Sakaguchi, H, and Tamaya, T. 1997. Expression of E-cadherin and alpha- and beta-catenin mRNAs in uterine cervical cancers. Tumor Biol 18:206–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furth, J. 1953. Conditioned and autonomous neoplasms: A review. Cancer Res 13:477–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Galaktionov, K, Lee, A K, Eckstein, J, Draetta, G, Meckler, J, Loda, M, and Beach, D. 1995. CDC25 phosphatases as potential human oncogenes. Science 269:1575–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gale, N W, Kaplan, S, Lowenstein, E J, Schlessinger, J, and Bar-Sagi, D. 1993. Grb2 mediates the EGF-dependent activation of guanine nucleotide exchange on Ras. Nature 363:88–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, R E, Said, F, Pua, I, Papenhausen, P R, Paietta, E, and Wiernik, P H. 1989. Expression of retinoic acid receptor-alpha mRNA in human leukemia cells with variable responsiveness to retinoic acid. Leukemia 3:789–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Gamba-Vitalo, C, Blair, O C, Tritton, T R, Lane, P A, Carbone, R, and Sartorelli, A C. 1987. Cytotoxicity and differentiating actions of adriamycin in wehi-3b d+ leukemia cells. Leukemia 1:188–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Gambacorti-Passerini, C, Coutre, P, Mologni, L, Fanelli, M, Bertazzoli, C, Marchesi, E, Di Nicola, M, Biondi, A, Corneo, G M, Belotti, D. 1997. Inhibition of the ABL kinase activity blocks the proliferation of BCR/ABL+ leukemic cells and induces apoptosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 23:380–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gambarotta, G, Pistoi, S, Giordano, S, Comoglio, P M, and Santoro, C. 1994. Structure and inducible regulation of the human MET promoter. J Biol Chem 269:12852–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Garabrant, D H, Peters, J M, Mack, T M, and Bernstein, L. 1984. Job activity and colon cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 119:1005–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, R J M and Sutherland, G R. 2004. Chromosome abnormalities and genetic counseling, 3rd Ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, D. 1958. Studies on pig liver microsomes: 1 Enzymic and pigment composition of different microsomal fractions. Arch Biochem Biophys 77:493–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garland, F C, White, M R, Garland, C F, Shaw, E, and Gorham, E D. 1990. Occupational sunlight exposure and melanoma in the US Navy. Arch Environ Health 45:261–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnick, M B 1994. The dilemmas of prostate cancer. Scientific American 1994 (April):72–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gateff E. 1981. Malignancies of genetic origin in Drosophila. In: Dawe, C J, Harshbarger, J C, Kondo, S, Sugimura, T, and Takayama, S (eds.). Phyletic Approaches to Cancer, pp. 311–18. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.Google Scholar
Gaudet, F, Hodgson, J G, Eden, A, Jackson-Grusby, L, Dausman, J, Gray, J W, Leonhardt, H, and Jaenisch, R. 2003. Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation. Science 300:489–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gautier, J, Solomon, M J, Booher, R N, Bazan, J F, and Kirschner, M W. 1991. cdc25 is a specific tyrosine phosphatase that directly activates p34cdc2. Cell 67:197–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gefeller, O and Pfahlberg, A. 2002. Sunscreen use and melanoma: a case of evidence-based prevention?Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 18:153–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gehring W. 1968. The stability of the differentiated state in cultures of imaginal discs in Drosophila. In: Ursprung, H (ed.). The Stability of the Differentiated State, p. 136. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelfand, M J. 1993. Meta-iodobenzylguanidine in children. Semin Nucl Med 23:231–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geng, Y, Yu, Q, Sicinska, E, Das, M, Schneider, J E, Bhattacharya, S, Rideout, W M, Bronson, R T, Gardner, H, and Sicinski, P. 2003. Cyclin E ablation in the mouse. Cell 114:431–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geraminejad, P, Memar, O, Aronson, I, Rady, P L, Hengge, U, Tyring, S K. 2002. Kaposi's sarcoma and other manifestations of human herpesvirus 8. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:641–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerhardsson, M, Norell, S E, Kiviranta, H, Pederson, N L, and Ahlbom, A. 1986. Sedentary jobs and colon cancer. Am J Epidemiol 123:775–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerwitz, G and Yallow, R S. 1974. Ectopic ACTH production in carcinoma of the lung. J Clin Invest 53:1022–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, S F. 1991. Developmental Biology, 3rd ed Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Gilman, A and Philips, F S. 1946. The biological actions and therapeutic applications of the chloroethylamines and sulfides. Science 103:409–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingras, D, Renaud, A, Mousseau, N, Beaulieu, E, Kachra, Z, and Beliveau, R. 2001. Matrix proteinase inhibition by AE-941, a multifunctional antiangiogenic compound. Anticancer Res 21:145–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Giocanti, N, Hennequin, C, Rouillard, D, Defrance, R, and Favaudon, V. 2004. Additive interaction of gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD1839) and ionising radiation in human tumour cells in vitro. Br J Cancer 91:2026–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giovannucci, E. 2002. A review of epidemiologic-studies of tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med 227:852–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giovannucci, E. 2003. Diet, body weight, and colorectal cancer: a summary of the epidemiological evidence. J Womens Health 12:173–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girard, F, Strausfeld, U, Fernandez, A, and Lamb, N J. 1991. Cyclin A is required for the onset of DNA replication in mammalian fibroblasts. Cell 67:1169–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glazer, R I and Rohlff, C. 1994. Transcriptional regulation of multidrug resistance in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 31:263–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleraminejad, P, Memar, O, Aronson, I, Rady, P L, Hengge, U, and Tyring, S K. 2002. Kaposi's sarcoma and other manifestations of human herpesvirus 8. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:641–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goel S C. 1983. Role of cell death in the morphogenesis of the amniote limbs. In: Fallon, J F and Caplan, A L (eds.). Limb Development and Regeneration, Part A, pp. 175–82. New York: Alan R Liss.Google Scholar
Going, J J, Anderson, T J, Battersby, S, and Macintyre, C C A. 1988. Proliferative and secretory activity in human breast during natural and artificial menstrual cycles. Am J Pathol 130:193–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Golay, J, Manganini, M, Rambaldi, A, and Introna, M. 2004. Effect of alemtuzumab on neoplastic b cells. Haematologica 89:1476–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldfarb, M, Shimizu, K, Perucho, M, and Wigler, M. 1982. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human transforming gene from T24 bladder carcinoma cells. Nature 296:404–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldhirsch, A and Gelber, R D. 1996. Endocrine therapies of breast cancer. Semin Oncol 23:494–505.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldie, J H and Coldman, A J. 1979. A mathematical model for relating the drug sensitivity of tumors to their spontaneous mutation rate. Cancer Treat Rep 63:1727–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldin, A and Schabel, F M. 1981. Cancer concepts derived from animal chemotherapy studies. Cancer Treat Rep 65(Suppl):11–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldsby, R E, Hays, L E, Chen, X, Olmsted, E A, Slayton, W B, Spangrude, G J, and Preston, B D. 2002. High incidence of epithelial cancers in mice deficient for DNA polymerase delta proofreading. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:15560–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gombert, W, Borthwick, N J, Wallace, D L, Hyde, H, Bofill, M, Pilling, D, Beverley, P C, Janossy, G, Salmon, M, and Akbar, A N. 1996. Fibroblasts prevent apoptosis of il-2-deprived t cells without inducing proliferation: A selective effect on bcl-xl expression. Immunology 89:397–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gong, Y L, Koplan, J P, Feng, W, Chen, C H C, Zheng, P, and Harris, J R. 1995. Cigarette smoking in China. JAMA 274:1232–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, F J and Kimura, S. 2003. Study of P450 function using gene knockout and transgenic mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 409:153–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, L S, Wintrobe, M M, Dameshek, W, Goodman, M J, Gilman, A, and McLennan, M. 1946. Nitrogen mustard therapy: Use of methylbis (β-chloroethyl) amino hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia, and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. JAMA 132:126–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodrich, L V, Milenkovic, L, Higgins, K M, and Scott, M P. 1997. Altered neural cell fates and medulloblastoma in mouse patched mutants. Science 277:1109–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Götz, J, Probst, A, Ehler, E, Hemmings, B, and Kues, W. 1998. Delayed embryonic lethality in mice lacking protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit Calpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12370–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gootwine, E, Webb, C G, and Sachs, L. 1982. Participation of myeloid leukemia cells injected into embryos in haematopoietic differentiation in adult mice. Nature 299:63–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goss, P E, Ingle, J N, Martino, S, Robert, N J, Muss, H B, Piccart, M J. 2003. A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N Eng J Med 349:1793–1802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, M M, Hrycyna, C A, Schoenlein, P V, Germann, U A, and Pastan, I. 1995. Genetic analysis of the multidrug transporter. Ann Rev Genet 29:607–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grafstrom, R H, Pan, W, and Hoess, R H. 1999. Defining the substrate specificity of cdk4 kinase-cyclin D1 complex. Carcinogenesis 20:193–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, C F and Wareing, P F. 1976. The Developmental Biology of Plants and Animals. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Gramzinski, R A, Parchment, R E, and Pierce, G B. 1990. Evidence linking programmed cell death in the blastocyst to polyamine oxidation. Differentiation 43:59–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greaves, M H, Hariri, G, Newman, R A, Sutherland, D R, Ritter, M A, and Ritz, J. 1983. Selective expression of the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia gp100 antigen on immature lymphoid cells and their malignant counterparts. Blood 61:628–39.Google Scholar
Green, M D, Koelbl, H, Baselga, J, Galid, A, Guillem, V, Gascon, P, Siena, S, Lalisang, R I, Samonigg, H, Clemens, M R. 2003. A randomized double-blind multicenter phase III study of fixed-dose single-administration pegfilgrastim versus daily filgrastim in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 14:29–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, E R, Baron, J A, Tosteson, T D, Freeman, D H Jr, Beck, G J, Bond, J H, Colacchio, T A, Coller, J A, Frankl, H D, Haile, R W. 1994. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. N Engl J Med 331:141–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberger, L M, Cohen, D, and Horwitz, S B. 1994. In vitro models of multiple drug resistance. Cancer Treat Res 73:69–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, H S N. 1957. Heterotransplantation of tumors. Ann NY Acad Sci 69:818–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grem J L. 1990. Fluorinated pyrimidines. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 180–224. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Grenman, S E, Roberts, J A, England, B G, Gronroos, M, and Carey, T E. 1988. In vitro growth regulation of endometrial carcinoma cells by tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Gynecol Oncol 30:239–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grenman, S, Shapira, A, and Carey, T E. 1988. In vitro response of cervical cancer cell lines caski, hela, and me-180 to the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Gynecol Oncol 30:228–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grever M R and Grieshaber C K. 1993. Toxicology by organ system. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 1, pp. 683–97. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Griffiths, J D, McKinna, J A, Rowbotham, H D, Tsolakidis, P, and Salsbury, A J. 1973. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum: Circulating malignant cells and five-year survival. Cancer 31:226–36.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimmer G and Misfeld J. 1983. Environmental carcinogens: A risk for man? Concept and strategy of the identification of carcinogens in the environment. In: Grimmer, G (ed.). Environmental Carcinogens: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, pp. 1–26. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Grisham, M B, Palombella, V J, Elliott, P J, Conner, E M, Brand, S, Wong, H L, Pien, C, Mazzola, L M, Destree, A, Parent, L. 1999. Inhibition of nf-kappa b activation in vitro and in vivo: Role of 26s proteasome. Methods Enzymol 300:345–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griswold, D P Jr, Schabel, F M Jr, Wilcox, W S, Simpson-Herren, L, and Skipper, H E. 1968. Success and failure in the treatment of solid tumors: I Effects of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) on primary and metastatic plasmacytoma in the hamster. Cancer Chemother Rep 52:345–87.Google ScholarPubMed
Grobstein, C and Zwilling, E. 1953. Modification of growth and differentiation of chorio-allantoic grafts of chick blastoderm pieces after culture of a glass slot interface. J Exp Zool 122:259–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gronroos, M, Maenpaa, J, Kangas, L, Erkkola, R, Paul, R, and Grenman, S. 1987. Steroid receptors and response of endometrial cancer to hormones in vitro. Ann Chir Gynaecol Suppl 202:76–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Groopman, J D and Kensler, T W. 1999. The light at the end of the tunnel for chemical-specific biomarkers: daylight or headlight?Carcinog 20:1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, L. 1970. Oncogenic Viruses. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Gunduz, N, Fisher, B, and Saffer, E A. 1979. Effect of surgical removal on the growth and kinetics of residual tumor. Cancer Res 39:3861–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Guo, Q M. 2003. DNA microarray and cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 115:36–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, R C and Lutz, W K. 1999. Background DNA damage from endogenous and unavoidable exogenous carcinogens: a basis for spontaneous cancer incidence. Mutat Res 424:1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Gutterman, J U. 1994. Cytokine therapeutics: Lessons from interferon alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1198–1205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddow, A and Blake, I. 1933. Neoplasms in fish: A report of six cases with a summary of the literature. J Pathology Bacteriology 36:41–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haenszel, W. 1963. Variations in skin cancer incidence within the United States. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 10:225–43.Google Scholar
Hagag, N, Halegua, S, and Viola, M. 1986. Inhibition of growth factor induced differentiation of PC12 cells by micro-injection of antibody to ras p21. Nature 319:680–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagemann, C and Rapp, U R. 1999. Isotype-specific functions of Raf kinases. Exp Cell Res 253:34–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, W C, Stewart, S A, Brooks, M W, York, S G, Eaton, E, Kurachi, A, Beijersbergen, R L, Knoll, J H, Meyerson, M, and Weinberg, R A. 1999. Inhibition of telomerase limits the growth of human cancer cells. Nat Med 5:1164–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hai, T and Curran, T. 1991. Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors fos/jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA-binding specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3720–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hait, W N and Aftab, D T. 1992. Rational design and preclinical pharmacology of drugs for reversing multidrug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 43:103–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J M, Lee, M K, Newman, B, Morrow, J E, Anderson, L A, Huey, B, and King, M-C. 1990. Linkage of early-onset familial breast cancer to chromosome 17q21. Science 250:1684–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, M and Peters, G. 1996. Genetic alterations of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and Cdk inhibitors in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 68:67–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halloran, M C and Berndt, J D. 2003. Current progress in neural crest motility and migration and future prespects for the zebrafish model system. Dev Dyn 228:497–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halsted, W S. 1894–1895. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1889–1894. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 4:297–350.Google Scholar
Hammond, M E H and Taube, S E. 2002. Issues and barrier to development of clinically useful tumor markers: a developmental pathway proposal. Semin Oncol 29:213–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanks G E, Myers C E, and Scardino P T. 1993. Cancer of the prostate. In: DeVita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed., pp. 1073–1113. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Hannon, G J and Beach, D. 1994. p15INK4 is a potential effector of TGF-beta-induced cell cycle arrest. Nature 371:257–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hantschel, O and Superti-Furga, G. 2004. Regulation of the c-Abl and Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:33–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haque, A and Kanz, M F. 1988. Asbestos bodies in children's lungs. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112:514–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Harbour, D A, Gunn-Moore, D A, Gruffydd-Jones, T J, Caney, S M, Bradshaw, J, Jarrett, O, and Wiseman, A. 2002. Protection against oronasal challenge with virulent feline leukemia virus lasts for at least 12 months following a primary course of immunisation with Leukocell 2 vaccine. Vaccine 20:2866–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harbour, J W and Dean, D C. 2000. The Rb/E2F pathway: expanding roles and emerging paradigms. Genes Dev 14:2393–2409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harbour, J W, Lai, S-L, Whang-Peng, J, Gazdar, A F, Minna, J D, and Kaye, F J. 1988. Abnormalities in structure and expression of the human retinoblastoma gene in SCLC. Science 241:353–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harley, C B, Futcher, A B, and Greider, C W. 1990. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345:458–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, B E, Carpenter, J T, and Diasio, R B. 1991. Severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity secondary to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. A potentially more common pharmacogenetic syndrome. Cancer 68:499–501.3.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, H. 1988. The analysis of malignancy in cell fusion: The position in 1988. Cancer Res 48:3302–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Harris, R W C, Key, T J A, Silcocks, P B, Bull, D, and Wald, N J. 1991. A case control study of dietary carotene in men with lung cancer and men with other epithelial cancers. Nutr Cancer 15:63–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harshbarger J C. 2002. Marine turtle fibroma and fibropapilloma cases in the registry of tumors in lower animals. In: McKinnell, R G and Carlson, D L (eds.). Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians, pp. 129–45. Saint Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Printing Services.Google Scholar
Harshbarger, J C and Ostrander, G K. 2000. Cancer in sharks, skates, rays and other lower fishes. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 41:762 (abstract).Google Scholar
Harshbarger J C, Charles A M, and Spero P M. 1981. Collection and analysis of neoplasms in sub-homeothermic animals from a phyletic point of view. In: Dawe, C J, Harshbarger, J C, Kondo, S, Sugimura, T, and Takayama, S (eds.). Phyletic Approaches to Cancer, pp. 357–84. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.Google Scholar
Hartwell, L. 1992. Defects in a cell cycle checkpoint may be responsible for the genomic instability of cancer cells. Cell 71:543–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haseltine, W A. 1983. Ultraviolet light repair and mutagenesis revisited. Cell 33:13–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haskell C M. 1990. Principles and practice of cancer chemotherapy. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 21–43. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Haskell, C M (ed.). 1990. Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Haskell CM and Berek JS. 2001. Cancer Treatment. 5th edition WB Saunders.
Haskell C M, Giuliano A E, Thompson R W, and Zarem H A. 1990. Breast cancer. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 123–64. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Haskell C M, Selch M T, and Ramming K P. 1990a. Colon and rectum. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 232–54. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Haskell C M, Selch M T, and Ramming K P. 1990b. Stomach. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 217–31. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Hassan, H T and Zander, A. 1996. Stem cell factor as a survival and growth factor in human normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Acta Haematologica 95:257–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawley-Nelson, P, Vousden, K H, Hubbert, N L, Lowry, D R, and Schiller, J T. 1989. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins cooperate to immortalize human foreskin keratinocytes. EMBO J 8:3905.Google ScholarPubMed
Hayashi, Y, Nagao, M, Sugimura, T, Takayama, S, Tomatis, L, Wattenberg, L W, and Wogan, G N, eds. 1986. PrefaceInt Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund 16:ⅶ.Google Scholar
Hayes, D F, Zyl, J A, Hacking, A, Goedhals, L, Bezwoda, W R, Mailliard, J A, Jones, S E, Vogel, C L, Berris, R F, Shemano, I. 1995. Randomized comparison of tamoxifen and two separate doses of toremifene in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 13:2556–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayflick, L and Moorhead, P S. 1961. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 25:585–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hecker, E. 1967. Phorbol esters from croton oil: Chemical nature and biological activities. Naturwissenschaften 54:282–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heckler, M M. 1984. Quoted in a news article in theNIH Record 36:1–12.Google Scholar
Hei, T K, Piao, C Q, He, Z Y, Vannais, D, and Waldren, C A. 1992. Chrysotile fiber is a strong mutagen in mammalian cells. Cancer Res 52:6305–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Hejna, M, Raderer, M, and Zielinski, C C. 1999. Inhibition of metastases by anticoagulants. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:22–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Held, W, Acha-Orbea, H, MacDonald, H R, and Waanders, G A. 1994. Superantigens and retroviral infection: Insights from mouse mammary tumor virus. Immunol Today 15:184–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helgason, S, Wilking, N, Carlstrom, K, Damber, M G, and Schoultz, B. 1982. A comparative study of the estrogenic effects of tamoxifen and 17 beta-estradiol in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:404–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heller, I. 1930. Occupational cancers. J Ind Hyg 12:169–97.Google Scholar
Hemminki, K (ed.). 1994. DNA adducts: Identification and biological significance. IARC Scientific Publication 125, Lyon, FR: International Agency for Research on Cancer.Google Scholar
Hemminki, K and Mutanen, P. 2001. Genetic epidemiology of multistage carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 473:11–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemminki, K, Koskinen, M, Rajaniemi, H, and Zhao, C. 2000. DNA adducts, mutations, and cancer 2000. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 32:264–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson BE, Bernstein L, and Ross R. 1997. Etiology of cancer: hormonal factors. In: DeVita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed., pp. 219–29. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.Google Scholar
Henderson, C J, Smith, A G, Ure, J, Brown, K, Bacon, E J, and Wolf, C R. 1998. Increased skin tumorigenesis in mice lacking pi class glutathione S-transferases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:5275–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendricks, J D, Meyers, T R, and Shelton, D W. 1984. Histological progression of hepatic neoplasia in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In: Use of small fish species in carcinogenicity testing. National Cancer Institute Monograph 65:321–36.Google Scholar
Hendrix, M J, Seftor, E A, Seftor, R E, Kirschmann, D A, Gardner, L M, Boldt, H C, Meyer, M, Pe'er, J, and Folberg, R. 1998. Regulation of uveal melanoma interconverted phenotype by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (hgf/sf). Am J Pathol 152:855–63.Google Scholar
Hendry, J H, Potten, C S, Chadwick, C, and Bianchi, M. 1982. Cell death (apoptosis) in the mouse small intestine after low doses: effects of dose rate, 14.7 Me V neutrons, and 600 MeV (maximum energy) neutrons. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 42:611–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hengartner, M O and Horvitz, H R. 1994. Programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Opin Genet Dev 4:581–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennekens, C H, Buring, J E, Manson, J E, Stampfer, M, Rosner, B, Cook, N R, and Belanger, C. 1996. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334:1145–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennessy, C, Henry, J A, May, F E B, Westley, B R, Angus, B, and Lennard, T W J. 1991. Expression of the antimetastatic gene nm23 in human breast cancer: An association with good prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:281–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heppner G H. 1982. Tumor subpopulation interactions. In: Owens, A H, Coffey, D S, and Baylin, S B (eds.). Tumor Cell Heterogeneity: Origins and Implications, pp. 225–36. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hernandez, S, Hernandez, L, Bea, S, Pinyol, M, Nayach, I, Bellosillo, B, Nadal, A, Ferrer, A, Fernandez, P L, Montserrat, E, Cardesa, A, and Campo, E. 2000. cdc25a and the splicing variant cdc25b2, but not cdc25B1, -B3 or -C, are over-expressed in aggressive human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Int J Cancer 89:148–52.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hersey, P and Zhang, X D. 2003. Overcoming resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 196:9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzig, M and Christofori, G. 2002. Recent advances in cancer research: mouse models of tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1602:97–113.Google ScholarPubMed
Hesdorffer, C, Antman, K, Bank, A, Fetell, M, Mears, G, and Begg, M. 1994. Human MDR gene transfer in patients with advanced cancer. Hum Gene Ther 5:1151–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, A R, Seftor, E A, Gardner, L M, Carles-Kinch, K, Schneider, G B, Seftor, R E, Kinch, M S, and Hendrix, M J. 2001. Molecular regulation of tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry by tyrosine phosphorylation: Role of epithelial cell kinase (eck/epha2). Cancer Res 61:3250–5.Google Scholar
Higginson, J, Muir, C S, Muňoz, N. 1992. Human Cancer: Epidemiology and Environmental Causes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higinbotham, K G, Rice, J M, Reed, C D, Watatani, M, Enomoto, T, Anderson, L M, and Perantoni, A O. 1996. Variant mutational activation of the K-ras oncogene in renal mesenchymal tumors induced in newborn F344 rats by methyl(methoxymethyl)nitrosamine. Carcinogenesis 17:2625–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillion, J, Mecucci, C, Aventin, A, Leroux, D, Wlodarska, I, Berghe, H, and Larsen, C J. 1991. A variant translocation t(2;18) in follicular lymphoma involves the 5′ end of bcl-2 and Ig kappa light chain gene. Oncogene 6:169–72.Google Scholar
Hirayama, T. 1979. Diet and cancer. Nutr Cancer 1:67–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjalgrim, H, Askling, J, Rostgaard, K, Hamilton-Dutoit, S, Frisch, M, Zhang, J-S, Madsen, M, Rosdahl, N, Konradsen, H B, Storm, H H. 2003. Characteristics of Hodgkin's lymphoma after infectious mononucleosis. New England J Med 349:1324–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochedlinger, K and Jaenisch, R. 2002. Nuclear transplantation: lessons from frogs and mice. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 14:741–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochedlinger, K, Blelloch, R, Brennan, C, Yamada, Y, Kim, M, Chin, L, and Jaenisch, R. 2004. Reprogramming of a melanoma genome by nuclear transplantation. Genes Dev 18:1875–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoelzer, D, Ganser, A, Anger, B, Seifried, E, and Heimpel, H. 1984. Low-dose Ara-C in the treatment of acute leukemia. Cytotoxicity or differentiation induction?Blut 48:233–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoglund, M, Gisselsson, D, Hansen, G B, Sall, T, and Mitelman, F. 2003. Ovarian carcinoma develops through multiple modes of chromosomal evolution. Cancer Res 63:3378–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Hohl, R. 2005. Concise Clinical Pharmacology: Cancer Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.Google Scholar
Holaday, D A. 1969. History of the exposure of miners to radon. Health Phys 16:547–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holman, C D J, Armstrong, B K, and Heenan, P J. 1986. Relationship of cutaneous malignant melanoma to individual sunlight exposure habits. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:403–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Holmes E C, Livingston R, and Turrisi A III. 1993. Neoplasms of the thorax. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 1285–1337. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Holmes, F A, Jones, S E, O'Shaughnessy, J, Vukelja, S, George, T, Savin, M, Richards, D, Glaspy, J, Meza, L, Cohen, G. 2002. Comparable efficacy and safety profiles of once-per-cycle pegfilgrastim and daily injection filgrastim in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia: A multicenter dose-finding study in women with breast cancer. Ann Oncol 13:903–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, F A, O'Shaughnessy, J A, Vukelja, S, Jones, S E, Shogan, J, Savin, M, Glaspy, J, Moore, M, Meza, L, Wiznitzer, I. 2002. Blinded, randomized, multicenter study to evaluate single administration pegfilgrastim once per cycle versus daily filgrastim as an adjunct to chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage ii or stage iii/iv breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:727–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honegger, A M, Schmidt, A, Ullrich, A, and Schlessinger, J. 1990. Evidence for epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced intermolecular autophosphorylation of the EGF receptors in living cells. Mol Cell Biol 10:4035–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honore, S, Kamath, K, Braguer, D, Horwitz, S B, Wilson, L, Briand, C, and Jordan, M A. 2004. Synergistic suppression of microtubule dynamics by discodermolide and paclitaxel in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 64:4957–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooft van Huijsduijnen, R. 1998. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: counting the trees in the forest. Gene 225:1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopwood, D and Levison, D A. 1976. Atrophy and apoptosis in the cyclical human endometrium. J Pathol 119:159–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Horita, M, Andreu, E J, Benito, A, Arbona, C, Sanz, C, Benet, I, Prosper, F, and Fernandez-Luna, J L. 2000. Blockade of the Bcr-Abl kinase activity induces apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells by suppressing signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-dependent expression of Bcl-xL. J Exp Med 191:977–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, J M, Yandell, D W, Park, S H, Canning, S, Whyte, P, Buchkovich, K, Harlow, E, Weinberg, R A, and Dryja, T P. 1989. Point mutational activation of the retinoblastoma antioncogene. Science 243:937–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horwitz, K B, Koseki, Y, and McGuire, W L. 1978. Estrogen control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer: Role of estradiol and antiestrogen. Endocrinology 103:1742–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard E B, Britt J O Jr, and Simpson J G. 1983. Neoplasms in marine mammals. In: Howard, E B (ed.). Pathobiology of Marine Mammal Diseases, vol 2, p. 146. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Howley PM, Ganem D, and Kieff E. 1997. Etiology of cancer: viruses. In: DeVita, V T Jr., Hellman, S, Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed., pp. 168–184. Philadelphia: Lippencott-Raven.Google Scholar
Howley P M and Münger K. 1999. Human papillomaviruses and squamous cell carcinomas. In: Parsonnet, J and Horning, S J (eds.). Microbes and Malignancy: Infection as a Cause of Human Cancer. pp. 157–79. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hsieh, J K, Chan, F S, O'Connor, D J, Mittnacht, S, Zhong, S, and Lu, X. 1999. RB regulates the stability and the apoptotic function of p53 via MDM2. Mol Cell 3:181–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, I C, Metcalf, R A, Sun, T, Welsh, J, Wang, N J, and Harris, C C. 1991. P53 gene mutational hotspot in human hepatocellular carcinomas from Qidong, China. Nature 350:427–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, J R and Muschel, R J. 1996. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by a ribozyme blocks metastasis in a rat sarcoma model system. Cancer Res 56:5279–84.Google Scholar
Huang, E, Cheng, S H, Dressman, H, Pittman, J, Tsou, M H, Horng, C F, Bild, A, Iversen, E S, Liao, M, Chen, C M, West, M, Nevins, J R, and Huang, A T. 2003. Gene expression predictors of breast cancer outcomes. Lancet 361:1590–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, E, Ishida, S, Pittman, J, Dressman, H, Bild, A, Kloos, M, D'Amico, M, Pestell, R G, West, M, and Nevins, J R. 2003. Gene expression phenotypic models that predict the activity of oncogenic pathways. Nat Genet 34:226–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, H J S, Lee, J K, Shew, J Y, Chen, P L, Bookstein, R, Friedmann, T, Lee, EY-HP, and Lee, W-H. 1988. Suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by replacement of the RB gene in human cancer cells. Science 242:1563–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, J C, Svoboda, D L, Reardon, J T, and Sancar, A. 1992. Human nucleotide excision nuclease removes thymine dimers from DNA by incising the 22nd phosphodiester bond 5′ and the 6th phosphodiester bond 3′ to the photodimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3664–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, M E, Ye, Y C, Chen, S R, Chai, J R, Lu, J X, Zhoa, L, Gu, L J, and Wang, Z Y. 1988. Use of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 72:567–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Huang, Y Z, Zang, M, Xiong, W C, Luo, Z, and Mei, L. 2003. Erbin suppresses the MAP kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 278:1108–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huff, J E, McConnell, E E, Haseman, J K, Boorman, G A, Eustis, S L, Schwetz, B A, Rao, G N, Jameson, C W, Hart, L G, and Rall, D P. 1988. Carcinogenesis studies: Results of 398 experiments on 104 chemicals from the US National Toxicology Program. Ann NY Acad Sci 534:1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huggins, C B and Hodges, C V. 1941. Studies on prostate cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1:293–7.Google Scholar
Huggins, C B, Grand, L C, and Brillantes, F P. 1961. Mammary cancer induced by a single feeding of polynuclear hydrocarbons and its suppression. Nature 189:204–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, B R, Tweedell, K, and McKinnell, R G. 1990. PNKT4B cells exhibit motility at invasion-restrictive temperatures. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 31:66.Google Scholar
Hunter, T. 1991. Cooperation between oncogenes. Cell 64:249–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, T and Sefton, B M. 1980. The transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylates tyrosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:1311–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurley, P M. 1998. Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Environ Health Perspect 106:437–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huxley, J. 1958. Biological Aspects of Cancer. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Hyde, J N. 1906. On the influence of light in the production of cancer of the skin. Am J Med Sci 131:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2001. Sunscreens, IARC Handbooks on Cancer Prevention, Volume 5. Lyon, FR: World Health Organization.
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation. 1992. Volume 5, Lyon, FR: IARC.
IARC Working Group 2001. Ionizing radiation, part 2: some internally deposited radionuclides. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 78:1–559.
Ikeda, K, Sasaki, K, Tasaka, T, Nagai, M, Kawanishi, K, Takahara, J, and Irino, S. 1994a. Detection of pml-retinoic acid receptor-alpha fusion transcripts in acute promyelocytic leukemia with trisomy 8 but without t(15;17). Am J Hematol 45:212–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikeda, K, Sasaki, K, Tasaka, T, Nagai, M, Kawanishi, K, Takahara, J, and Irino, S. 1994b. PML-PAR alpha fusion transcripts by RNA PCR in acute promyelocytic leukemia in remission and its correlation with clinical out come. Int J Hematol 60:197–205.Google Scholar
Ikenaga, M. 1994. Cytotoxic action of alkylating agents in human tumor cells and its relationship to apoptosis. Gann Tokyo Kagaku Ryoho 21:596–601.Google Scholar
Ionov, Y, Peinado, M A, Malkhosyan, S, Shibata, D, and Perucho, M. 1993. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature 363:558–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iqbal, S and Lenz, H J. 2004. Integration of novel agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 54 Suppl 1:S32–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Irby, R B, Mao, W, Coppola, D, Kang, J, Loubeau, J M, Trudeau, W, Karl, R, Fujita, D J, Jove, R, and Yeatman, T J. 1999. Activating SRC mutation in a subset of advanced human colon cancers. Nat Genet 21:187–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacs, J T and Coffey, D S. 1981. Adaptation versus selection as the mechanism responsible for the relapse of prostatic cancer to androgen ablation therapy as studied in the Dunning R-3327-H adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 41:5070–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Isaacs, J T, Heston, W D, Weissman, R M, and Coffey, D S. 1978. Animal models of the hormone-sensitive and -insensitive prostatic adenocarcinomas, Dunning R-3327-H, R-3327-HI, and R-3327-AT. Cancer Res 38:4353–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Isaacs, J T, Wake, N, Coffey, D S, and Sandberg, A A. 1982. Genetic instability coupled to clonal selection as a mechanism for tumor progression in the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma system. Cancer Res 42:2353–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Ishikawa, T, Masahito, P, Nemoto, N, Matsumoto, J, Shima, A. 1986. Spontaneous neurinoma in an African Lungfish, Protopterus annectens, and DNA repair studies on normal and neoplastic tissues. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:521–8.Google Scholar
Isobe, M, Emanuel, B S, Givol, D, Oren, M, and Croce, C M. 1986. Localization of gene for human p53 tumour antigen to band 17p13. Nature 320:84–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iyer, L, King, C D, Whitington, P F, Green, M D, Roy, S K, Tephly, T R, Coffman, B L, and Ratain, M J. 1998. Genetic predisposition to the metabolism of irinotecan (cpt-11). Role of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase isoform 1a1 in the glucuronidation of its active metabolite (sn-38) in human liver microsomes. J Clin Invest 101:847–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacks, T, Fazeli, A, Schmitt, E M, Bronson, R T, Goodell, M A, and Weinberg, R A. 1992. Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse. Nature 359:295–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, P and Baltimore, D. 1989. N-terminal mutations activate the leukemogenic potential of the myristoylated form of c-abl. EMBO J 8:6649–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, K, Shoemaker, C, Rudersdorf, R, Neill, S D, Kaufman, R J, Musson, A, Seehra, J, Jones, S S, Hewick, R, Fritsch, E F. 1985. Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin. Nature 313:806–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jain, R K. 2002. Tumor angiogenesis and accessibility: Role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Semin Oncol 29:3–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janne, P A, Gurubhagavatula, S, Yeap, B Y, Lucca, J, Ostler, P, Skarin, A T, Fidias, P, Lynch, T J, and Johnson, B E. 2004. Outcomes of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with gefitinib (ZD1839, “Iressa”) on an expanded access study. Lung Cancer 44:221–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janse, J G, Mohn, G R, Vrieling, H, Teijlingen, C M, Lohman, P H, and Zeeland, A A. 1994. Molecular analysis of hprt gene mutations in skin fibroblasts of rats exposed in vivo to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Cancer Res 54:2478–85.Google Scholar
Jaurand M C. 1989. Particulate-state carcinogenesis: A survey of recent studies on the mechanisms of action of fibres. In: Bignon, J, Peto, J, and Saraccik, R (eds.). Nonoccupational Exposure to Mineral Fibres, pp. 54–73. IARC Scientific Publication 90. Lyon, FR: International Agency for Research on Cancer.Google Scholar
Jehn, U, Bock, R, and Haanen, C. 1984. Clinical trial of low-dose Ara-C in the treatment of acute leukemia and myelodysplasia. Blut 48:255–61.Google ScholarPubMed
Jelkmann, W and Metzen, E. 1996. Erythropoietin in the control of red cell production. Anat Anz 178:391–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jemal, A, Tiwari, R C, Murry, T, Ghafoor, A, Samuels, S, Ward, E, Feuer, E J, and Thun, M J. 2004. Cancer Statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 534:8–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jemal, A, Murray, T, Ward, E, Samuels, A, Tiwari, R C, Ghafoor, A, Feuer, E J, Thun, M J. 2005. Cancer statistics 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 55:10–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jewett, H J. 1970. The case for radical perineal prostatectomy. J Urol 103:195–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jhappan, C, Stahle, C, Harkins, R N, Fausto, N, Smith, G H, and Merlino, G T. 1990. TGF overexpression in transgenic mice induces liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell 61:1137–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, E F, Hsu, M H, Savas, U, and Griffin, K J. 2002. Regulation of P450 4A expression by peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. Toxicology 181–182:203–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, I S, Armstrong, J G, Gorman, M, and Burnett, J P Jr. 1963. The vinca alkaloids: A new class of oncolytic agents. Cancer Res 23:1390–1427.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, I S, Wright, H F, Svoboda, G H, and Vlantis, J. 1960. Antitumor principles derived from vinca rosea linn. I. Vincaleukoblastine and leurosine. Cancer Res 20:1016–22.Google Scholar
Johnson, R L, Rothman, A L, Xie, J, Goodrich, L V, Bare, J W, Bonifas, J M, Quinn, A G, Myers, R M, Cox, D R, Epstein, E H Jr, and Scott, M P. 1996. Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome. Science 272:1668–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, T P, McCaleb, G S, and Montgomery, J A. 1963. The synthesis of antineoplastic agents: XXⅫ. N-nitroso-ureas. J Med Chem 122:669–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonasson, J, Povey, S, and Harris, H. 1977. The analysis of malignancy by cell fusion: VII. Cytogenetic analysis of hybrids between malignant and diploid cells and of tumours derived from them. J Cell Sci 24:217–54.Google Scholar
Jones, S N, Roe, A E, Donehower, L A, and Bradley, A. 1995. Rescue of embryonic lethality in Mdm2-deficient mice by absence of p53. Nature 378:206–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, V C. 1982. Metabolites of tamoxifen in animals and man: Identification, pharmacology, and significance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2:123–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, V C. 1988. Long-term tamoxifen therapy to control or to prevent breast cancer: Laboratory concept to clinical trials. Prog Clin Biol Res 262:105–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Jordan, V C and Robinson, S P. 1987. Species-specific pharmacology of antiestrogens: Role of metabolism. Fed Proc 46:1870–4.Google Scholar
Jordan, V C, Gottardis, M M, and Satyaswaroop, P G. 1991. Tamoxifen-stimulated growth of human endometrial carcinoma. Ann NY Acad Sci 622:439–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Josephy, P D. 2002. Genetically-engineered bacteria expressing human enzymes and their use in the study of mutagens and mutagenesis. Toxicology 181–182:255–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabbinavar, F, Hurwitz, H I, Fehrenbacher, L, Meropol, N J, Novotny, W F, Lieberman, G, Griffing, S, and Bergsland, E. 2003. Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 21:60–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadlubar, F F, Miller, J A, and Miller, C E. 1977. Hepatic microsomal N-glucuronidation and nucleic acid binding of N-hydroxy arylamines in relation to urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 37:805–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Kamijo, T, Bodner, S, Kamp, E, Randle, D H, and Sherr, C J. 1999. Tumor spectrum in ARF-deficient mice. Cancer Res 59:2217–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Kammula, U S, Ghossein, R, Bhattacharya, S, and Coit, D G. 2004. Serial follow-up and the prognostic significance of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction–staged sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 22:3989–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan H S. 1981. Progress in radiation therapy of cancer. In: Burchenal, J H and Oettgen, H F (eds.). Cancer: Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects for the 1980s, vol 2, pp. 829–57. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Kashishian, A, Kazlauskas, A and Cooper, J A. 1992. Phosphorylation sites in the PDGF receptor with different specificities for binding GAP and PI3 kinase in vivo. EMBO J 11:1373–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Katzenellenbogen, B S, Norman, M J, Eckert, R L, Peltz, S W, and Mangel, W F. 1984. Bioactivities, estrogen receptor interactions, and plasminogen activator-inducing activities of tamoxifen and hydroxy-tamoxifen isomers in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 44:112–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Kauffmann-Zeh, A, Rodriguez-Viciana, P, Ulrich, E, Gilbert, C, Coffer, P, Downward, J, and Evan, G. 1997. Suppression of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by Ras signalling through PI(3)K and PKB. Nature 385:544–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawai, S and Hanafusa, H. 1971. The effects of reciprocal changes in temperature on the transformed state of cells infected with a Rous sarcoma virus mutant. Virology 46:470–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, M G, O'Gara, R W, Adamson, R H, and Gadekar, K. 1966. Induction of hepatic cell carcinomas in monkeys with N-nitrosodiethylamine. J Natl Cancer Inst 36:323–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Kelly, M L, Winge, P, Heaney, J D, Stephens, R E, Farell, J H, Beneden, R J, Reinisch, C L, Lesser, M P, and Walker, C W. 2001. Expression of homologues for p53 and p73 in the softshell clam (Mya arenaria), a naturally-occurring model for human cancer. Oncogene 20:748–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, G, Rose, P, Lurain, J, Berman, M, Manetta, A, Roullet, B, Homesley, H, Belpomme, D, and Glick, J. 1996. Amifostine pretreatment for protection against cyclophosphamide-induced and cisplatin-induced toxicities: Results of a randomized control trial in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 14:2101–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennaway, E L. 1924. On the cancer-producing factor in tar. Br Med J 1:564–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, P A and Bissell, M J. 2003. Tumor reversion: correction of malignant behavior by microenvironmental cues. Int J Cancer 107:688–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keohavong, P, DeMichele, M A, Melacrinos, A C, Landreneau, R J, Weyant, R J, and Siegfried, J M. 1996. Detection of K-ras mutations in lung carcinomas: relationship to prognosis. Cancer Res 2:411–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Kern SE, Vogelstein B. 1991. Genetic alterations in colorectal tumors. In Brugge, J, Curran, T, Harlow, E, McCormick, F, (eds.). Origins of Human Cancer, pp 577–85. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, A. 1980. Biological control of crown gall through production of agrocin 84. Plant Dis 4:24–30.Google Scholar
Kerr, J F and Searle, J. 1973. Deletion of cells by apoptosis during castration-induced involution of the rat prostate. Virchows Arch B 13:87–102.Google ScholarPubMed
Kerr, J F R, Wyllie, A H, and Currie, A R. 1972. Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26:239–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, I I. 1976. Human cervical cancer as a venereal disease. Cancer Res 36:783–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Khanna, K K and Jackson, S P. 2001. DNA double-strand breaks: signaling, repair and the cancer connection. Nat Genet 27:247–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim B. 1996. Biological therapy: Interferons, interleukins, and monoclonal antibodies. In: Pazdur, R, Coia, L R, Hoskins, W J, and Wagman, L D (eds.). Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach, pp. 581–92. Huntington, NY: PRR.Google Scholar
Kim, J Y, Ferrell, J E, Chae, S K, and Lee, K J. 2000. Inhibition of progesterone-induced Xenopus oocyte maturation by Nm 23. Cell Growth Diff 11:485–90.Google Scholar
Kim, N W, Piatyszek, M A, Prowse, K R, Harley, C B, West, M D, Ho, P L, Coviello, G M, Wright, W E, Weinrich, S L, and Shay, J W. 1994. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266:2011–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S J, Uehara, H, Karashima, T, McCarty, M, Shih, N, and Fidler, I J. 2001. Expression of interleukin-8 correlates with angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of human prostate cancer cells implanted orthotopically in nude mice. Neoplasia 3:33–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimbrough, R D. 1983. Determining exposure and biochemical effects in human population studies. Environ Health Perspect 48:77–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Kimura, N, Shimazada, N, Nomura, K, and Watanabe, K. 1990. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clone encoding rat nucleoside diphosphate kinase. J Biol Chem 265:15744–9.Google ScholarPubMed
King, M-C, Rowell, S, and Love, S M. 1993. Inherited breast and ovarian cancer. What are the risks? What are the choices? JAMA 269:1975–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, R W, Deshaies, R J, Peters, J M, and Kirschner, M W. 1996. How proteolysis drives the cell cycle. Science 274:1652–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, T J and McKinnell, R G. 1960. An attempt to determine the developmental potentialities of the cancer cell nucleus by means of transplantation. Cell Physiology of Neoplasia, pp. 591–617. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Kinzler, K W and Vogelstein, B. 1996. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87:159–70.CrossRef
Kinzler, K W, Nilbert, M C, Su, L K, Vogelstein, B, Bryan, T M, Levy, D B, Smith, K J, Preisinger, A C, Hedge, P, McKechnie, D. 1991. Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 253:661–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kisker, O, Becker, C M, Prox, D, Fannon, M, D'Amato, R, Flynn, E, Fogler, W E, Sim, B K, Allred, E N, Pirie-Shepherd, S R. 2001. Continuous administration of endostatin by intraperitoneally implanted osmotic pump improves the efficacy and potency of therapy in a mouse xenograft tumor model. Cancer Res 61:7669–74.Google Scholar
Kizaka-Kondoh, S, Matsuda, M, and Okayama, H. 1996. CrkII signals from epidermal growth factor to Ras. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12177–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, E A. 1996. Hormone therapy for prostate cancer: A topical perspective. Urology 47(1A Suppl):3–12; discussion 29–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinsmith, L J and Pierce, G B. 1964. Multipotentiality of single embryonal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 24:1544–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Klingenberg, M. 1958. Pigments of rat liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 75:376–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, J M, Kirincich, A N, Farmer, E R, and Hood, A F. 2002. Awareness of the risks of tanning lamps does not influence behavior among college students. Arch Dermatol 138:1311–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, L A, DiNicolantonio, F, Whitehouse, P, Mercer, S, Sharma, S, Glaysher, S, Johnson, P, and Cree, I A. 2004. The in vitro effect of gefitinib (“Iressa”) alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy on human solid tumours. BMC Cancer 4:83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knoepfler, P S, Cheng, P F, and Eisenman, R N. 2002. N-myc is essential during neurogenesis for the rapid expansion of progenitor cell populations and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation. Genes Dev 16:2699–2712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knudson, A G. 1985. Hereditary cancer, oncogenes, and antioncogenes. Cancer Res 45:1437–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Knudson, A G. 2002. Cancer genetics. Am J Med Genetics 111:96–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knudson, A G and Strong, L C. 1972. Mutation and cancer: a model for Wilms' tumor of the kidney. J Natl Cancer Inst 48:313–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Kohn, E C and Liotta, L A. 1995. Molecular insights into cancer invasion: Strategies for prevention and intervention. Cancer Res 55:1856–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Koizumi, S, Curt, G A, Fine, R L, Griffin, J D, and Chabner, B A. 1985. Formation of methotrexate polyglutamates in purified myeloid precursor cells from normal human bone marrow. J Clin Invest 75:1008–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konishi, N, Hiasa, Y, Matsuda, H, Tao, M, Tsuzuki, T, Hayashi, I, Kitahori, Y, Shiraishi, T, Yatani, R, Shimazaki, J. 1995. Intratumor cellular heterogeneity and alterations in ras oncogene and p53 tumor suppressor gene in human prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 147:1112–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Korinek, V, Barker, N, Morin, P J, Wichen, D, Weger, R, Kinzler, K W, Vogelstein, B, and Clevers, H. 1997. Constitutive transcriptional activation by a beta-catenin-Tcf complex in APC-/- colon carcinoma. Science 275:1784–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kottler, M J. 1974. From 48 to 46: Cytological technique, preconception, and the counting of human chromosomes. Bull Hist Med 48:465–502.Google ScholarPubMed
Koury, S T, Bondurant, M C, and Koury, M J. 1988. Localization of erythropoietin synthesizing cells in murine kidneys by in situ hybridization. Blood 71:524–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Koury, S T, Koury, M J, and Bondurant, M C. 1988. Morphological changes in erythroblasts during erythropoietin-induced terminal differentiation in vitro. Exp Hematol 16:758–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Koutsky, L A, Ault, K A, Wheeler, C M, Brown, D R, Barr, E, Alvarez, F B, Chiacchierini, L M, and Jansen, K U. 2002. A Controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med 347:1645–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, K H, Lee, M M, and Scotto, J. 1987. Xeroderma pigmentosum. Cutaneous, ocular, and neurologic abnormalities in 830 published cases. Arch Dermatol 123:241–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, K H, Lee, M M, Andrews, A D, and Lambert, W C. 1994. The role of sunlight and DNA repair in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The xeroderma pigmentosum paradigm. Arch Dermatol 130:1018–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraljic, I, Kovacic, K, and Tarle, M. 1994. Serum TPS, PSA, and PAP values in relapsing stage D2 adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Urol Res 22:329–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraus, R S, Daston, D L, Caspary, W J, and Eling, T E. 1986. Peroxidase-mediated metabolic activation of the thyroid carcinogen amitrole. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 27:112.Google Scholar
Krek, W, Xu, G, and Livingston, D M. 1995. Cyclin A-kinase regulation of E2F-1 DNA binding function underlies suppression of an S phase checkpoint. Cell 83:1149–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kris-Etherton, P M, Hecker, K D, Bonanome, A, Coval, S M, Binkoski, A E, Hilpert, K F, Griel, A E, and Etherton, T D. 2002. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med 113 Suppl 9B:71S–88S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krontiris, T G and Cooper, G M. 1981. Transforming activity of human tumor DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:1181–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuchino, Y, Mori, F, Kasai, H, Inoue, H, Iwai, S, Miura, K, Ohtsuka, E, and Nishimura, S. 1987. Misreading of DNA templates containing 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine at the modified base and at adjacent residues. Nature 327:77–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, and Gansler TS. 2003. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition. BC Decker.
Kullendorff, C M, Soller, M, Wiebe, T, and Mertens, F. 2003. Cytogenetic findings and clinical course in a consecutive series of Wilms tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 140:82–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, R, Sukumar, S, and Barbacid, M. 1990. Activation of ras oncogenes preceding the onset of neoplasia. Science 248:1101–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, V, Cotran, R S, and Robbins, S L. 1992. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Kuniyasu, H, Ohmori, H, Sasaki, T, Sasahira, T, Yoshida, K, Kitadai, Y, and Fidler, I J. 2003. Production of interleukin 15 by human colon cancer cells is associated with induction of mucosal hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 9:4802–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Kurzik-Dumke, U, Phannavong, B, Gundacker, D, and Gateff, E. 1992. Genetic, cytogenetic and developmental analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster tumor suppressor gene lethal(2)tumorous imaginal discs (1(2)tid). Differentiation 51:91–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurzrock, R, Gutterman, J U, and Talpaz, M. 1988. The molecular genetics of Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemias. N Engl J Med 319:990–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Kyprianou, N, English, H F, Davidson, N E, and Isaacs, J T. 1991. Programmed cell death during regression of the MCF-7 human breast cancer following estrogen ablation. Cancer Res 51:162–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Labandeira, C C and Phillips, T L. 1996. A carboniferous insect gall: Insight into early ecologic history of the Holometabola. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:8470–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labandeira, C C, Johnson, K R, and Wilf, P. 2002. Impact of the terminal Cretaceous event on plant-insect associations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:2061–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lacombe, C, DaSilva, L, Bruneval, P, Fournier, J-G, Wendling, S, Casadevall, N, Camilleri, J-P, Bariety, J, Varet, B, and Tambourin, P. 1988a. Peritubular cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in the murine hypoxic kidney. J Clin Invest 81:620–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacombe, C, Da Silva, J L, Bruneval, P, Camilleri, J P, Bariety, J, Tambourin, P, and Varet, B. 1988b. Identification of tissues and cells producing erythropoietin in the anemic mouse. Contrib Nephrol 66:17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, J M, Lambert, Q T, Reuther, G W, Malliri, A, Siderovski, D P, Sondek, J, Collard, J G, and Der, C J. 2002. Tiam1 mediates Ras activation of Rac by a PI(3)K-independent mechanism. Nat Cell Biol 4:621–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lampe, J W and Peterson, S. 2002. Brassica, biotransformation and cancer risk: genetic polymorphisms alter the preventive effects of cruciferous vegetables. J Nutr 132:2991–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Land, H, Parada, L F, and Weinberg, R A. 1983. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 304:596–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landrigan, P J. 1996. The prevention of occupational cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 46:67–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, P, Vichi, P, Bain, D L, and Tritton, T R. 1987. Temperature dependence studies of adriamycin uptake and cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 47:4038–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Langen P. 1985. Chalones and other endogenous inhibitors of cell proliferation. In: Torrence, P F (ed.). Biological Response Modifiers, New Approaches to Disease Intervention, pp. 265–91. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lapidot, T, Pflumio, F, Doedens, M, Murdoch, B, Williams, D E, and Dick, J E. 1992. Cytokine stimulation of multilineage hematopoiesis from immature human cells engrafted in SCID mice. Science 255:1137–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laster, W R Jr, Mayo, J G, Simpson-Herren, L, Griswold, D P Jr, Lloyd, H H, Schabel, F M Jr, and Skipper, H E. 1969. Success and failure in the treatment of solid tumors. II: Kinetic parameters and “cell cure” of moderately advanced carcinoma 755. Cancer Chemother Rep 53:169–88.Google ScholarPubMed
Lawlor, D A and Ness, A R. 2003. The rough world of nutritional epidemiology: Does dietary fibre prevent large bowel cancer?Int J Epidemiology 32:239–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leav, I, Merk, F B, Ofner, P, Goodrich, G, Kwan, P W, Stein, B M, Sar, M, and Stumpf, W E. 1978. Bipotentiality of response to sex hormones by the prostate of castrated or hypophysectomized dogs. Direct effects of estrogen. Am J Pathol 93:69–92.Google ScholarPubMed
LeDoux, S P, Thangada, M, Bohr, V A, and Wilson, G L. 1991. Heterogeneous repair of methylnitrosourea-induced alkali-labile sites in different DNA sequences. Cancer Res 51:775–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, C H, Olson, P, and Evans, R M. 2003. Minireview: lipid metabolism, metabolic diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Endocrinology 144:2201–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, EY-HP, To, H, Shew, J-Y, Bookstein, R, Scully, P, and Lee, W-H. 1988. Inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene in human breast cancers. Science 241:218–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J A H and Strickland, D. 1980. Malignant melanoma: Social status and outdoor work. Br J Cancer 41:757–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leevers, S J, Paterson, H F, and Marshall, C J. 1994. Requirement for Ras and Raf activation is overcome by targeting Raf to the plasma membrane. Nature 369:411–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehman, J M, Speers, W C, Swartzendruber, D E, and Pierce, G B. 1974. Neoplastic differentiation: characteristics of cell lines derived from a murine teratocarcinoma. J Cell Physiol 84:13–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehvaslaiho, H, Lehtola, L, Sistonen, L, and Alitalo, K. 1989. A chimeric EGF-R-neu proto-oncogene allows EGF to regulate neu tyrosine kinase and cell transformation. EMBO J 8:159–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Lemen, R A, Dement, J M, and Wagoner, J K. 1980. Epidemiology of asbestos-related diseases. Environ Health Perspect 20:1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenihan, J. 1993. The Good News About Radiation, pp. 1–173. Madison: Cogito Books.Google Scholar
Lennon, S V, Martin, S J, and Cotter, T G. 1991. Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely divergent stimuli. Cell Prolif 24:203–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenormand, P, Sardet, C, Pages, G, L'Allemain, G, Brunet, A, and Pouyssegur, J. 1993. Growth factors induce nuclear translocation of MAP kinases (p42mapk) but not of their activator MPA kinase kinase (p45mapkk) in fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 122:1079–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, E L, Davidson, S E, Roberts, S A, Chadwick, C A, Potten, C S, and West, C M. 1994. Apoptosis as predictor of response to radiotherapy in cervical carcinoma. Lancet 344:472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, E L, Renehan, A, Gossiel, R, Davidson, S E, Roberts, S A, Chadwick, C, Wilks, D P, Potten, C S, Hendry, J H, Hunter, R D. 1995. Apoptosis, intrinsic radiosensitivity and prediction of radiotherapy response in cervical carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 37:1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewandoski, M. 2001. Conditional control of gene expression in the mouse. Nat Rev Genet 2:743–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewison, E E, ed. 1976. Conference on Spontaneous Regression of Cancer. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 44:99–102.Google Scholar
Leyden, M, Manoharan, A, Boyd, A, Cheng, Z M, and Sullivan, J. 1984. Low dose cytosine arabinoside: partial remission of acute myeloid leukaemia without evidence of differentiation induction. Br J Haematol 57:301–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, F P and Fraumeni, J F. 1969. Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome. Ann Intern Med 71:747–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J, Simpson, L, Takahashi, M, Miliaresis, C, Myers, M P, Tonks, N, and Parsons, R. 1998. The PTEN/MMAC1 tumor suppressor induces cell death that is rescued by the AKT/protein kinase B oncogene. Cancer Res 58:5667–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, L and Dixon, J E. 2000. Form, function, and regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases and their involvement in human diseases. Semin Immunol 12:75–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y, Dowbenko, D and Lasky, L A. 2002. AKT/PKB phosphorylation of p21Cip/WAF1 enhances protein stability of p21Cip/WAF1 and promotes cell survival. J Biol Chem 277:11352–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, J, Zubovitz, J, Petrocelli, T, Kotchetkov, R, Connor, M K, Han, K, Lee, J H, Ciarallo, S, Catzavelos, C, Beniston, R. 2002. PKB/Akt phosphorylates p27, impairs nuclear import of p27 and opposes p27-mediated G1 arrest. Nat Med 8:1153–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, R, Chow, W S, Chiu, E, Chan, T K, Lie, A, Kwong, Y L, and Chan, L C. 1993. Effective salvage therapy using all-trans retinoic acid for relapsed and resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia. Anti-Cancer Drugs 4:339–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, P, Holm, N V, Verkasalo, P K, Iliadou, A, Kaprio, J, Koskenvuo, M, Pukkala, E, Skytthe, A, and Hemminki, K. 2000. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer. N Eng J Med 343:78–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebermann, D, Hoffman-Liebermann, B, and Sachs, L. 1982. Regulation and role of different macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing proteins in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Int J Cancer 29:159–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liedtke, C, Groger, N, Manns, M P, and Trautwein, C. 2003. The human caspase-8 promoter sustains basal activity through SP1 and ETS-like transcription factors and can be up-regulated by a p53-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 278:27593–27604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lijinsky, W. 1999. N-Nitroso compounds in the diet. Mutat Res 443:129–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lijinsky, W and Shubik, P. 1964. Benzo[a]pyrene and other polynuclear hydrocarbons in charcoal-broiled meat. Science 145:53–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindahl, T and Nyberg, B. 1972. Rate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 11:3610–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindahl, T and Nyberg, B. 1974. Heat-induced deamination of cytosine residues in deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 13:3405–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lingner, J, Hughes, T R, Shevchenko, A, Mann, M, Lundblad, V, and Cech, T R. 1997. Reverse transcriptase motifs in the catalytic subunit of telomerase. Science 276:561–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Link, B K, Budd, G T, Scott, S, Dickman, E, Paul, D, Lawless, G, Lee, M W, Fridman, M, Ford, J, and Carter, W B. 2001. Delivering adjuvant chemotherapy to women with early-stage breast carcinoma: Current patterns of care. Cancer 92:1354–67.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liotta, L A, Abe, S, Robey, P G, and Martin, G R. 1979. Preferential digestion of basement membrane collagen by an enzyme derived from a metastatic murine tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:2268–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liotta, L A, Rao, C N, and Barsky, S H. 1983. Tumor invasion and the extracellular matrix. Lab Invest 49:636–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Livant, D L, Linn, S, Markwart, S, and Shuster, J. 1995. Invasion of selectively permeable sea urchin embryo basement membrane by metastatic tumor cells, but not by their normal counterparts. Cancer Res 55:5085–93.Google Scholar
Loeb, L A, Loeb, K R, and Anderson, J P. 2003. Multiple mutations and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:776–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lollini, P L and Forni, G. 2002. Antitumor vaccines: Is it possible to prevent a tumor?Cancer Immunol Immunother 51:409–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lombardi, D, Crivellari, D, Scuderi, C, Magri, M D, Spazzapan, S, Sorio, R, DiLauro, V, Scalone, S, Veronesi, A. 2004. Long-term, weekly one-hour infusion of paclitaxel in patients with metastastic breast cancer: A phase II monoinstitutional study. Tumori 90:285–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longnecker, D S and Curphey, T J. 1975. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in azaserine-treated rats. Cancer Res 35:2249–58.Google ScholarPubMed
Loser, R, Seibel, K, and Eppenberger, U. 1985. No loss of estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity after demethylation of roloxifene 3-OH-tamoxifen. Int J Cancer 36:701–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loser, R, Seibel, K, Roos, W, and Eppenberger, U. 1985. In vivo and in vitro antiestrogenic action of 3-hydroxytamoxifen, tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 21:985–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotem, J and Sachs, L. 1982. Mechanisms that uncouple growth and differentiation in myeloid leukemia cells: Restoration of requirement for normal growth-inducing protein without restoring induction of differentiation-inducing protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4347–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotem, J and Sachs, L. 1992. Hematopoietic cytokines inhibit apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 and cancer chemotherapy compounds in myeloid leukemic cells. Blood 80:1750–7.Google Scholar
Loury D L, Goldsworthy T L, and Butterworth B E. 1987. The value of measuring cell replication as a predictive index of tissue-specific tumorigenic potential. In: Butterworth, B E and Slaga, T J (eds.). Banbury Report 25: Nongenotoxic mechanisms in carcinogenesis, pp. 119–36. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press.Google Scholar
Lowenstein, E J, Daly, A G, Batzer, A G, Li, W, Margolis, B, Lammers, R, Ullrich, A, Skolnik, E Y, Bar-Sagi, D, and Schlessinger, J. 1992. The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell 70:431–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luande, J, Henschke, C I, and Mohammed, N. 1985. The Tanzanian human albino skin. Cancer 55:1823–8.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucké, B. 1934. A neoplastic disease of the kidney of the frog, Rana pipiens. Am J Cancer 20:352–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucké, B. 1938. Carcinoma in the leopard frog: Its probable causation by a virus. J Exp Med 68:457–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucké, B. 1939. Characteristics of frog carcinoma in tissue culture. J Exp Med 70:269–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lunn, R M, Zhang, Y J, Wang, L Y, Chen, C J, Lee, P H, Lee, C S, Tsai, W Y, and Santella, R M. 1997. p53 mutations, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and aflatoxin exposure in hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Res. 57:3471–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Luo, J, Manning, B D, and Cantley, L C. 2003. Targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway in human cancer: Rationale and promise. Cancer Cell 4:257–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lust, J M, Carlson, D L, Kowles, R, Rollins-Smith, L, Williams, J W III, and McKinnell, R G. 1991. Allografts of tumor nuclear transplantation embryos: Differentiation competence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6883–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyman, G H, Dale, D C and Crawford, J. 2003. Incidence and predictors of low dose-intensity in adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy: A nationwide study of community practices. J Clin Oncol 21:4524–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyman, S D and Jordan, V C. 1985. Metabolism of tamoxifen and its uterotrophic activity. Biochem Pharmacol 34:2787–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, D K, Ellis, C A, Edwards, P A, and Hiles, I D. 1999. Integrin-linked kinase regulates phosphorylation of serine 473 of protein kinase B by an indirect mechanism. Oncogene 18:8024–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, H T. 1985a. Classics in oncology. Alfred Scott Warthin, MD, PhD (1866–1931). CA Cancer J Clin 35:345–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, H T. 1985b. Hereditary colon cancer: Polyposis and nonpolyposis variants. CA Cancer J Clin 35:95–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, H T and Chapelle, A. 2003. Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:919–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, H T, Lynch, P M, Albano, W A, and Lynch, J F. 1981. The cancer syndrome: A status report. Dis Colon Rectum 24:311–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Lynch, T J, Bell, D W, Sordella, R, Gurubhagavatula, S, Okimoto, R A, Brannigan, B W, Harris, P L, Haserlat, S M, Supko, J G, Haluska, F G. 2004. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non–small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 350:2129–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
M⊘rk S, Laerum O D, and de Ridder L. 1984. Invasiveness of tumours of the central nervous system. In: Mareel, M M and Calman, K C (eds.). Invasion, Experimental and Clinical Implications, pp. 79–125. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Macaluso, M, Russo, G, Cinti, C, Bazan, V, Gebbia, N, and Russo, A. 2002. Ras family genes: an interesting link between cell cycle and cancer. J Cell Physiol 192:125–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDonald A D and MacDonald J C. 1987. Asbestos-Related Malignancy, Antman, K H and Aisner, J, eds., pp. 31–55. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
MacLachlan, T K and El-Deiry, W S. 2002. Apoptotic threshold is lowered by p53 transactivation of caspase-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:9492–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maclure, M, Katz, R BA, Bryant, M S, Skipper, P L, and Tannenbaum, S R. 1989. Elevated blood levels of carcinogens in passive smokers. Am J Public Health 79:1381–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madigan, M P, Ziegler, R G, Benichou, J, Byrne, C, and Hoover, R N. 1995. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1681–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magee, P N and Barnes, J M. 1956. The production of malignant primary hepatic tumours in the rat by feeding dimethylnitrosamine. Br J Cancer 10:114–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maiese, W M, Lechevalier, M P, Lechevalier, H A, Korshalla, J, Kuck, N, Fantini, A, Wildey, M J, Thomas, J, and Greenstein, M. 1989. Calicheamicins, a novel family of antitumor antibiotics: Taxonomy, fermentation and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 42:558–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malaise, E P, Chavaudra, N, and Tubiana, M. 1973. The relationship between growth rate, labelling index and histological type of human solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 9:305–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malaise, E P, Chavaudra, N, Charbit, A, and Tubiana, M. 1974. Relationship between the growth rate of human metastases, survival and pathological type. Eur J Cancer 10:451–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malkin, D. 1993. p53 and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 66:83–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malkin, D, Li, F P, Strong, L C, Fraumeni, J F, Nelson, C E, Kim, D H, Kassel, J, Gryka, M A, Bischoff, F Z, Tainsky, M A. 1990. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science 250:1233–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamane, Y, Petroulakis, E, Rong, L, Yoshida, K, Ler, L W, and Sonenberg, N. 2004. eIF4E – from translation to transformation. Oncogene 23:3172–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mancuso, M, Pazzaglia, S, Tanori, M, Hahn, H, Merola, P, Rebessi, S, Atkinson, M J, Di Majo, V, Covelli, V, and Saran, A. 2004. Basal cell carcinoma and its development: insights from radiation-induced tumors in Ptch1-deficient mice. Cancer Res 64:934–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandahl, N, Gustafson, P, Mertens, F, Akerman, M, Baldetorp, B, Gisselsson, D, Knuutila, S, Bauer, H C, Larsson, O. 2002. Cytogenetic aberrations and their prognostic impact in chondrosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:188–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maniotis, A J, Folberg, R, Hess, A, Seftor, E A, Gardner, L M, Pe'er, J, Trent, J M, Meltzer, P S, and Hendrix, M J. 1999. Vascular channel formation by human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro: Vasculogenic mimicry. Am J Pathol 155:739–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manni, A and Arafah, B M. 1981. Tamoxifen-induced remission in breast cancer by escalating the dose to 40 mg daily after progression on 20 mg daily: A case report and review of the literature. Cancer 48:873–5.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchenko, N D, Zaika, A, and Moll, U M. 2000. Death signal-induced localization of p53 protein to mitochondria. A potential role in apoptotic signaling. J Biol Chem 275:16202–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mareel, M M, DeBaetselier, P, and Roy, F M. 1991. Mechanisms of Invasion and Metastasis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Mareel, M M, Storme, G A, DeBruyne, G K, and Cauwenberge, R M. 1982. Vinblastine, vincristine, and vindesine: Antiinvasive effect on MO4 mouse fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 18:199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mareel, M M, Roy, F M, Bracke, M E. 1993. How and when do tumor cells metastasize. Crit Rev Oncogenesis 4:559–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Margolese, R, Poisson, R, Shibata, H, Pilch, Y, Lerner, H, and Fisher, B. 1987. The technique of segmental mastectomy (lumpectomy) and axillary dissection. Surgery 102:828–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Margolis, B. 1999. The PTB Domain: The Name Doesn't Say It All. Trends Endocrinol Metab 10:262–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marjon, P L, Bobrovnikova-Marjon, E V, and Abcouwer, S F. 2004. Expression of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8/cxcl8 by human breast carcinomas is responsive to nutrient deprivation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Cancer 3:4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, R. 1996a. Prevention and control of melanoma: The public health approach. CA Cancer J Clin 46:199–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, R. 1996b. Squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet 347:735–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marnett, L J. 2000. Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 21:361–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, G R. 1981. Isolation of a pluripotential cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:7634–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martineau, D, Lemberger, K, Dallaire, A, Labelle, P, Lipscomb, T P, Michel, P, and Mikaelian, I. 2002. Cancer in wildlife, a case study: beluga from the St Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada. Environ Health Perspect 110:285–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinelli, P T and Tyring, S K. 2002. Human herpesvirus 8. Dermatol Clin 20:307–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martland, H S. 1931. The occurrence of malignancy in radioactive persons. Am J Cancer 15:2435–2516.Google Scholar
Masahito, . 1994. Frequent development of pancreatic carcinomas in the Rana nigromaculata group. Proc 8th Int Conf Int Soc Diff, pp. 183–6, Hiroshima, Japan: International Society of Differentiation, Inc.Google Scholar
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, and Sugano, H. 1988. Fish tumors and their importance to cancer research. Jpn J Cancer Res (Gann) 79:545–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, and Sugano, H. 1989. Pigment cells and pigment cell tumors in fish. J Invest Dermatol 92:266S–270S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, Sugano, H, Uchida, H, Yasuda, T, Inaba, T, Hirosaki, Y, and Kasuga, A. 1986. Spontaneous hepatocellular carcinomas in lungfish. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:291–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, and Takayama, S. 1984. Spontaneous spermatocytic seminoma in African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus, Heckel. J Fish Dis 7:169–72.Google Scholar
Masahito, P, Ishikawa, T, Takayama, S, and Sugimura, H. 1984. Gonadal neoplasms in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides and Japanese Dace (Ugui), Tribolodon hakonensis. Gann 75:776–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Masahito, P, Nishioka, M, Ueda, H, Kato, Y, Yamazaki, I, Nomura, K, Sugano, H, and Kitagawa, T. 1995. Frequent development of pancreatic carcinomas in the Rana nigromaculata group. Cancer Res 55:3781–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Masahito, P, Nishioka, M, Kondo, Y, Yamazaki, I, Nomura, K, Kato, Y, Sugano, H, and Kitagawa, T. 2003. Polycystic kidney and renal cell carcinoma in Japanese and Chinese toad hybrids. Int J Cancer 103:1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masuda, A and Takahashi, T. 2002. Chromosome instability in human lung cancers: possible underlying mechanisms and potential consequences in the pathogenesis. Oncogene 21:6884–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masui, Y and Markert, C L. 1971. Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation in frog oocytes. J Exp Zool 177:129–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsumoto, J, Akiyama, T, Nemoto, N, Masahito, P, and Ishikawa, T. 1993. Appearance of tumorous phenotypes in goldfish erythrophores transfected with ras, src, and myc oncogenes and spontaneous differentiation of the transformants in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 100:214S–221S.Google ScholarPubMed
Matsumura, Y and Tarin, D. 1992. Significance of CD44 gene products for cancer diagnosis and disease evaluation. Lancet 340:1053–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayo, J G, Laster, W R Jr, Andrews, C M, and Schabel, F M Jr. 1972. Success and failure in the treatment of solid tumors 3: “Cure” of metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma with methyl-CCNU (NSC-95442) and surgery-chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Rep Part 1, 56:183–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Mayo, L D and Donner, D B. 2001. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway promotes translocation of Mdm2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11598–11603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McBurney, M W. 1993. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Int J Dev Biol 37:135–40.Google ScholarPubMed
McCague, R, Parr, I B, Leclercq, G, Leung, O T, and Jarman, M. 1990. Metabolism of tamoxifen by isolated rat hepatocytes. Identification of the glucuronide of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Biochem Pharmacol 39:1459–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, J B, Basara, M L, Palm, S L, Sas, D F, and Furcht, L T. 1985. The role of cell adhesion proteins – laminin and fibronectin – in the movement of malignant and metastatic cells. Cancer Metastasis Rev 4:125–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, N J, Smith, C A, and Williams, G T. 1992. Apoptosis in the development of the immune system: Growth factors, clonal selection and bcl-2. Cancer Metastasis Rev 11:157–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormack J J and Johns D G. 1990. Purine and purine nucleoside antimetabolites. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 234–52. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
McCullough, M L, Robertson, A S, Rodriguez, C, Jacobs, E J, Chao, A, Carolyn, J, Calle, E E, Willett, W C, and Thun, M J. 2003. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control 14:1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonnell, T J, Deane, N, Platt, F M, Nunez, G, Jaeger, U, McKearn, J P, and Korsmeyer, S J. 1989. Bcl-2-immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation. Cell 57:79–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, J A, Loane, J F, Ross, V G, Ameyaw, M M, Murray, G I, Cassidy, J, and McLeod, H L. 2002a. C-erbb-2 is not a major factor in the development of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 86:568–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, J A, Murray, L J, Curran, S, Ross, V G, Clark, C, Murray, G I, Cassidy, J, and McLeod, H L. 2002b. Evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) in colorectal tumours and lymph node metastases. Eur J Cancer 38:2258–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G. 1973. Nuclear transplantation. In Seventh National Cancer Conference Proceedings, pp. 65–72. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
McKinnell RG. 1989a. Expression of differentiated function in neoplasms. In: Sirica, A E (ed.). The Pathobiology of Neoplasia, pp. 435–60. New York, Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell RG. 1989b. Neoplastic cells: Modulation of the differentiated state. In: DiBeradino, M A and Etkin, L D (eds.). Genomic Adaptability in Somatic Cell Specialization, pp. 199–236. New York, Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G. 1994. Reduced oncogenic potential associated with differentiation of the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. In Vivo 8:65–70.Google ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G and DiBerardino, M A. 1999. Animal cloning: History and rationale. BioScience 49:875–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G and Carlson, D L. 1997. The Lucké renal adenocarcinoma, an anuran neoplasm: Studies at the interface of pathology, virology and differentiation competence. J Cell Physiol 173:115–18.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G and Tarin, D. 1984. Temperature dependent metastasis of the Lucké renal carcinoma and its significance for studies on mechanisms of metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 3:373–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G, Bruyneel, E A, Mareel, M M, Tweedell, K S, and Mekela, P. 1988. Temperature-dependent malignant invasion in vitro by frog renal carcinoma-derived PNKT4B cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 6:49–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G, DeBruyne, G K, Mareel, M M, Tarin, D, and Tweedell, K S. 1984. Cytoplasmic microtubules of normal and tumor cells of the leopard frog. Temperature effects. Differentiation 26:231–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G, Deggins, B A, and Labat, D D 1969. Transplantation of pluripotential nuclei from triploid frog tumorsScience 165:394–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G, Kren, B T, Bergad, R, Schultheis, M, Byrne, T, and Schaad, J W IV. 1980. Dominant lethality in Xenopus laevis induced with triethylene melamine. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1:283–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnell, R G, Mareel, M M, Bruyneel, E A, Seppanen, E D, Mekala, P R. 1986. Invasion in vitro by explants of Lucké renal carcinoma cocultured with normal tissue is temperature dependent. Clin Exp Metastasis 4:237–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnell, R G, Sauerbier, W, Lust, J M, Williams, J W, Williams, C S, Rollins-Smith, L A, and Carlson, D L. 1991. The Lucké renal adenocarcinoma and its herpesvirus. In 4. Internationales Colloquium für Pathologie und Therapie der Reptilien und Amphibien. Gissen: Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft e.V., pp. 204–18.Google Scholar
McKinnell, R G, Lust, J M, Sauerbier, W, Rollins-Smith, L, Williams, J W III, Williams, C S, Carlson, D L. 1993. Genomic plasticity of the Lucké carcinoma: A review. Int J Develop Biol 37:213–19.Google ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, P, Grillo-Lopez, A J, Link, B K, Levy, R, Czuczman, M S, Williams, M E, Heyman, M R, Bence-Bruckler, I, White, C A, Cabanillas, F. 1998. Rituximab chimeric anti-cd20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: Half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 16:2825–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McTiernan, A and Thomas, D B. 1986. Evidence for a protective effect of lactation on risk of breast cancer in young women: Results from a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 124:353–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medeiros, F, Corless, C L, Duensing, A, Hornick, J L, Oliveira, A M, Heinrich, M C, Fletcher, J A, and Fletcher, C D. 2004. Kit-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Proof of concept and therapeutic implications. Am J Surg Pathol 28:889–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meinsma, R, Fernandez-Salguero, P, Kuilenburg, A B, Gennip, A H, and Gonzalez, F J. 1995. Human polymorphism in drug metabolism: Mutation in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene results in exon skipping and thymine uracilurea. DNA Cell Biol 14:1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellon, I, Spivak, G, and Hanawalt, P C. 1987. Selective removal of transcription-blocking DNA damage from the transcribed strand of the mammalian DHFR gene. Cell 51:241–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menard, S, Casalini, P, Campiglio, M, Pupa, S, Agresti, R, and Tagliabue, E. 2001. HER2 overexpression in various tumor types, focussing on its relationship to the development of invasive breast cancer. Ann Oncol 12 Suppl 1:S15–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendelsohn, M L. 1960a. The growth fraction: A new concept applied to tumors. Science 132:1496.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, M L. 1960b. Autoradiographic analysis of cell proliferation in spontaneous breast cancer of C3H mouse. I. Growth and survival of cells labelled with tritiated thymidine. J Natl Cancer Inst 25:485–500.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, M L, Dohan, F C Jr., and Moore, H A Jr.. 1960. Autoradiographic analysis of cell proliferation in spontaneous breast cancer of C3H mouse. I. Typical cell cycle and timing of DNA synthesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 25:477–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Menssen, A and Hermeking, H. 2002. Characterization of the c-MYC-regulated transcriptome by SAGE: identification and analysis of c-MYC target genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6274–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyn, M S. 1995. Ataxia-telangiectasia and cellular responses to DNA damage. Cancer Res 55:5991–6001.Google ScholarPubMed
Michalewicz, R, Lotem, J, and Sachs, L. 1984. Cell differentiation and therapeutic effect of low doses of cytosine arabinoside in human myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 8:783–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikaelian, I, Lapointe, J M, Lafontaine, Y, Harshbarger, J C, Côté, R J, Naydan, D K, and Martineau, D. 2000. Suprasellar germinoma in three lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 100:228–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikhailov, V, Mikhailova, M, Pulkrabek, D J, Dong, Z, Venkatachalam, M A, and Saikumar, P. 2001. Bcl-2 prevents Bax oligomerization in the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Biol Chem 276:18361–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikheev, A M, Mikheeva, S A, Liu, B, Cohen, P, and Zarbl, H. 2004. A functional genomics approach for the identification of putative tumor suppressor genes: Dickkopf-1 as suppressor of HeLa cell transformation. Carcinog 25:47–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miki, Y, Swensen, J, Shattuck-Eidens, D, Futreal, P A, Harshman, K, Tavtigian, S, Liu, Q, Cochran, C, Bennett, L M, Ding, W. 1994. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266:66–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milburn, M V, Tong, L, Voss, A M, Brunger, A, Yamaizumi, Z, Nishimura, S, and Kim, S-H. 1990. Molecular switch for signal transduction: Structural differences between active and inactive forms of protooncogenic ras proteins. Science 247:939–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, E C. 1978. Some current perspectives on chemical carcinogenesis in humans and experimental animals. Cancer Res 38:1479–96.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, J A. 1970. Carcinogenesis by chemicals: An overview. Cancer Res 30:559–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, R W. 1966. Delayed radiation effects in atomic bomb survivors. Science 166:569–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minamoto, T, Mai, M, and Ronai, Z. 2000. K-ras mutation: early detection in molecular diagnosis and risk assessment of colorectal, pancreas, and lung cancers – a review. Cancer Detect Prev 24:1–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Mintz, B and Illmensee, K. 1975. Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:3585–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Misra, R P, Bonni, A, Miranti, C K, Rivera, V M, and Sheng, Z H. 1994. L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel activation stimulates gene expression by a serum response factor-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 269:25483–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Mitelman, F. 1994. Catalog of chromosome aberrations in cancer, 5th ed. New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
Miyashita, T and Reed, J C. 1995. Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80:293–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Molineux, G, Migdalska, A, Haley, J, Evans, G S, and Dexter, T M. 1994. Total marrow failure induced by pegylated stem-cell factor administered before 5-fluorouracil. Blood 3:3491–9.Google Scholar
Monchaux, G and Morlier, J P. 2002. Influence of exposure rate on radon-induced lung cancer in rats. J Radiol Prot 22:A81–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monden, Y, Hamano-Takaku, F, Shindo-Okada, N, and Nishimura, S. 1999. Azatyrosine: Mechanism of action for conversion of transformed phenotype to normal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 886:109–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moodie, S A and Wolfman, A. 1994. The 3Rs of life: Ras, Raf and growth regulation. Trends Genet 10:44–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, K L and Persaud, T V. 1993. The Developing Human, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Moore, M A and Owen, J J. 1967. Stem cell migration in developing myeloid and lymphoid systems. Lancet 2:658–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, C M, Reeve, A E, Fitzgerald, P H, Hollings, P E, Beard, M E J, and Heaton, D C. 1986. Genomic diversity correlates with clinical variation in Ph1-negative chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nature 320:281–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, G B, Bastian, A, Dela Rosa, T, Diasio, R B, and Takimoto, C H. 1997. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency: A pharmacogenetic defect causing severe adverse reactions to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 24:83–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Morrison, V A. 1994. Chronic leukemias. CA Cancer J Clin 44:353–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morse D, Dailey R C, and Bunn J. 1976. Prehistoric multiple myeloma. In: Jarcho, S (ed.). Essays on the History of Medicine, pp. 413–24. New York: Science History Publications/USA.Google Scholar
Morton D L, Antman K H, and Tepper J. 1993. Soft tissue sarcoma. In Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 1858–87. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Morton D L, Cochran A J, and Lazar G. 1990. Melanoma. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 500–12. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Morton, S, Davis, R J, McLaren, A, and Cohen, P. 2003. A reinvestigation of the multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun. EMBO J 22:3876–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mossman, B T, Bignon, J, Corn, M, Seaton, A, and Gee, J B. 1990. Asbestos: Scientific developments and implications for public policy. Science 247:294–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mossman, B T, Kamp, D W, and Weitzman, S A. 1996. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis and clinical features of asbestos-associated cancers. Cancer Invest 14:466–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moulton, J E. 1978. Tumors in Domestic Animals. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mueller, C B and Jeffries, W. 1975. Cancer of the breast: Its outcome as measured by the rate of dying and causes of death. Ann Surg 182:334–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muir, C, Waterhouse, J, Mack, T, Powell, J, and Whelan, S, eds. 1987. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol V IARC Scientific Publications No 88. Lyon, FR: IARC.Google Scholar
Mundoz-Dorado, J, Inouye, M, and Inouye, S. 1990. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from Myxococcus xanthus: I Cloning and sequencing of the gene. J Biol Chem 265:2702–6.Google Scholar
Münger, K, Werness, B A, Dyson, N, Phelps, W C, and Howley, P M. 1989. Complex suppressor gene product. EMBO J 8:4099–4105.Google ScholarPubMed
Munson, L. 1987. Carcinoma of the mammary gland in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:71–2.Google Scholar
Muraoka, R S, Lenferink, A E, Law, B, Hamilton, E, Brantley, D M, Roebuck, L R, and Arteaga, C L. 2002. ErbB2/Neu-induced, cyclin D1-dependent transformation is accelerated in p27-haploinsufficient mammary epithelial cells but impaired in p27-null cells. Mol Cell Biol 22:2204–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, C S, Langan-Fahey, S M, McCague, R, and Jordan, V C. 1990. Structure-function relationships of hydroxylated metabolites of tamoxifen that control the proliferation of estrogen-responsive T47D breast cancer cells in vitro. Mol Pharmacol 38:737–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Murphy, M, Stinnakre, M G, Senamaud-Beaufort, C, Winston, N J, Sweeney, C, Kubelka, M, Carrington, M, Brechot, C, and Sobczak-Thepot, J. 1997. Delayed early embryonic lethality following disruption of the murine cyclin A2 gene. Nat Genet 15:83–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, L, Chen, B, Galy, A, Chen, S, Tushinski, R, Uchida, N, Negrin, R, Tricot, G, Jagannath, S, Vesole, D, et al. 1995. Enrichment of human hematopoietic stem cell activity in the CD34+Thy-1+Lin-subpopulation from mobilized peripheral blood. Blood 85:368–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Murray, L, DiGusto, D, Chen, B, Chen, S, Combs, J, Conti, A, Galy, A, Negrin, R, Tricot, G, and Tsukamoto, A. 1994. Analysis of human hematopoietic stem cell populations. Blood Cells 20:364–9; discussion 369–70.Google ScholarPubMed
Muss, H B, Smith, L R, and Cooper, M R. 1987. Tamoxifen rechallenge: Response to tamoxifen following relapse after adjuvant chemohormonal therapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 5:1556–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers C E and Chabner B A. 1990. Anthracyclines. In: Chabner, C A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 356–81. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Myers, G H Jr, Fehrenbaker, L G, and Kelalis, P P. 1968. Prognostic significance of renal vein invasion by hypernephroma. J Urol 100:420–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naghshineh, R, Hagdoost, I S, and Mokhber-Dezfuli, M R. 1991. A retrospective study of the incidence of bovine neoplasms in Iran. J Comp Pathol 105:235–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, J and Swenberg, J A. 1999. Endogenous apinic/apyrimidinic sites in genomic DNA of mammalian tissues. Cancer Res 59:2522–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Nakayama, K, Nakayama, K-I, Negishi, I, Kuida, K, Sawa, H, and Loh, D Y. 1994. Targeted disruption of Bcl-2 alpha beta in mice: occurrence of gray hair, polycystic kidney disease, and lymphocytopenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3700–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakayama, K, Ishida, N, Shirane, M, Inomata, A, Inoue, T, Shishido, N, Horii, I, Loh, D Y, and Nakayama, K. 1996. Mice lacking p27(Kip1) display increased body size, multiple organ hyperplasia, retinal dysplasia, and pituitary tumors. Cell 85:707–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakazawa, H, English, D, Randell, P L, Nakazawa, K, Martel, N, Armstrong, B K, and Yamasaki, H. 1994. UV and skin cancer: Specific p53 gene mutation in normal skin as a biologically relevant exposure measurement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:360–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 1987. Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States. NCRP Report 93. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
National Research Council. 1982. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council, Committee on Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations (Beir VII) 1998. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: Time for Reassessment? Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 5–32.
Needham, J. 1942. Biochemistry and Morphogenesis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Neel, J V, Schull, W J, Awa, A A, Satoh, C, Kato, H, Otake, M, and Yoshimoto, Y. 1990. The children of parents exposed to atomic bombs: Estimates of the genetic doubling dose of radiation for humans. Am J Hum Genet 46:1053–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, D R and Strobel, H W. 1987. Evolution of cytochrome P-450 protein. Mol Biol Evol 4:572–93.Google Scholar
Nelson, D R, Kamataki, T, Waxman, D J, Guengerich, F P, Estabrook, R W, Feyereisen, R, Gonzalez, F J, Coon, M J, Gunsalus, I C, Gotoh, O. 1993. The P450 superfamily: Update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers, early trivial names of enzymes and nomenclature. DNA Cell Biol 12:1–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, M A, Futscher, B W, Kinsella, T, Wymer, J, and Bowden, G T. 1992. Detection of mutant Ha-ras genes in chemically initiated mouse skin epidermis before the development of benign tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:6398–6402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, W G, Marzo, A M, Isaacs, W B. 2003. Prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 349:366–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nemoto, N, Kodama, K, Tazawa, A, Masahito, P, and Ishikawa, T. 1986. Extensive sequence homology of the goldfish ras gene to mammalian ras genes. Differentiation 32:17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesnow, S, Miyazaki, T, Khwaja, T, Meyer, R B Jr., and Heidelberger, C. 1973. Pyridine nucleosides related to 5-fluorouracil and thymine. J Med Chem 16:524–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuberger, J S. 1992. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: An overview of ongoing studies. Health Phys 63:503–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuberger, J S and Gesell, T F. 2002. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: risk in nonsmokers. Health Phys 83:1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuman, E, Flemington, E K, Sellers, W R, and Kaelin, W G Jr. 1994. Transcription of the E2F-1 gene is rendered cell cycle dependent by E2F DNA-binding sites within its promoter. Mol Cell Biol 14:6607–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuwirth H and De Kermion J B. 1990. Prostate. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Prostate Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 737–49. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Neuwirth H, Figlin R A, and de Kernion J B. 1990. Kidney. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 769–78. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Newton, A C. 1995. Protein kinase C: Structure, function, and regulation. J Biol Chem 270:28495–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nikitin, A Y, Ballering, L A P, and Rajewsky, M F. 1991. Early mutatins of the neu (erbB-2) gene during ethylnitrosourea-induced oncogenesis in the rat Schwann cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:9939–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, T, Hoglund, M, Lenhoff, S, Rylander, L, Turesson, I, Westin, J, Mitelman, F, and Johansson, B. 2003. A pooled analysis of karyotypic patterns, breakpoints and imbalances in 783 cytogenetically abnormal multiple myelomas reveals frequently involved chromosome segments as well as significant age- and sex-related differences. Br J Haematol 120:960–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishizuka, Y. 1992. Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science 258:607–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noble, R L, Beer, C T, and Cutts, J H. 1958. Further biological activities of vincaleukoblastine – an alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea (L). Biochem Pharmacol 1:347–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noel, A C, Calle, A, Emonard, H P, Nusgens, B V, Simar, L, Foidart, J, Lapiere, C M, and Foidart, J M. 1991. Invasion of reconstituted basement membrane matrix is not correlated to the malignant metastatic cell phenotype. Cancer Res 51:405–14.Google Scholar
Noguchi, S, Miyauchi, K, Nishizawa, Y, and Koyama, H. 1988. Induction of progesterone receptor with tamoxifen in human breast cancer with special reference to its behavior over time. Cancer 61:1345–9.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, M D, Burkhart, C A, Marshall, G M, Weiss, W A, and Haber, M. 2000. Expression of N-myc and MRP genes and their relationship to N-myc gene dosage and tumor formation in a murine neuroblastoma model. Med Pediatr Oncol 35:585–9.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton L. 1979. Thoughts on a role for cell kinetics in cancer chemotherapy. In: Tagnon, H J and Staquet, M J (eds.). Controversies in Cancer: Design of Trials and Treatment, pp. 105–15. New York: Masson.Google Scholar
Norton, L. 1990. Biology of residual breast cancer after therapy: A kinetic interpretation. Prog Clin Biol Res 354A:109–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Norton, L and Simon, R. 1986. The Norton-Simon hypothesis revisited. Cancer Treat Rep 70:163–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Novick, D, Cohen, B, and Rubinstein, M. 1992. Soluble interferon-a receptor molecules are present in body fluids. Fed Exp Biol Soc Lett 314:445–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowell, P C. 1976. The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 194:23–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowell, P C. 2002. Tumor progression: a brief historical perspective. Semin Cancer Biol 12:261–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowell, P C and Hungerford, D A. 1960a. A minute chromosome in human granulocytic leukemia. Science 132:1497.Google Scholar
Nowell, P C and Hungerford, D A. 1960b. Chromosome studies on normal and leukemic human leukocytes. J Natl Cancer Inst 25:85–109.Google ScholarPubMed
Ochsner, A. 1954. Smoking and Cancer: A Doctor's Report. New York: J Messner.Google Scholar
Ochsner, A and DeBakey, M. 1939. Primary pulmonary malignancy: Treatment of total pneumonectomy: Analysis of seventy-nine collected cases and presentation of seven personal cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 68:435–51.Google Scholar
Ochsner, A and DeBakey, M. 1940. Surgical considerations of primary carcinoma of the lung. Surgery 8:992–1023.Google Scholar
Ochsner, A and DeBakey, M. 1941. Carcinoma of the lung. Arch Surg 42:209–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochsner, A. 1942. Significance of metastasis in primary carcinoma of the lungs. J Thoracic Surgery 11:357–87.Google Scholar
Oda, K, Arakawa, H, Tanaka, T, Matsuda, K, Tanikawa, C, Mori, T, Nishimori, H, Tamai, K, Tokino, T, Nakamura, Y, and Taya, Y. 2000. p53AIP1, a potential mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis, and its regulation by Ser-46-phosphorylated p53. Cell 102:849–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogilvie, D, McKinnell, R G, and Tarin, D. 1984. Temperature-dependent elaboration of collagenase by the renal adenocarcinoma of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Cancer Res 44:3438–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Okey, A B. 1990. Enzyme induction in the cytochroms P-450 system. Pharmacol Ther 45:241–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okey, A B, Roberts, E A, Harper, P A, and Denison, M S. 1986. Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes: Mechanisms and consequences. Clin Biochem 19:132–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olivier, M, Eeles, R, Hollstein, M, Khan, M A, Harris, C C, and Hainaut, P. 2002. The IARC TP53 database: new online mutation analysis and recommendations to users. Hum Mutat 19:607–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omenn, G S, Goodman, G E, Thornquist, M D, Balmes, J, Cullen, M R, Glass, A, Keogh, J P, Meyskens, F L, Valanis, B, Williams, J H. 1996. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334:1150–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oro, A E, Higgins, K M, Hu, Z, Bonifas, J M, Epstein, E H Jr, and Scott, M P. 1997. Basal cell carcinomas in mice overexpressing sonic hedgehog. Science 276:817–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orr, L C, Fleitz, J, McGavran, L, Wyatt-Ashmead, J, Handler, M, Forman, N K. 2002. Cytogenetics in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas. Med Pediatr Oncol 38:173–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortega, S, Prieto, I, Odajima, J, Martin, A, Dubus, P, Sotillo, R, Barbero, J L, Malumbres, M, and Barbacid, M. 2003. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is essential for meiosis but not for mitotic cell division in mice. Nat Genet35:25–31.Google Scholar
Ortner, D J and Putschar, W G. 1981. Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Orzechowski, A, Schrenk, D, and Bock, K W. 1992. Metabolism of 1- and 2-naphthylamine in isolated rat hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis 13:2227–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborne, C K, Coronado-Heinsohn, E B, Hilsenbeck, S G, McCue, B L, Wakeling, A E, McClelland, R A, Manning, D L, and Nicholson, R I. 1995. Comparison of the effects of a pure steroidal antiestrogen with those of tamoxifen in a model of human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:746–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborne, C K, Yochmowitz, M G, Knight, W A, and McGuire, W L. 1980. The value of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the treatment of breast cancer. Cancer 46 (Suppl 12):2884–8.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozes, O N, Klein, S B, Reiter, Z, and Taylor, M W. 1993. An interferon resistant variant of the hairy cell leukemic cell line, Eskol: Biochemical and immunological characterization. Leuk Res 17:983–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paez, J G, Janne, P A, Lee, J C, Tracy, S, Greulich, H, Gabriel, S, Herman, P, Kaye, F J, Lindeman, N, Boggon, T J. 2004. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 304:1497–1500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paffenbarger, R S, Hyde, R T, and Wing, A L. 1987. Physical activity and incidence of cancer in diverse populations: A preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 45:312–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paffenbarger, R S, Hyde, R T, Wing, A L, and Hsieh, C C. 1986. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med 314:605–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paget, S. 1889. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1:571–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papadopoulos, N, Nicolaides, N C, Wei, Y-F, Ruben, S M, Carter, K C, Rosen, C A, Haseltine, W A, Fleischmann, R D, Fraser, C M, Adams, M D. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science 263:1625–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parchment, R E. 1993. The implications of a unified theory of programmed cell death, polyamines, oxyradicals and histogenesis in the embryo. Int J Dev Biol 37:75–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Parchment, R E. 1998. Alternative testing systems for evaluating noncarcinogenic, hematologic toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 106:541–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parchment, R E and Pierce, G B. 1989. Polyamine oxidation, programmed cell death, and regulation of melanoma in the murine limb. Cancer Res 49:6680–6.Google Scholar
Parchment, R E, Gordon, M, Grieshaber, C K, Sessa, C, Volpe, D, and Ghielmini, M. 1998. Predicting hematological toxicity (myelosuppression) of cytotoxic drug therapy from in vitro tests. Ann Oncol 9:357–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parczyk, K and Schneider, M R. 1996. The future of antihormone therapy: Innovations based on an established principle. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 122:383–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, E J and Pezzuto, J M. 2002. Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 21:231–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker R G. 1990. Principles of radiation oncology. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed, pp. 15–21. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Parker, S L, Tong, T, Bolden, S, and Wingo, P A. 1997. Cancer statistics, 1997. CA Cancer J Clin 47:5–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkin, D M, Pisani, P, Muñoz, N, and Ferlay, J. 1999. The global health burden of infection associated cancers. Cancer Surv Suppl. 33:5–34.Google Scholar
Patel, J D, Bach, P B, and Kris, M G. 2004. Lung cancer in US women: A contemporary epidemic. JAMA 291:1763–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, N H and Rothenberg, M L. 1994. Multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Invest New Drugs 12:1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, B H and Block, G. 1988. Food choices and the cancer guidelines. Am J Public Health 78:282–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payne, D M, Rossomando, A J, Martino, P, Erickson, A K, Her, J-H, Shananowitz, J, Hunt, D F, Weber, M J, and Sturgill, T W. 1991. Identification of the regulatory phosphorylation sites in pp42/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinases). EMBO J 10:885–92.Google Scholar
Pearl, R. 1922. New data on the influence of alcohol on the expectation of life in man. Am J Hygiene 2:463–6.Google Scholar
Pecorelli, S. 1994. Management of the symptomatic patient: Surgery NIH Consensus Development Conference on Ovarian Cancer. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.Google Scholar
Peltomäki, P, Aaltonen, L A, Sistonen, P, Pylkkänen, L, Mecklin, J-P, Järvinen, H, Green, J S, Jass, J R, Weber, J L, Leach, F S. 1993. Genetic mapping of a locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer. Science 260:810–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pendergast, A M, Quilliam, L A, Cripe, L D, Bassing, C H, Dai, Z, Li, N, Batzer, A, Rabun, K M, Der, C J, Schlessinger, J, and Gishizky, M L. 1993. BCR-ABL-induced oncogenesis is mediated by direct interaction with the SH2 domain of the GRB-2 adaptor protein. Cell 75:175–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peraino, D R, Fry, R J, and Staffeldt, E. 1971. Reduction and enhancement by phenobarbital of hepatocarcinogenesis induced in the rat by 2-acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Res 31:1506–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Perantoni, A O, Rice, J M, Reed, C D, Watatani, M, and Wenk, M L. 1987. Activated neu oncogene sequences in primary tumors of the peripheral nervous system induced in rats by transplacental exposure to ethylnitrosourea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6317–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perantoni, A O and Rice, J M. 1999. Mutation patterns in non-ras oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in experimentally induced tumours. IARC Sci Publ 146:87–122.Google Scholar
Perantoni, A O, Turusov, V S, Buzard, G S, and Rice, J M. 1994. Infrequent transforming mutations in the transmembrane domain of the neu oncogene in spontaneous rat schwannomas. Mol Carcinog 9:230–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perri, R T, Weisdorf, D J, and Oken, M M. 1985. Low-dose ARA-C fails to enhance differentiation of leukaemic cells. Br J Haematol 59:697–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perris, R and Bronner-Fraser, M. 1989. Recent advances in defining the role of the extracellular matrix in neural crest development. Commun Dev Neurobiol 1:61–83.Google Scholar
Pesenti-Barili, B, Ferdandi, E, Mosti, M, and Degli-Innocenti, F. 1991. Survival of Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 on various carriers for crown gall control. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:2047–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Pestell, K E, Ducruet, A P, Wipf, P, and Lazo, J S. 2000. Small molecule inhibitors of dual specificity protein phosphatases. Oncogene 19:6607–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peter, M and Herskowitz, I. 1994. Joining the complex: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory proteins and the cell cycle. Cell 79:181–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelps, W C, Yee, C L, Munger, K, and Howley, P M. 1988. The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 gene encodes transactivation and transformation functions similar to adenovirus E1a. Cell 53:539–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, D H, Carmichael, P L, Hewer, A, Cole, K J, Hardcastle, I R, Poon, G K, Keogh, A, and Strain, A J. 1996. Activation of tamoxifen and its metabolite alpha-hyroxytamoxifen to DNA-binding products: Comparisons between human, rat and mouse hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis 17:89–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickle, L W, Mason, T J, Howard, N, Hoover, R, and Fraumeni, J F. 1987. Atlas of US Cancer Mortality Among Whites. Bethesda, MD: Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health.Google Scholar
Pickle, L W, Mungiole, M, Jones, G K, and White, A A. 1996. Atlas of United States Mortality. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Pierce, G B. 1974. Neoplasms, differentiation, mutations. Am J Pathol 77:103–18.Google Scholar
Pierce, G B. 1983. The cancer cell and its control by the embryo. Am J Pathol 113:117–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B and Dixon, F J. 1959. The demonstration of teratogenesis by metamorphosis of multipotential cells. Cancer 12:573–89.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce G B and Parchment R. 1991. Progression and teratocarcinoma. In: Sudilovsky, O, Pitot, H, and Liotta, L (eds.). Boundaries Between Promotion and Progression During Carcinogenesis, pp. 71–81. Collection of Basic Life Science. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Pierce, G B and Speers, W C. 1988. Tumors as caricatures of the process of tissue renewal: prospects for therapy by directing differentiation. Cancer Res 48:1996–2004.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B and Wallace, C. 1971. Differentiation of malignant to benign cells. Cancer Res 31:127–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B, Dixon, F J, and Verney, E L. 1960. Teratocarcinogenic and tissue forming potentials of the cell types comprising neoplastic embryoid bodies. Lab Invest 9:583–602.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B, Gramzinski, R A, and Parchment, R E. 1990. Amine oxidases, programmed cell death, and tissue renewal. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol 327:67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B, Lewellyn, A L, and Parchment, R E. 1989. Mechanisms of programmed cell death in the blastocyst. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:3654–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, G B, Shikes, R H, and Fink, L M. 1978. Cancer: A problem of developmental biology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Pierce, G B, Stevens, L C, and Nakane, P K. 1967. Ultrastructural analysis of the early development of teratocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 39:755–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierce, D A., Shimizu, Y, Preston, D L, Vaeth, M, and Mabuchi, K. 1996. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950–1990. Radiat Res 146:1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pines, J 1994. The cell cycle kinases. Semin Cancer Biol 5:305–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Pinkney, A E, Harshbarger, J C, May, E B, and Melancon, M J. 2001. Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the tidal Potomac River, USA, watershed. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:196–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirila, E, Sharabi, A, Salo, T, Quaranta, V, Tu, H, Heljasvaara, R, Koshikawa, N, Sorsa, T, and Maisi, P. 2003. Matrix metalloproteinases process the laminin-5 gamma 2-chain and regulate epithelial cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303:1012–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pittillo, R F, Schabel, F M Jr, and Skipper, H E. 1970. The “sensitivity” of resting and dividing cells. Cancer Chemother Rep 54:137–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Plasterk, R H. 1992. Genetic switches: Mechanisms and function. Trends Genet 8:403–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platanias, L C, Pfeffer, L M, Barton, K P, Vardiman, J W, Golomb, H M, and Colamonici, O R. 1992. Expression of the IFNa receptor in hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematology 82:541–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pluk, H, Dorey, K and Superti-Furga, G. 2002. Autoinhibition of c-Abl. Cell 108:247–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podesta, A H, Mullins, J, Pierce, G B, and Wells, R S. 1984. The neurula stage mouse embryo in control of neuroblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:7608–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poland, A, Glover, E, and Kende, A S 1976. Stereospecific high affinity binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by hepatic cytosols. Evidence that the binding species is a receptor for induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 251:4936–46.Google ScholarPubMed
Polednak, A P 1976. College athletics, body size, and cancer mortality. Cancer 38:382–7.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polek, T C and Weigel, N L. 2002. Vitamin D and prostate cancer. J. Androl 23:9–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poste, G and Paruch, L. 1989. Stephen Paget, MD, FRCS (1855–1926): A retrospective. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 8:93–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pott, P. 1775. Chirurgical observations relative to the cataract, the polypus of the nose, the cancer of the scrotum, the different kinds of ruptures and the mortification of the toes and feet. London: Hawkes, Clarke, and Collins.Google Scholar
Potten, C S and Chadwick, C A. 1994. Small intestinal regulatory factors extracted by simple diffusion from intact irradiated intestine and tested in vivo. Growth Factors 10:63–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potten, C S, Chadwick, C, Ijiri, K, Tsubouchi, S, and Hanson, W R. 1984. The recruitability and cell-cycle state of intestinal stem cells. Int J Cell Cloning 2:126–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potten, C S, Booth, C, Chadwick, C A, and Evans, G S. 1994. A potent stimulator of small intestinal cell proliferation extracted by simple diffusion from intact irradiated intestine: In vitro studies. Growth Factors 10:53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potten, C S, Owen, G, Hewitt, D, Chadwick, C A, Hendry, H, Lord, B I, and Woolford, L B. 1995. Stimulation and inhibition of proliferation in the small intestinal crypts of the mouse after in vivo administration of growth factors. Gut 36: 864–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potten, C S, Watson, R J, Williams, G T, Tickle, S, Roberts, S A, Harris, M, and Howell, A. 1988. The effect of age and menstrual cycle upon proliferative activity of normal human breast. Br J Cancer 58:163–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, C J, Turenchalk, G S and Xu, T. 2000. Drosophila in cancer research: an expanding role. Trends in Genetics 16:33–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Press, O W, Appelbaum, F, Ledbetter, J A, Martin, P J, Zarling, J, Kidd, P, and Thomas, E D. 1987. Monoclonal antibody 1f5 (anti-cd20) serotherapy of human b cell lymphomas. Blood 69:584–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Pruitt, K and Der, C J. 2001. Ras and Rho regulation of the cell cycle and oncogenesis. Cancer Lett 171:1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulciani, S, Santos, E, Lauver, A V, Long, L K, Robbins, K C, and Barbacid, M. 1982. Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines: Molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder cell carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2845–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purchio, A F, Erikson, E, Brugge, J S, and Erikson, R L. 1978. Identification of a polypeptide encoded by the avian sarcoma virus src gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1567–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quaranta, V. 2002. Motility cues in the tumor environment. Differentiation 70:590–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quintanilla, M, Brown, K, Ramsden, M, and Balmain, A. 1986. Carcinogen-specific mutation and amplification of Ha-ras during mouse skin carcinogenesis. Nature 322:78–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabinowitz, Y and Wilhite, B A. 1969. Thymidine salvage pathway in normal and leukemic leukocytes with effects of ATP on enzyme control. Blood 33:759–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Rader, K. 2002. The origin of mouse genetics: beyond the Bussey Institution. II Defining the problem of mouse supply: the 1928 National Research Council Committee on Experimental Plants and Animals. Mamm Genome 13:2–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radonski, J L. 1979. The primary aromatic amines, their biological properties and structure-activity relationships. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 19:129–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rameh, L E and Cantley, L C. 1999. The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase lipid products in cell function. J Biol Chem. 274:8347–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rampino, N, Yamamoto, H, Ionov, Y, Li, Y, Sawai, H, Reed, J C, and Perucho, M. 1997. Somatic frameshift mutations in the BAX gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Science 275:967–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rauh, M J, Blackmore, V, Andrechek, E R, Tortorice, C G, Daly, R, Lai, V K, Pawson, T, Cardiff, R D, Siegel, P M, and Muller, W J. 1999. Accelerated mammary tumor development in mutant polyomavirus middle T transgenic mice expressing elevated levels of either the Shc or Grb2 adapter protein. Mol Cell Biol 1912:8169–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raz, E. 2003. Primordial germ-cell development: the zebrafish perspective. Nat Rev Genet 4:690–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebello, P, Cwynarski, K, Varughese, M, Eades, A, Apperley, J F, and Hale, G. 2001. Pharmacokinetics of campath-1h in bmt patients. Cytotherapy 3:261–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Recamier, J C. 1829. Recherches sur le traitement du cancer, par la compression methodique simple ou combinée et sur l'histoire générale de la même maladie, vol II. Paris: Gabon.Google Scholar
Rechsteiner, M and Rogers, S W. 1996. PEST sequences and regulation by proteolysis. Trends Biochem Sci 21:267–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Recny, M A, Scoble, H A, and Kim, Y. 1987. Structural characterization of natural human urinary and recombinant DNA-derived erythropoietin. J Biol Chem 262:17156–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Reddel, R R, Alexander, I E, Koga, M, Shine, J, and Sutherland, R L. 1988. Genetic instability and the development of steroid hormone insensitivity in cultured T 47D human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 48:4340–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Reed E and Kohn K W. 1990. Platinum analogues. In: Chabner, B A and Collins, J M (eds.). Cancer Chemotherapy, pp. 465–90. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Rees, E, Young, R D, and Evans, D J. 2003. Spatial and temporal contribution of somatic myoblasts to avian limb muscles. Dev Biol 253:264–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regaud, C. 1930. Sur les principes radiophysiologiques de la radiotherapie des cancers. Acta Radiol 11:456–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regaud, C and Ferroux, R. 1927. Discordance des effets des rayons X, d'une part dans la peau, d'autre part dans le testicule, par le fractionnement de la dose; diminution de l'efficacité dans le peau, maintien de l'efficacité dans le testicule. C R Soc Biol 97:431–4.Google Scholar
Rehn, L. 1895. Bladder tumours in Fuchsine workers. Arch Klin Chir 50:588–600.Google Scholar
Reiss, M, Gamba-Vitalo, C, and Sartorelli, A C. 1986. Induction of tumor differentiation as a therapeutic approach: Preclinical models for hematopoietic and solid neoplasms. Cancer Treat Rep 70:201–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Remmer H. 1962. Drug tolerance. In: Mongar, J L and Reuck, A V S (eds.). Ciba Foundations Symposium on Enzymes and Drug Action, pp. 276–98. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, R. 2002. The molecular mechanism of chronic myelogenous leukemia and its therapeutic implications: studies in a murine model. Oncogene 21:8629–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rendina, G M, Donadio, C, and Giovannini, M. 1982. Steroid receptors and progestinic therapy in ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 3:241–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Repesh, L A, Drake, S R, Warner, M C, Downing, S W, Jyring, R, Seftor, E A, Hedrix, M J, and McCarthy, J B. 1993. Adriamycin-induced inhibition of melanoma cell invasion is correlated with decreases in tumour cell motility and increases in focal contact formation. Clin Exp Metastasis 11:91–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynisdottir, I, Polyak, K, Iavarone, A, Massague, J. 1995. Kip/Cip and Ink4 Cdk inhibitors cooperate to induce cell cycle arrest in response to TGF-beta. Genes Dev 9:1831–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rideout, W M, Coetzee, G A, Olumi, A F, Jones, P A. 1990. 5-Methylcytosine as an endogenous mutagen in the human LDL receptor and p53 genes. Science 249:1248–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rigel, D S. 1996. Malignant melanoma: Perspectives on incidence and its effects on awareness, diagnosis, and treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 46:195–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rigel, D S. 2002. The effect of sunscreen on melanoma risk. Dermatol Clin 20:601–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rigel, D S, Friedman, R J, Dzubow, L M, Reintgen, D S, Bystryn, J-C, Marks, R. (eds.). 2005. Cancer of the skin. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.Google Scholar
Rijke, R P, Plaisier, H M, and Langendoen, N J. 1979. Epithelial cell kinetics in the descending colon of the rat. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 30:85–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Rizzino, A and Crowley, C. 1980. The growth and differentiation of the embryonal carcinoma cell line, F9, in defined media. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:457–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, J M and Sherr, C J. 2003. Bared essentials of CDK2 and cyclin E. Nat Genet 35:9–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, A M, Bird, C C, Waddell, A W, and Currie, A R. 1978. Morphological aspects of glucocorticoid-induced cell death in human lymphoblastoid cells. J Pathol 126:181–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roninson, I. B. 2002. Oncogenic functions of tumour suppressor p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1): association with cell senescence and tumour-promoting activities of stromal fibroblasts. Cancer Lett 179:1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, C. 2003. A comparison of the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in second-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 26:S9–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, F L and Harshbarger, J C. 1977. Neoplastic and possibly related skin lesions in neotenic tiger salamanders from a sewage lagoon. Science 298:270–9.Google Scholar
Rosen, P R, Groshen, S, Saigo, P E, Kinne, D W, Hellman, S. 1989. A long-term follow-up study of survival in stage I (T1N0M0) and stage II (T1N1M0) breast carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 7:355–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, H, Webb, E, Adams, J M, Cory, S, and Harris, A W. 1989. N-myc transgene promotes B lymphoid proliferation, elicits lymphomas and reveals cross-regulation with c-myc. EMBO J 8:749–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, B, VanCamp, L, Trosko, J E, and Mansour, V H. 1965. Inhibition of cell division in Escherichia coli by electrolysis products from a platinum electrode. Nature 205:698–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, B, VanCamp, L, Trosko, J E, and Mansour, V H. 1969. Platinum compounds: A new class of potent anti-tumour agents. Nature 222:385–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roskoski, R Jr. 2004. The ErbB/HER receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319:1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rostami, M, Tateyama, S, Uchida, K, Naitou, H, Yamaguchi, R, and Ostuka, H. 1994. Tumors in domestic animals examined during a ten-year period 1980 to 1990 at Miyazaki University. J Vet Med Sci 56:403–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rous, P. 1911a. A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells. J Exp Med 13:397–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rous, P. 1911b. Transmission of a malignant new growth by means of a cell-free filtrate. JAMA 56:198–208.Google Scholar
Rovero, S, Amici, A, Carlo, E D, Bei, R, Nanni, P, Quaglino, E, Porcedda, P, Boggio, K, Smorlesi, A, Lollini, P L. 2000. DNA vaccination against rat her-2/Neu p185 more effectively inhibits carcinogenesis than transplantable carcinomas in transgenic BALB/c mice. J Immunol 165:5133–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowley, J D. 1973. A new consistent chromosomal abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukaemia identified by quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa staining. Nature 243:290–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowley, J D. 1977. Mapping of human chromosomal regions related to neoplasia: Evidence from chromosomes 1 and 17. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:5729–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, H K, Olusola, B F, Clemens, D L, Karolski, W J, Ratashak, A, Lynch, H T, and Smyrk, T C. 2002. AKT proto-oncogene overexpression is an early event during sporadic colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 23:201–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin P and Cooper R A. 1993. Statement of the clinical oncologic problem. In: Rubin, P (ed.). Clinical Oncology: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Physicians and Students, 7th ed., pp. 8–11. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Ruddon, R W. 1995. Cancer Biology, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University.Google Scholar
Rudkin, G T, Hungerford, D A and Nowell, P C. 1964. DNA contents of chromosome Ph1 and chromosome 21 in human granulocytic leukemia. Science 144:1229–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruggeri, B, Zhang, Y, Caamano, J, DiRado, M, Flynn, S D, and Klein-Szanto, A J. 1992. Human pancreatic carcinomas and cell lines reveal frequent and multiple alterations in the p53 and Rb-1 tumor-suppressor genes. Oncogene 7:1503–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Ruggero, D, Montanaro, L, Ma, L, Xu, W, Londei, P, Cordon-Cardo, C, and Pandolfi, P P. 2004. The translation factor eIF-4E promotes tumor formation and cooperates with c-Myc in lymphomagenesis. Nat Med 10:484–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz i Altaba, A, Sanchez, P, and Dahmane, N. 2002. Gli and hedgehog in cancer: tumours, embryos and stem cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2:361–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruley, H E. 1990. Transforming collaborations between ras and nuclear oncogenes. Cancer Cells 2:258–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Sachs, L. 1987. Cell differentiation and bypassing genetic defects in the suppression of malignancy. Cancer Res 47:1981–6.Google Scholar
Sachs, L. 1993. Regulation of normal development and tumor suppression. Int J Dev Biol 37:51–9.Google Scholar
Safai, B, Diaz, B, and Schwartz, J. 1992. Malignant neoplasms associated with human immunodeficiency virus infections. CA Cancer J Clin 42:74–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salerno, M, Ouatas, T, Palmieri, D, and Steeg, P S. 2003. Inhibition of signal transduction by the nm23 metastasis suppressor: Possible mechanisms. Clin Exptl Metastasis 20:3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salih, H R and Kiener, P A. 2004. Alterations in Fas (CD 95/Apo-1) and Fas ligand (CD178) expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia during treatment with ATRA. Leuk Lymphoma 45:55–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salonen, J T. 1986. Selenium and human cancer. Ann Clin Res 18:18–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Salsbury, A J. 1975. The significance of the circulating cancer cell. Cancer Treat Rev 2:55–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saltz, L B, Meropol, N J, Loehrer, P J Sr., Needle, M N, Kopit, J, and Mayer, R J. 2004. Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with refractory colorectal cancer that expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Clin Oncol 22:1201–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samet, J M and Eradze, G R. 2000. Radon and lung cancer risk: taking stock at the millenium. Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 4:635–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, M L, Weber, M J, Bishop, J M, and McMahon, M. 1993. Conditional transformation of cells and rapid activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by an estradiol-dependent human raf-1 protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 13:6241–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels-Lev, Y, O'Connor, D J, Bergamaschi, D, Trigiante, G, Hsieh, J K, Zhong, S, Campargue, I, Naumovski, L, Crook, T, and Lu, X. 2001. ASPP proteins specifically stimulate the apoptotic function of p53. Mol Cell 8:781–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandford, N L, Searle, J W, and Kerr, J F. 1984. Successive waves of apoptosis in the rat prostate after repeated withdrawal of testosterone stimulation. Pathology 164:406–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandow, B A, West, N B, Norman, R L, and Brenner, R M. 1979. Hormonal control of apoptosis in hamster uterine luminal epithelium. Am J Anat 156:15–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santen, R J, Manni, A, and Harvey, H. 1986. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs for the treatment of breast and prostatic carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 7:129–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santoro, M, Carlomagno, F, Romano, A, Bottaro, D P, Dathan, N A, Grieco, M, Fusco, A, Vecchio, G, Matoskova, B, Kraus, M H, and Di Fiore, P P. 1995. Activation of RET as a dominant transforming gene by germline mutations of MEN2A and MEN2B. Science 267:381–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, E and Nebreda, A R. 1989. Structural and functional properties of ras proteins. Fed Am Soc Exp Biol J 3:2151–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Saracci, R. 1987. The interactions of tobacco smoking and other agents in cancer etiology. Epidemiol Rev 9:175–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarasin, A. 1999. The molecular pathways of ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 428:5–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargent, J D and DiFranza, J R. 2003. Tobacco control for clinicians who treat adolescents. CA Cancer J Clin 53:102–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sasaki, M. 1982. Current status of cytogenetic studies in animal tumors with special reference to nonrandom chromosome changes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 5:153–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sasaoka, T, Langlois, W J, Bai, F, Rose, D W, Leitner, J W, Decker, S J, Saltiel, A, Gill, G N, Kobayashi, M, Draznin, B. 1996. Involvement of ErbB2 in the signaling pathway leading to cell cycle progression from a truncated epidermal growth factor receptor lacking the C-terminal autophosphorylation sites. J Biol Chem 271:8338–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, S, Fujita, N, and Tsuruo, T. 2004. Involvement of PDK1 in the MEK/MAPK signal-transduction pathway. J Biol Chem 279:33759–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauerbier, W, Rollins-Smith, L A, Carlson, D L, Williams, C S, Williams, J W, and McKinnell, R G. 1995. Sizing of the Lucké tumor herpesvirus genome by field inversion gel electrophoresis and restriction analysis. Herpetopathologia 2:137–43.Google Scholar
Scarpelli D G. 1975. Neoplasia in poikilotherms. In: Becker, F F (ed.). Cancer 4, Biology of Tumors, pp. 375–410. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Scartozzi, M, Bearzi, I, Berardi, R, Mandolesi, A, Fabris, G, and Cascinu, S. 2004. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status in primary colorectal tumors does not correlate with EGFR expression in related metastatic sites: Implications for treatment with egfr-targeted monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Oncol 22:4772–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaaper, R M and Dunn, R L. 1987. Spectra of spontaneous mutations in Escherichia coli strains defective in mismatch repair correction: The nature of in vivo DNA replication errors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6220–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr 1969. The use of tumor growth kinetics in planning “curative” chemotherapy of advanced solid tumors. Cancer Res 29:2384–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr 1975. Concepts for systemic treatment of micrometastases. Cancer 35:15–24.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr 1976. Concepts for treatment of micrometastases developed in murine systems. Am J Roentgenol 126:500–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr, Johnston, T P, Mc, C G, Montgomery, J A, Laster, W R, and Skipper, H E. 1963. Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents VIII. Effects of certain nitrosoureas on intracerebral L1210 leukemia. Cancer Res 23:725–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr, Skipper, H E, Trader, M W, and Wilcox, W S. 1965. Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents: XIX Sensitivity of nondividing leukemic cell populations to certain classes of drugs in vivo. Cancer Chemother Rep 48:17–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Schabel, F M Jr, Skipper, H E, Trader, M W, Laster, W R Jr, Corbett, T H, and Griswold, D P Jr. 1980. Concepts for controlling drug-resistant tumor cells. Eur J Cancer Suppl 1:199–211.Google ScholarPubMed
Schaeffer, H J and Weber, M J. 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinases: specific messages from ubiquitous messengers. Mol Cell Biol 19:2435–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheffner, M, Werness, B A, Huibregste, J M, Levine, A J, and Howley, P M. 1990. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 63:1129–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheijen, B and Griffin, J D. 2002. Tyrosine kinase oncogenes in normal hematopoiesis and hematological disease. Oncogene 21:3314–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffer C A. 1993. Acute lymphocytic leukemia in adults. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 1946–55. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Schlegel, R. 1990. Papilloma viruses and human cancer. Semin Virol 1:297–306.Google Scholar
Schlessinger, J. 2000. Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 103:211–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlieman, M G, Fahy, B N, Ramsamooj, R, Beckett, L, and Bold, R J. 2003. Incidence, mechanism and prognostic value of activated AKT in pancreas cancer. Br J Cancer 89:2110–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, G H, Winton, D J, and Ponder, B A. 1988. Development of the pattern of cell renewal in the crypt-villus unit of chimaeric mouse small intestine. Development 103:785–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, C A. 2003. Senescence, apoptosis and therapy – cutting the lifelines of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3:286–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönthal, A H. 2001. Role of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A in cancer. Cancer Lett 170:1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schröck, E, du Manoir, S, Veldman, T, Schoell, B, Wienberg, J, Ferguson-Smith, M A, Ning, Y, Ledbetter, D H, Bar-Am, I, Soenksen, D. 1996. Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes. Science 273:494–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuchardt, A, D'Agati, V, Larsson-Blomberg, L, Costantini, F, and Pachnis, V. 1994. Defects in the kidney and enteric nervous system of mice lacking the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret. Nature 367:380–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuster, S J, Wilson, J H, Erslev, A J, and Caro, J. 1987. Physiologic regulation and tissue localization of renal erythropoietin messenger RNA. Blood 70:316–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Schwartsmann, G, Brondani da Rocha, A, Berlinck, R G, and Jimeno, J. 2001. Marine organisms as a source of new anticancer agents. Lancet Oncol 2:221–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz M K. 1993. Cancer markers. In: DeVita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed, pp. 531–42. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Sears, R, Leone, G, DeGregori, J, and Nevins, J R. 1999. Ras enhances Myc protein stability. Mol Cell 3:169–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sears, R C and Nevins, J R. 2002. Signaling networks that link cell proliferation and cell fate. J Biol Chem 277:11617–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seger, R, Ahn, N G, Posada, J, Manur, E S, Jensen, A M, Cooper, J A, Cobb, M H, and Krebs, E G. 1992. Purification and characterization of mitogen-activated protein kinase activator(s) from epidermal growth factor-stimulated A431 cells. J Biol Chem 267:14373–81.Google ScholarPubMed
Selikoff, I J, Seidman, H, and Hammond, E C. 1980. Mortality effects of cigarette smoking among amosite asbestos factory workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 65:507–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Sell, S (ed.). 1980. Cancer Markers Diagnostic and Developmental Significance. Clifton, NY: Humana Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sell, S and Leffert, H L. 1982. An evaluation of cellular lineages in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2:77–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sell, S and Pierce, G B. 1994. Maturation arrest of stem cell differentiation is a common pathway for the cellular origin of teratocarcinomas and epithelial cancers. Lab Invest 70:6–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Semenza, G L. 2003. Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 3:721–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen, P, Mukherjee, S, Ray, D, and Raha, S. 2003. Involvement of the Akt/PKB signaling pathway with disease processes. Mol Cell Biochem 253:241–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seppanen, E D, McKinnell, R G, Rollins-Smith, L A, and Hanson, W. 1984. Temperature-dependent dissociation of Lucké renal adenocarcinoma cells. Differentiation 26:227–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serra, E, Ars, E, Ravella, A, Sanchez, A, Puig, S, Rosenbaum, T, Estivill, X, and Lazaro, C. 2001. Somatic NF1 mutational spectrum in benign neurofibromas: mRNA splice defects are common among point mutations. Hum Genet 108:416–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Serrano, M, Hannon, G J, and Beach, D. 1993. A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4. Nature 366:704–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serrano, M, Lee, H-W, Chin, L, Cordon-Cardo, C, Beach, D, and DePinho, R A. 1996. Role of the INK4a locus in tumor suppression and cell mortality. Cell 85:27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setlow, R B. 1974. The wavelength of sunlight effective in producing skin cancer: A theoretical analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:3363–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shackney, S E, McCormack, G W, and Cuchural, G J Jr. 1978. Growth rate patterns of solid tumors and their relation to responsiveness to therapy: An analytical review. Ann Int Med 89:107–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, D M and Fugmann, R A. 1957. A role for chemotherapy as an adjunct to surgery. Cancer Res 17:1098–1101.Google Scholar
Shaulian, E and Karin, M. 2002. AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death. Nat Cell Biol 4:E131–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, P E, Schroter, H, and Nordheim, A. 1989. The ability of a ternary complex to form over the serum response element correlates with serum inducibility of the human c-fos promoter. Cell 56:563–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelby, M D and Zeiger, E. 1990. Activity of human carcinogens in the Salmonella and rodent bone-marrow cytogenetics tests. Mutat Res 34:257–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherr, C J. 1996. Cancer cell cycles. Science 274:1672–7.PubMed
Sherr, C J. 2001. The INK4a/ARF network in tumour suppression. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:731–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherr, C J and McCormick, F. 2002. The RB and p53 pathways in cancer. Cancer Cell 2:103–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shevde, L A and Welch, D R. 2003. Metastasis suppressor pathways – an evolving paradigm. Cancer Lett 198:1–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibata, M A, Liu, M L, Knudson, M C, Shibata, E, Yoshidome, K, Bandey, T, Korsmeyer, S J, and Green, J E. 1999. Haploid loss of bax leads to accelerated mammary tumor development in C3(1)/SV40-TAg transgenic mice: reduction in protective apoptotic response at the preneoplastic stage. EMBO J 18:2692–2701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibutani, S, Takeshita, M, and Grollman, A P. 1991. Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature 349:431–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shields, S E, Ogilvie, D J, McKinnell, R G, and Tarin, D. 1984. Degradation of basement membrane collagens by metalloproteases released by human, murine, and amphibian tumours. J Pathol 143:193–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, C and Weinberg, R A. 1982. Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Cell 29:161–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, C, Padhy, L C, Murray, M, and Weinberg, R A. 1981. Transforming genes of carcinomas and neuroblastomas introduced into mouse fibroblasts. Nature 290:261–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, Y, Kato, H, and Schull, W J. 1990. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors; mortality, 1950–1985: Part 2. Cancer mortality based on the recently revised doses DS86. Radiat Res 121:120–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, Y, Kato, H, Schull, W J, Preston, D L, Fujita, S, and Pierce, D A. 1989. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors; mortality, 1950–1985: Part 1. Comparison of risk coefficients for site-specific cancer mortality based on the DS86 and T65DR shielded kerma and organ doses. Radiat Res 118:502–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, Y, Nakatsuru, Y, Ichinose, M, Takahashi, Y, Kume, H, Mimura, J, Fujii-Kuriyama, Y, and Ishikawa, T 2000. Benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenicity is lost in mice lacking the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:779–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimkin, M B. 1977. Contrary to Nature. Pub NIH 76–720. Washington, DC: US Dept Health, Education and Welfare.Google Scholar
Sieweke, M H, Thompson, N L, Sporn, M B, and Bissell, M J. 1990. Mediation of wound-related Rous sarcoma virus tumorigenesis by TGF-beta. Science 248:1656–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sifri, R, Gangadharappa, S, and Acheson, L S. 2004. Identifying and testing for hereditary susceptibility to common cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 54:309–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sikic, B I. 1993. Modulation of multidrug resistance – at the threshold. J Clin Oncol 11:1629–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sills, R C, Boorman, G A, Neal, J E, Hong, H L, and Devereux, T R. 1999. Mutations in ras genes in experimental tumours of rodents. IARC Sci Publ 146:55–86.Google Scholar
Silvennoinen, O, Ihle, J N, Schlessinger, J, and Levy, D E. 1993. Interferon-induced nuclear signalling by Jak protein tyrosine kinases. Nature 366:583–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, R, Nocito, A, Hubscher, T, Bucher, C, Torhorst, J, Schraml, P, Bubendorf, L, Mihatsch, M M, Moch, H, Wilber, K, Schotzau, A, Kononen, J, and Sauter, G. 2001. Patterns of her-2/neu amplification and overexpression in primary and metastatic breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1141–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson, L and Parsons, R. 2001. PTEN: life as a tumor suppressor. Exp Cell Res 264:29–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson-Herren, L and Noker, P E. 1990. Effects of the initial chemotherapy on subsequent therapy. Prog Clin Biol Res 354A:21–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Sincock, A M, Delhanty, J D, and Casey, G A. 1982. A comparison of the cytogenetic response to asbestos and glass fibers in CHO cell lines. Mutat Res 101:257–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, A A, Gleason, D F, Staley, N A, Wilson, M J, Sameni, M, and Sloane, B. 1995. Cathepsin B in angiogenesis of human prostate: An immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscope analysis. Anat Rec 241:353–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, A A, Quast, B J, Korkowski, J C, Wilson, M J, Reddy, P K, Ewing, S L, Sloane, B F, and Gleason, D F. 1999. The relationship of cathepsin B and Stefin A mRNA localization identifies a potentially aggressive variant of human prostate cancer within a Gleason histologic score. Anticancer Res 19:2821–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Sinha, A A, Quast, B J, Wilson, M F, Fernandes, E T, Reddy, P K, Ewing, S L, Sloane, B F, and Gleason, D F. 2001. Ratio of cathepsin B to stefin A identifies heterogeneity within Gleason histologic scores for human prostate cancer. Prostate 48:274–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinha, A A, Quast, B J, Wilson, M F, Fernandes, E T, Reddy, P K, Ewing, S L, and Gleason, D F. 2002. Prediction of pelvic lymph node metastasis by the ratio of cathepsin B to stefin A in patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 94:3141–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sioud, M. 2002. How does autoimmunity cause tumor regression? A potential mechanism involving cross-reaction through epitope mimicry. Mol Med 8:115–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Sisskin, E E, Gray, T, and Barrett, J C. 1982. Correlation between sensitivity to tumor promotion and sustained epidermal hyperplasia of mice and rats treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Carcinogenesis 3:403–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivridis, E and Alison, M R. 2003. Tissue-based stem cells: ABC transporter protein take center stage. J Pathol 200:547–50.Google Scholar
Skipper, H E and Perry, S. 1970. Kinetics of normal and leukemic leukocyte populations and relevance to chemotherapy. Cancer Res 30:1883–97.Google Scholar
Skipper, H E, Schabel, F M Jr, and Lloyd, H H. 1978. Experimental therapeutics and kinetics: Selection and overgrowth of specifically and permanently drug-resistant tumor cells. Semin Hematol 15:207–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Skipper, H E, Schabel, F M Jr, and Wilcox, W S. 1967. Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents: XⅪ Scheduling of arabinosylcytosine to take advantage of its S-phase specificity against leukemia cells. Cancer Chemother Rep 51:125–65.Google Scholar
Skipper, H E, Schabel, F M Jr, Mellett, L B, Montgomery, J A, Wilkoff, L J, Lloyd, H H, and Brockman, R W. 1970. Implications of biochemical, cytokinetic, pharmacologic, and toxicologic relationships in the design of optimal therapeutic schedules. Cancer Chemother Rep 54:431–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Slack, J M. 1983. From Egg to Embryo: Determinative Events in Early Development, pp. 136–61. Cambridge, London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Slaga, T, Bowden, G T, and Boutwell, R K. 1975. Acetic acid, a potent stimulator of mouse epidermal macromolecular synthesis and hyperplasia but weak promoting activity. J Natl Cancer Inst 55:983–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slamon, D and Pegram, M. 2001. Rationale for trastuzumab (herceptin) in adjuvant breast cancer trials. Semin Oncol 28:13–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slamon, D J, Clark, G M, Wong, S G, Levin, W J, Ullrich, A, and McGuire, W L. 1987. Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER2/neu oncogene. Science 235:177–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slamon, D J, Leyland-Jones, B, Shak, S, Fuchs, H, Paton, V, Bajamonde, A, Fleming, T, Eiermann, W, Wolter, J, Pegram, M. 2001. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against her2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses her2. N Engl J Med 344:783–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slee, E A, Harte, M T, Kluck, R M, Wolf, B B, Casiano, C A, Newmeyer, D D, Wang, H G, Reed, J C, Nicholson, D W, Alnemri, E S. 1999. Ordering the cytochrome c-initiated caspase cascade: hierarchical activation of caspases-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, and -10 in a caspase-9-dependent manner. J Cell Biol 144:281–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slichenmyer, W J, Rowinsky, E K, Grochow, L B, Kaufmann, S H, and Donehower, R C. 1994. Camptothecin analogues: Studies from the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 34 Suppl:S53–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sloan, D A, Schwartz, R W, McGrath, P C, and Kenady, D E. 1996. Diagnosis and management of adrenal tumors. Curr Opin Oncol 8:30–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, E F and Townsend, C O. 1907. A plant-tumor of bacterial origin. Science 25:671–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J R, Freije, D, Carpten, J D, Grönberg, H, Xu, J, Isaacs, S D, Brownstein, M J, Bova, G S, Guo, H, Bujnovszky, P. 1996. Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search. Science 274:1371–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M W and Jarvis, L G. 1980. Use of differential interference contrast microscopy to determine cell renewal times in mouse intestine. J Micros 118:153–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M W, Jarvis, L G, and King, I S. 1980. Cell proliferation in follicle-associated epithelium of mouse Peyer's patch. Am J Anat 159:157–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith R B and Haskell C M. 1990. Testis. In: Haskell, C M (ed.). Cancer Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 779–97. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Smith-Hicks, C L, Sizer, K C, Powers, J F, Tischler, A S, and Costantini, F. 2000. C-cell hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma and sympathoadrenal malformation in a mouse model of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. EMBO J 19:612–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smolev, J K, Coffey, D S, and Scott, W W. 1977. Experimental models for the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 118:216–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smolev, J K, Heston, W D, Scott, W W, and Coffey, D S. 1977. Characterization of the Dunning R3327H prostatic adenocarcinoma: An appropriate animal model for prostatic cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 61:273–87.Google ScholarPubMed
Snell, R S. 1978. Clinical and Functional Histology for Medical Students. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Snellwood, R A, Kuper, S W A, Payne, P M, and Burn, J I. 1969. Factors affecting the finding of cancer cells in the blood. Br J Surg 56:649–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snustad, D P and Simmons, M J. 2003. Principles of Genetics, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Song, M J, Reilly, A A, Parsons, D F, and Hussain, M. 1986. Patterns of blood-vessel invasion by mammary tumor cells. Tissue Cell 18:817–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Songyang, Z, Shoelson, S E, Chaudhuri, M, Gish, G, Pawson, T, Haser, W G, King, F, Roberts, T, Ratnofsky, S, Lechleider, R J. 1993. SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 72:767–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Sonoda, J, Rosenfeld, J M, Xu, Lu, Evans, R M, and Xie, W. 2003. A nuclear receptor-mediated xenobiotic response and its implication in drug metabolism and host protection. Curr Drug Metab 4:59–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sora, M, Einisto, P, Husgafvel-Pdursiainen, K, Jarventaus, H, Kivisto, H, Peltonen, Y, Tuomi, T, and Valkonen, S. 1985. Passive and active exposure to cigarette smoke in a smoking experiment. J Toxicol Environ Health 16:523–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sordella, R, Bell, D W, Haber, D A, and Settleman, J. 2004. Gefitinib-sensitizing EGFR mutations in lung cancer activate anti-apoptotic pathways. Science 305:1163–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Span, M, Moerkerk, P T, Goeij, A F, and Arends, J W. 1996. A detailed analysis of K-ras point mutations in relation to tumor progression and survival in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 69:241–5.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Speers, W C. 1982. Conversion of malignant murine embryonal carcinomas to benign teratomas by chemical induction of differentiation in vivo. Cancer Res 42:1843–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Spinelli, G, Bardazzi, N, Citernesi, A, Fontanarosa, M, and Curiel, P. 1991. Endometrial carcinoma in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients. J Chemother 3:267–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spratt, N T. 1946. Formation of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm marked with carbon particles. J Exp Zool 103:259–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanglmaier, M, Reis, S, and Hallek, M. 2004. Rituximab and alemtuzumab induce a nonclassic, caspase-independent apoptotic pathway in b-lymphoid cell lines and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Ann Hematol 83:634–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanton, B R, Perkins, A S, Tessarollo, L, Sassoon, D A, and Parada, L F. 1992. Loss of N-myc function results in embryonic lethality and failure of the epithelial component of the embryo to develop. Genes Dev 6:2235–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, M B. 1918. An hereditary tumor in the fruit fly, Drosophila. J Cancer Res 3:279–301.Google Scholar
Stayner, L T, Dankovic, D A, and Lemen, R A. 1996. Occupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and cancer risk: A review of the amphibole hypothesis. Am J Public Health 86:179–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steeg, P S, Bevilacqua, G, Kopper, L, Thorgeirsson, U P, Talmadge, J E, Liotta, L A, and Sobel, M E. 1988. Evidence for a novel gene associated with low tumor metastatic potential. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:200–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steelman, L S, Pohnert, S C, Shelton, J G, Franklin, R A, Bertrand, F E, and McCubrey, J A. 2004. JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis. Leukemia 18:189–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stehelin, D, Varmus, H E, Bishop, J M, and Vogt, P K, 1976. DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma virus is present in normal avian DNA, Nature 260:170–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinbach, G, Lynch, P M, Phillips, R K, Wallace, M H, Hawk, E, Gordon, G B, Wakabayashi, N, Saunders, B, Shen, Y, Fujimura, T. 2000. The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 342:1946–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmetz, K A and Potter, J D. 1991. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer: II Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 2:427–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stellman, J M and Stellman, S D. 1996. Cancer and the workplace. CA Cancer J Clin 46:70–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, L C. 1967. Origin of testicular teratomas from primordial germ cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 38:549–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Stevens, L C. 1970. The development of transplantable teratocarcinomas from intertesticular grafts of pre- and post-implantation mouse embryos. Dev Biol 21:364–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, L C. 1984. Germ cell origin of testicular and ovarian teratomas. Transplant Proc 16:502–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Stewart, B W and Kleihues, P. (eds.). 2003. World Cancer Report, Lyon, FR: International Agency for Research on Cancer.Google Scholar
Stoker, A W, Hatier, C, and Bissell, M J. 1990. The embryonic environment strongly attentuates v-src oncogenesis in mesenchymal and epithelial tissues but not in endothelia. J Cell Biol 111:217–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strasser, A, Harris, A W, Bath, M L, and Cory, S. 1990. Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in transgenic mice by cooperation between myc and bcl-2. Nature 348:331–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strasser, A, Harris, A W and Cory, S. 1993. E mu-bcl-2 transgene facilitates spontaneous transformation of early pre-B and immunoglobulin-secreting cells but not T cells. Oncogene 8:1–9.Google Scholar
Strauli P and Haemmerli G. 1984. Cancer cell locomotion: Its occurrence during invasion. In: Mareel, M M and Calman, K C (eds.). Invasion: Experimental and Clinical Implications, pp. 252–74. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Straume, T, Rugel, G, Marchetti, A A, Ruhm, W, Korschinek, G, McAninch, J E, Carroll, K, Egbert, S, Faestermann, T, Knie, K. 2003. Measuring fast neurons in Hiroshima at distances relevant to atomic-bomb survivors. Nature 424:539–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strickland, S, Smith, K K, and Marotti, K R. 1980. Hormonal induction of differentiation in teratocarcinoma stem cells. Generation of endoderm with retinoic acid and dibuteryl cAMP. Cell 21:347–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Studzinski, G P and Moore, D C. 1995. Sunlight – Can it prevent as well as cause cancer?Cancer Res 55:4014–22.Google Scholar
Sugerbaker, E V. 1981. Patterns of metastasis in human malignancies. Cancer Biol Rev 2:235–78.Google Scholar
Sugio, K, Kishimoto, Y, Virmani, A K, Hung, J Y, and Gazdar, A F. 1994. K-ras mutations are a relatively late event in the pathogenesis of lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 54:5811–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Sutherland, B M, Delihas, N C, Oliver, R P, and Sutherland, J C. 1981. Action spectra for ultraviolet light-induced transformation of human cells to anchorage-independent growth. Cancer Res 41:2211–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, K, Hattori, Y, Uraji, M, Ohta, N, Iwata, K, Murata, K, Kato, A, and Yoshida, K. 2000. Complete nucleotide sequence of a plant tumor-inducing Ti plasmid. Gene 242:331–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweeney, D C and Johnston, G S. 1995. Radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24:803–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Swift, C H, 1914. Origin and early history of the primordial germ cells in the chick, Am J Anat 15:483–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symonds, G and Sachs, L. 1982a. Autoinduction of differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells: Restoration of normal coupling between growth and differentiation in leukemic cells that constitutively produce their own growth-inducing protein. EMBO J 1:1343–6.Google Scholar
Swift, C H. 1982b. Cell competence for induction of differentiation by insulin and other compounds in myeloid leukemic clones continuously cultured in serum-free medium. Blood 60:208–12.Google Scholar
Swift, C H. 1982c. Modulation of cell competence for induction of differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells. J Cell Physiol 111:9–14.Google Scholar
Symonds, H, Krall, L, Remington, L, Saenz-Robles, M, Lowe, S, Jacks, T, and Dyke, T. 1994. p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo. Cell 78:614–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szekely, L, Salivanova, G, Magnusson, K P, Klein, G, and Wiman, K G. 1993. EBNA-5, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen, binds to the Rb and p53 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:5455–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takanami, I and Takeuchi, K. 2003. Autocrine motility factor-receptor gene expression in lung cancer. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 51:368–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takayama S, Ishikawa T, Masahito P, and Matsumoto J. 1981. Overview of biological characterization of tumors in fish. In: Dawe, C J. (eds.). pp. 3–17. Phyletic Approaches to Cancer. Tokyo: Japan Sci Soc Press.Google Scholar
Takimoto, R and El-Deiry, W S. 2000. Wild-type p53 transactivates the KILLER/DR5 gene through an intronic sequence-specific DNA-binding site. Oncogene 19:1735–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallman, M S. 1994. All-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia and its potential in other hematologic malignancies. Semin Hematol 31 (Suppl 5):38–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Tamimi, R M, Lagiou, P, Adami, H O, and Trichopoulos, D. 2002. Prospects for chemoprevention of cancer. J Intern Med 251:286–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamura, M, Gu, J, Matsumoto, K, Aota, S, Parsons, R, and Yamada, K M. 1998. Inhibition of cell migration, spreading, and focal adhesions by tumor suppressor PTEN. Science 280:1614–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamura, M, Gu, J, Tran, H, and Yamada, K M. 1999. PTEN gene and integrin signaling in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1820–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamura, K, Fukuoka, M. 2005. Gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 6:985–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanaka, K, Oshimura, M, Kikuchi, R, Seki, M, Hayashi, T, and Miyaki, M. 1991. Suppression of tumorigenicity in human colon carcinoma cells by introduction of normal chromosome 5 or 18. Nature 349:340–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarin D. 1992. Tumour metastasis. In: McGee, J O'D, Isaacson, P G, and Wright, N A (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Pathology, pp. 607–33. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tarin D. 1997. Prognostic markers and mechanisms of metastasis. In: Anthony, P P, MacSween, R N M, and Lowe, D (eds.). Recent Advances in Histopathology 17:14–45. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Tarin, D, Price, J E, Kettlewell, M G, Souter, R G, Vass, A C, and Crossley, B. 1984. Clinicopathological observations on metastasis in patients treated with peritoneovenus shunts. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 288:749–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarkowski, A K and Wroblewska, J. 1967. Development of blastomeres of mouse eggs isolated at the 4–8 cell stage. J Embryol Exp Morph 18:155–80.Google Scholar
Taub, R, Kirsch, I, Morton, C, Lenoir, G, Swan, D, Tronick, S, Aaronson, S, and Leder, P. 1982. Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7837–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tedder, T F, Boyd, A W, Freedman, A S, Nadler, L M, and Schlossman, S F. 1985. The b cell surface molecule b1 is functionally linked with b cell activation and differentiation. J Immunol 135:973–9.Google Scholar
Teicher, B A, Ara, G, Herbst, R, Palombella, V J, and Adams, J. 1999. The proteasome inhibitor ps-341 in cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 5:2638–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Terranova V P and Maslow D E. 1991. Interactions of tumor cells with basement membrane. In: Orr, F W, Buchanan, M R, and Weiss, L (eds.). Microcirculation in Cancer Metastasis, pp. 23–44. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, R K, Re, D, Zander, T, Wolf, J, and Diehl, V. 2002. Epidemiology and etiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 13 (Suppl 4):147–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, S M and Grandis, J R. 2004. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of EGFR inhibitors under clinical investigation. Cancer Treat Rev 30:255–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, T C, Southgate, J, Kitchener, G, and Land, H. 1990. Multistage carcinogenesis induced by ras and myc oncogenes in a reconstituted organ. Cell 56:917–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorgeirsson, S S, Gant, T W, and Silverman, J A. 1994. Transcriptional regulation of multidrug resistance gene expressionCancer Treat Res 73:57–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorgeirsson, U P, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen, T, Williams, J E, Westen, E H, Heilman, C A, Talmadge, J E, and Liotta, L A. 1985. NIH/3T3 cells transfected with human tumor DNA containing activated ras oncogenes express the metastatic phenotype in nude mice. Mol Cell Bio 5:259–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tirmarche, M, Raphalen, A, Allin, F, Chameaud, J, and Bredon, P. 1993. Mortality of a cohort of French uranium miners exposed to relatively low radon concentrations. Br J Cancer 67:1090–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tisdale, M J. 2000. Biomedicine. Protein loss in cancer cachexia. Science 289:2292–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tjio, J H and Levan, A. 1956. The chromosome number of man. Hereditas 42:1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toker, A and Newton, A C. 2000. Akt/protein kinase B is regulated by autophosphorylation at the hypothetical PDK-2 site. J Biol Chem 275:8271–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomatis, L. 1988. The contribution of the IARC monographs program to the identification of cancer risk factors. Ann NY Acad Sci 534:31–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tone, H and Heidelberger, C. 1973. Fluorinated pyrimidines. Xliv. Interaction of 5-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate with deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases. Mol Pharmacol 9:783–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Tonini, T, Rossi, F, and Claudio, P P. 2003. Molecular basis of angiogenesis and cancer. Oncogene 22:6549–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tortora, G and Ciardiello, F. 2003. Antisense strategies targeting protein kinase C: preclinical and clinical development. Semin Oncol 30(Suppl 10):26–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tracy, S, Mukohara, T, Hansen, M, Meyerson, M, Johnson, B E, and Janne, P A. 2004. Gefitinib induces apoptosis in the EGFRL858R non-small-cell lung cancer cell line H3255. Cancer Res 64:7241–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trask, B J. 2002. Human cytogenetics: 46 chromosomes, 46 years and counting. Nat Rev Genet 3:769–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Traver, D, Akashi, K, Weissman, I L, and Lagasse, E. 1998. Mice defective in two apoptosis pathways in the myeloid lineage develop acute myeloblastic leukemia. Immunity 9:47–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trayner, I D and Farzaneh, F. 1993. Retinoid receptors and acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Eur J Cancer 29A:2046–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, R. 1990. The SRE: A growth factor responsive transcription regulator. Semin Cancer Biol 1:47–58.Google Scholar
Treisman, R. 1994. Ternary complex factors: Growth factor regulated transcriptional activators. Curr Opin Genet Dev 4:96–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trichopoulos D, Petridou E, Lipworth L, and Adami H-O. 1997. Epidemiology of Cancer. In: DeVita, V T Jr., Hellman, S, Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Cancer, 5th ed., pp. 231–57. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.Google Scholar
Trigg M E. 1993. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 2153–66. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Trosko, J E. 2001. Commentary: is the concept of “tumor promotion” a useful paradigm?Mol Carcinog 30:131–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimoto, Y, Cossman, J, Jaffe, E, and Croce, C M. 1985. Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science 228:1440–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimoto, Y, Finger, L R, Yunis, J, Nowell, P C, and Croce, C M. 1984. Cloning of the chromosome breakpoint of neoplastic B cells with the t(14;18) chromosome translocation. Science 226:1097–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turesky, R J. 2002. Heterocyclic aromatic amine metabolism, DNA adduct formation, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. Drug Metab Rev 34:625–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turusov, V S and Mohr, U, eds. 1994. Pathology of Tumours in Laboratory Animals, II: Tumours of the Mouse. Lyon, FR: Int Agency Res Cancer.Google Scholar
Tuyns, A J. 1990. Alcohol and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 49:145–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tylecote, F E. 1927. Cancer of the lung. Lancet 2:256–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ueda, K, Cornwell, M M, Gottesman, M M, Pastan, I, Robinson, I B, Ling, V, and Riordan, J R. 1986. The mdr1 gene, responsible for multidrug-resistance, codes for P-glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 141:956–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uesugi, M and Sugiura, Y. 1992. DNA cleaving modes in minor groove of DNA helix by esperamicin and calicheamicin antitumor antibiotics. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1–2.Google ScholarPubMed
Urbach, F. 1993. Environmental risk factors for skin cancer. Recent Res Cancer Res 128:243–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vadhan-Raj, S. 1996. Recombinant human erythropoietin in combination with other hematopoietic cytokines in attenuating chemotherapy-induced multilineage myelo-suppression: Brief communication. Semin Hematol 33:16–18.Google Scholar
Vadhan-Raj, S, Broxmeyer, H E, Hittelman, W N, Papadopoulos, N E, Chawla, S P, Fenoglio, C, Cooper, S, Buescher, E S, Frenck, R Jr., Holian, A. 1992. Abrogating chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression by recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with sarcoma: Protection at the progenitor level. Journal of Clinical Oncology 10:1266–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vainio, H, Miller, A B, and Bianchini, F. 2000. An international evaluation of the cancer-preventive potential of sunscreens. Int J Cancer 88:838–42.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valentine, M A, Meier, K E, Rossie, S, and Clark, E A. 1989. Phosphorylation of the cd20 phosphoprotein in resting b lymphocytes. Regulation by protein kinase c. J Biol Chem 264:11282–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Beneden, R J, Henderson, K W, Blair, D G, Papas, T S, and Gardner, H S. 1990. Oncogenes in hematopoietic and hepatic fish neoplasms. Cancer Res 50 Suppl:5671s–5674s.Google ScholarPubMed
Beneden, R J, Rhodes, L D, and Gardner, G R. 1998. Studies of the molecular basis of gonadal tumors in the marine bivalve, Mya arenaria. Mar Environ Res 46:209–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bliek, A M and Borst, P. 1989. Multidrug resistance. Adv Cancer Res 52:165–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaft, D W, Seftor, R E, Seftor, E A, Hess, A R, Gruman, L M, Kirschmann, D A, Yokoyama, Y, Griffioen, A W, and Hendrix, M J. 2004. Effects of angiogenesis inhibitors on vascular network formation by human endothelial and melanoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:1473–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steenbrugge, G J, Groen, M, Romijn, J C, and Schroder, F H. 1984. Biological effects of hormonal treatment regimens on a transplantable human prostatic tumor line (PC-82). J Urol 131:812–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van't Veer, L J and Weigelt, B. 2003. Road map to metastasis. Nature Medicine 9:999–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, W P, Karp, J E, and Burke, P J. 1984. Two-cycle-timed sequential chemotherapy for adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 64:975–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Vedantham, S, Gamliel, H, and Golomb, H M. 1992. Mechanism of interferon action in hairy cell leukemia: A model of effective cancer biotherapy. Cancer Res 52:1056–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Vermeulen, K, Bockstaele, D R, and Berneman, Z N. 2003. The cell cycle: a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Prolif 36:131–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigneri, P and Wang, J Y. 2001. Induction of apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells through nuclear entrapment of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Nat Med 7:228–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villunger, A, Michalak, E M, Coultas, L, Mullauer, F, Bock, G, Ausserlechner, M J, Adams, J M, and Strasser, A. 2003. p53- and drug-induced apoptotic responses mediated by BH3-only proteins puma and noxa. Science 302:1036–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virchow, R. 1863. Über bewegliche thierische Zellen. Arch Pathol Anat 28:237–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitaliano, P P. 1978. The use of logistic regression for modeling risk factors: With application to non-melanoma skin cancer. Am J Epidemiol 108:402–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlach, J, Hennecke, S, and Amati, B. 1997. Phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. EMBO J 16:5334–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogel, C L. 1996. Hormonal approaches to breast cancer treatment and prevention: An overview. Semin Oncol 23 (4 Suppl 9):2–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Vogel, C L, Cobleigh, M A, Tripathy, D, Gutheil, J C, Harris, L N, Fetirenbacher, L, Slamon, D J, Murphy, M, Norotny, W F, Burchmore, M. 2002. Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:719–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogelstein, B and Kinzler, K W. 1993. The multistep nature of cancer. Trends Genet 9:138–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogelstein, B, Fearon, E R, Hamilton, S R, and Kern, S E. 1988. Genetic alteration during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med 319:525–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vousden, K H. 2002. Activation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1602:47–59.Google ScholarPubMed
Wagner, J C, Newhouse, M L, Corrin, B, Rossiter, C E R, and Griffiths, D M. 1988. Correlation between fibre content of the lung and disease in east London asbestos factory workers. Br J Ind Med 45:305–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Wagner, J C, Sleggs, C A, and Marchand, P. 1960. Diffuse pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in the North Western Cape Province. Br J Ind Med 17:260–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Waldron, H A, Waterhouse, J A, and Tessema, N. 1984. Scrotal cancer in the West Midlands 1936–1976. Br J Ind Med 41:473–4.Google Scholar
Wales, J H and Sinnhuber, R O. 1966. An early hepatoma epizootic in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii. Calif Fish Game 52:85–91.Google Scholar
Wallet, V, Mutzel, R, Troll, H, Barzu, O, Wurster, B, Veron, M, and Lacombe, M. 1990. Dictyostelium nucleoside diphosphate kinase highly homologous to nm23 and awd proteins involved in mammalian tumor metastasis and Drosophila development. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:1199–1202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, P C, Lepor, H, and Eggleston, J C. 1983. Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: Anatomical and pathological considerations. Prostate 4:473–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, P C, Quinlan, D M, Morton, R A, and Steiner, R A. 1990. Radical retropubic prostatectomy. Improved anastomosis and urinary continence. Urol Clin North Am 17:679–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Walter, J B. 1982. An Introduction to the Principles of Disease, p. 245 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.Google Scholar
Wang, J Y J. 1994. Nuclear protein tyrosine kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 19:373–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, L, Patel, U, Lagnajita, G, and Banerjee, S. 1992. DNA polymerase b mutations in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 52:4824–7.Google Scholar
Wang, S S, Esplin, E D, Li, J L, Huang, L, Gazdar, A, Minna, J, and Evans, G A. 1998. Alterations of the PPP2R1B gene in human lung and colon cancer. Science 282:284–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y L, Bagg, A, Pear, W, Nowell, P C, and Hess, J L. 2001. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: laboratory diagnosis and monitoring. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 32:97–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Z, Atencio, J, Robinson, E S, and McCarrey, J R. 2001. Ultraviolet B-induced melanoma in Monodelphis domestica occurs in the absence of alterations in the structure or expression of the p53 gene. Melanoma Res 11:239–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wani, M C, Taylor, H L, and Wall, M E. 1971. Plant antitumor agents: VI The isolation and structure of Taxol, a novel antileukemic and antitumor agent from Taxus brevifolia. J Am Chem Soc 93:2325–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, M, Richardson, C, Pioli, P, Smith, L, Podda, S, Goff, S, Hesdorffer, C, and Bank, A. 1994. Transfer and expression of the human multiple drug resistance gene in human CD34+ cells. Blood 84:1408–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Warne, P H, Viciana, P R, and Downward, J. 1993. Direct interaction of Ras and the amino-terminal region of Raf-1 in vitro. Nature 364:353–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, J R, Scarpelli, D G, Reddy, J K, and Kanwar, Y S. 1987. Essentials of General Pathology. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Wasserman, E, Myara, A, Lokiec, F, Goldwasser, F, Trivin, F, Mahjoubi, M, Misset, J L, and Cvitkovic, E. 1997. Severe cpt-11 toxicity in patients with gilbert's syndrome: Two case reports. Ann Oncol 8:1049–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wattenberg, L W. 1985. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res 45:1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Wattenberg, L W. 1996. Chemoprevention of cancer. Prev Med 25:44–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weh, H J, Zschaber, R, and Hossfeld, D K. 1984. Low-dose cytosine-arabinoside in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Blut 48:239–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weichselbaum R R, Hallahan D E, and Chen G T. 1993. Biological and physical basis to radiation oncology. In: Holland, J F, Frei, E III, Bast, R C Jr, Kufe, D W, Morton, D L, and Weichselbaum, R R (eds.). Cancer Medicine, vol 2, pp. 539–66. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Weinberg, R A. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisburger, J H, Wynder, E L. 1987. Etiology of colorectal cancer with emphasis on mechanisms of action and prevention. Important Adv Oncol 1987:197–221.Google Scholar
Weisenburger, D D, Sanger, W G, Armitage, J O, and Purtilo, D T. 1987. Intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma: immunophenotypic and cytogenetic findings. Blood 69:1617–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Weiss, W A, Aldape, K, Mohapatra, G, Feuerstein, B G, and Bishop, J M. 1997. Targeted expression of MYCN causes neuroblastoma in transgenic mice. EMBO J 16:2985–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werness B A, Münger K, and Howley P M. 1991. The role of the human papillomavirus oncoproteins in transformation and carcinogenic progression. In: DeVita, V T Jr, Hellman, S, and Rosenberg, S A (eds.). Important Advances in Oncology, pp. 2–18. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.Google Scholar
Whang-Peng, J, Lee, E C, and Knutsen, T A. 1974. Genesis of the Ph chromosome. J Natl Cancer Inst 52:1035–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, V M, Rosenblatt, D S, Vuchich, M J, and Beaulieu, D. 1987. Methotrexate polyglutamate synthesis in lymphoblasts from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Dev Pharmacol Ther 10:443–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whyte, P, Williamson, N M, and Harlow, E. 1989. Cellular targets for transformation by the adenovirus E1A proteins. Cell 56:67–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilbourn, J, Haroun, L, Heseltine, E, Kaldor, J, Partensky, C, and Vainio, H. 1986. Response of experimental animals to human carcinogens: An analysis based upon the IARC monographs programme. Carcinogenesis 7:1853–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilcox, W S. 1966. The last surviving cancer cell: The chances of killing it. Cancer Chemother Rep 50:541–2.Google Scholar
Wilcox, W S. 1970. The last surviving cancer cell: the chances of killing it. CA Cancer J Clin 20:164–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, W S, Griswold, D P, Laster, W R Jr, Schabel, F M Jr, and Skipper, H E. 1965. Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents: XVII. Kinetics of growth and regression after treatment of certain solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Rep 47:27–39.Google Scholar
Willett, C G, Boucher, Y, di Tomaso, E, Duda, D G, Munn, L L, Tong, R T, Chung, D C, Sahani, D V, Kalva, S P, Kozin, S V. 2004. Direct evidence that the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab has antivascular effects in human rectal cancer. Nat Med 10:145–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, B O, Remington, L, Albert, D M, Mukai, S, Bronson, R T, and Jacks, T. 1994. Cooperative tumorigenic effects of germline mutations in Rb and p53. Nat Genet 7:480–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. 2002. Cancer after nuclear fallout: lessons from the Chernobyl accident. Nature Rev Cancer 2:543–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J W III, Carlson, D L, Gadson, R G, Rollins-Smith, L, Williams, C S, and McKinnell, R G. 1993. Cytogenetic analysis of triploid renal carcinoma in Rana pipiens. Cytogenet Cell Genet 64:18–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willis, R A. 1967. Pathology of Tumors, 4th ed. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Willis, R A. 1973. The Spread of Tumours in the Human Body, 3rd ed. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Wilson M J and Sinha A A. 2004. Matrix degradation in prostate cancer. In: Ablin, R J and Mason, M D (eds.). Metastasis of Prostate Cancer, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (In press).Google Scholar
Winton, D J and Ponder, B A. 1990. Stem-cell organization in mouse small intestine. Proc R Soc Lond, Part B 241:13–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witschi, E. 1948. Migrations of germ cells of human embryos from the yolk sac to the primitive gonadal folds. Contr Embryol Carnegie Inst 32:67–80.Google Scholar
Wittes, R E. 1986. Adjuvant chemotherapy – Clinical trials and laboratory models. Cancer Treat Rep 70:87–103.Google ScholarPubMed
Wogan, G N. 1986. Diet and nutrition as risk factors for cancer. Int Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund 16:3–10.Google Scholar
Wolfel, T, Hauer, M, Schneider, J, Serrano, M, Wolfel, C, Klehmann-Hieb, E, Plaen, E, Hankeln, T, Meyer zum Buschenfelde, K H, and Beach, D. 1995. A p16INK4a-insensitive CDK4 mutant targeted by cytolytic T lymphocytes in a human melanoma. Science 269:1281–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolk, A, Gridley, G, Svensson, M, Nyren, O, McLaughlin, J K, Fraumeni, J F, and Adam, H O. 2001. A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 12:13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Won, K A and Reed, S I. 1996. Activation of cyclin E/CDK2 is coupled to site-specific autophosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin E. EMBO J 15:4182–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Wong, C, Rougier-Chapman, E M, Frederick, J P, Datto, M B, Liberati, N T, Li, J M, and Wang, X F. 1999. Smad3-Smad4 and AP-1 complexes synergize in transcriptional activation of the c-Jun promoter by transforming growth factor beta. Mol Cell Biol 19:1821–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, D W, Setubal, J C, Kaul, R, Monks, D E, Kitajima, J P, Okura, V K, Zhou, Y, Chen, L, Wood, G E, Almeida, N F Jr. 2001. The genome of the natural genetic engineer Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Science 294:2317–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodhouse, E, Hersperger, E and Shearn, A. 1998. Growth, metastasis, and invasiveness of Drosophila tumors caused by mutations in specific tumor suppressor genes. Dev Genes Evol 207:542–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodhouse, E, Hersperger, E, Stetler-Stevenson, W G, Liotta, L A, and Shearn, A. 1994. Increased type-IV collagenase in IgI-induced invasive tumors of Drosophila. Cell Growth Differ 5:151–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Wooster, R and Weber, B L. 2003. Breast and ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 348:2339–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Cancer Research Fund Panel. 1997. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research.
Wright, N, Watson, A, Morley, A, Appleton, D, Marks, J, and Douglas, A. 1973. The cell cycle time in the flat (avillous) mucosa of the human small intestine. Gut 14:603–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, C C, Fang, T H, Yang, M D, Wu, T C, and Liu, T J. 1992. Gastrectomy for advanced gastric carcinoma with invasion to the serosa. Int Surg 77:144–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Wu, J, Dent, P, Jelinek, T, Wolfman, A, Weber, M J, and Sturgill, T W. 1993. Inhibition of the EGF-activated MAP kinase signaling pathway by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. Science 262:1065–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, X, Wang, X, Qien, X, Liu, H, Ying, J, Yang, Z, and Yao, H. 1993. Four years' experience with the treatment of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 43:183–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wylie, C V, Nakane, P K, and Pierce, G B. 1973. Degrees of differentiation in nonproliferating cells of mammary carcinoma. Differentiation 1:11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyllie, A H and Morris, R G. 1982. Hormone-induced cell death. Purification and properties of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis after glucocorticoid treatment. Am J Pathol 109:78–87.Google ScholarPubMed
Wyllie, A H, Kerr, J F, and Currie, A R. 1980. Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68:251–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynder, E L and Graham, E A. 1950. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiological factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. A study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases. JAMA 143:329–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, D, Srivastava, S K, Lew, K L, Zeng, Y, Hershberger, P, Johnson, C S, Trump, D L, and Sing, S V. 2003. Allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, inhibits proliferation of human prostate cancer cells by causing G(2)/M arrest and inducing apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 24:891–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, J, Murone, M, Luoh, S M, Ryan, A, Gu, Q, Zhang, C, Bonifas, J M, Lam, C W, Hynes, M, Goddard, A. 1998. Activating Smoothened mutations in sporadic basal-cell carcinoma. Nature 391:90–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamada, K M and Araki, M J. 2001. Tumor suppressor PTEN: modulator of cell signaling, growth, migration and apoptosis. Cell Sci 114:2375–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamada, T and McDevitt, D. 1974. Direct evidence for transformation of differentiated iris epithelial cells into lens cells. Dev Biol 38:104–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamagawa, K and Ichikawa, K. 1918. Experimental study of the pathogenesis of carcinoma. J Cancer Res 3:1–29.Google Scholar
Yamaguchi, A, Tamatani, M, Matsuzaki, H, Namikawa, K, Kiyama, H, Vitek, M P, Mitsuda, N, and Tohyama, M. 2001. Akt activation protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis by inhibiting transcriptional activity of p53. J Biol Chem 276:5256–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yandell, D W, Campbell, T A, Dayton, S H, Petersen, R, Walton, D, Little, J B, McConkie-Rosell, A, Buckley, E G, and Dryja, T P. 1989. Oncogenic point mutations in the human retinoblastoma gene: Their application to genetic counseling. N Engl J Med 321:1689–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, E, Lerner, L, Besser, D, and Darnell, J E Jr. 2003. Independent and cooperative activation of chromosomal c-fos promoter by STAT3. J Biol Chem 278:15794–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Q, Rasmussen, S A, and Friedman, S A. 2002. Mortality associated with Down's syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: a population-based study. Lancet 359:1019–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yano, S, Shinohara, H, Herbst, R S, Kuniyasu, H, Bucana, C D, Ellis, L M, Davis, D W, McConkey, D J, and Fidler, I J. 2000. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is necessary but not sufficient for production and growth of brain metastasis. Cancer Res 60:4959–67.Google Scholar
Yarden, Y and Schlessinger, J. 1987. Epidermal growth factor induces rapid, reversible aggregation of the purified epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochemistry 26:1443–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ye, H, Liu, H, Raderer, M, Chott, A, Ruskone-Fourmestraux, A, Wotherspoon, A, Dyer, M J, Chuang, S S, Dogan, A, Isaacson, P G, and Du, M Q. 2003. High incidence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) in Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric MALT lymphoma. Blood 101:2547–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yordy, J S and Muise-Helmericks, R C. 2000. Signal transduction and the Ets family of transcription factors. Oncogene 19:6503–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshino, K, Rubin, J S, Higinbotham, K G, Uren, A, Anest, V, Plisov, S Y, and Perantoni, A O. 2001. Secreted Frizzled-related proteins can regulate metanephric development. Mech Dev. 102:45–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, R C. 1994. Management of early ovarian epithelial cancer. NIH Consensus Development Conference on Ovarian Cancer: Screening, Treatment, and Followup April 5–7, Bethesda, MD: NIH.Google Scholar
Yunis, J J. 1976. High resolution of human chromosomes. Science 191:1268–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuspa, S H. 1994. The pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer: Lessons learned from studies of skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 54:1178–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Zacharski L R. 1984. The coagulation hypothesis of cancer dissemination. In: Hellmann, K and Eccles, S A (eds.). Treatment of Metastasis: Problems and Prospects, pp. 77–80. London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Zarbl, H, Sukumar, S, Arthur, A V, Martin-Zanca, D, and Barbacid, M. 1985. Direct mutagenesis of Ha-ras-1 oncogenes by N-nitroso-N-methylurea during initiation of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Nature 315:382–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zech, L, Haglund, U, Nilsson, K, and Klein, G. 1976. Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid-cell lines from patients with Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas. Int J Cancer 17:47–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeegers, M P, Jellema, A, and Ostrer, H. 2003. Empiric risk of prostate carcinoma for relatives of patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 97:1894–1903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X and Ren, R. 1998. Bcr-Abl efficiently induces a myeloproliferative disease and production of excess interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in mice: a novel model for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 92:3829–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X, Settleman, J, Kyriakis, J M, Takeuchi-Suzuki, E, Elledge, S J, Marshall, M S, Bruder, J T, Rapp, U R, and Avruch, J. 1993. Normal and oncogenic p21ras proteins bind to the amino-terminal reulatory domain of c-Raf-1. Nature 364:308–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y and Xiong, Y. 2001. A p53 amino-terminal nuclear export signal inhibited by DNA damage-induced phosphorylation. Science 292:1910–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zong, W X, Lindsten, T, Ross, A J, MacGregor, G R, and Thompson, C B. 2001. BH3-only proteins that bind pro-survival Bcl-2 family members fail to induce apoptosis in the absence of Bax and Bak. Genes Dev 15:1481–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zörnig, M, Hueber, A, Baum, W and Evan, G. 2001. Apoptosis regulators and their role in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1551:F1–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Zwart P and Harshbarger J C. 1991. A contribution to tumors in reptiles. Description of new cases. In: Gabrisch, K, Schildger, B, and Zwart, P (eds.). 4 Internationales Colloquium für Pathologie und Therapie der Reptilien und Amphibien, pp. 219–24. Bad Nauheiml: Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft eV.Google Scholar
Zwickey, R E and Davis, K J. 1959. Carcinogenicity screening. In Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. Austin, TX: Association of Food and Officials of the United States.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×