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16 - Fern classification

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2009

By
Alan R. Smith ,
Kathleen M. Pryer ,
Eric Schuettpelz ,
Petra Korall ,
Harald Schneider  and
Paul G. Wolf
Edited by
Tom A. Ranker  and
Christopher H. Haufler
Alan R. Smith
Affiliation:
University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Kathleen M. Pryer
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Eric Schuettpelz
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Petra Korall
Affiliation:
Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Harald Schneider
Affiliation:
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Paul G. Wolf
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
Tom A. Ranker
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Boulder
Christopher H. Haufler
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
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Summary

Introduction and historical summary

Over the past 70 years, many fern classifications, nearly all based on morphology, most explicitly or implicitly phylogenetic, have been proposed. The most complete and commonly used classifications, some intended primarily as herbarium (filing) schemes, are summarized in Table 16.1, and include: Christensen (1938), Copeland (1947), Holttum (1947, 1949), Nayar (1970), Bierhorst (1971), Crabbe et al. (1975), Pichi Sermolli (1977), Ching (1978), Tryon and Tryon (1982), Kramer (in Kubitzki, 1990), Hennipman (1996), and Stevenson and Loconte (1996). Other classifications or trees implying relationships, some with a regional focus, include Bower (1926), Ching (1940), Dickason (1946), Wagner (1969), Tagawa and Iwatsuki (1972), Holttum (1973), and Mickel (1974). Tryon (1952) and Pichi Sermolli (1973) reviewed and reproduced many of these and still earlier classifications, and Pichi Sermolli (1970, 1981, 1982, 1986) also summarized information on family names of ferns. Smith (1996) provided a summary and discussion of recent classifications.

With the advent of cladistic methods and molecular sequencing techniques, there has been an increased interest in classifications reflecting evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic studies robustly support a basal dichotomy within vascular plants, separating the lycophytes (less than 1% of extant vascular plants) from the euphyllophytes (Figure 16.1; Raubeson and Jansen, 1992, Kenrick and Crane, 1997; Pryer et al., 2001a, 2004a, 2004b; Qiu et al., 2006). Living euphyllophytes, in turn, comprise two major clades: spermatophytes (seed plants), which are in excess of 260000 species (Thorne, 2002; Scotland and Wortley, 2003), and ferns (sensu Pryer et al. 2004b), with about 9000 species, including horsetails, whisk ferns, and all eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns.

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Type
Chapter
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Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes , pp. 417 - 467
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

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  • Fern classification
    • By Alan R. Smith, University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Kathleen M. Pryer, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Eric Schuettpelz, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Petra Korall, Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, Harald Schneider, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK, Paul G. Wolf, Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
  • Edited by Tom A. Ranker, University of Colorado, Boulder, Christopher H. Haufler, University of Kansas
  • Book: Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541827.017
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  • Fern classification
    • By Alan R. Smith, University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Kathleen M. Pryer, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Eric Schuettpelz, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Petra Korall, Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, Harald Schneider, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK, Paul G. Wolf, Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
  • Edited by Tom A. Ranker, University of Colorado, Boulder, Christopher H. Haufler, University of Kansas
  • Book: Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541827.017
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  • Fern classification
    • By Alan R. Smith, University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Kathleen M. Pryer, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Eric Schuettpelz, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Petra Korall, Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, Harald Schneider, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK, Paul G. Wolf, Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
  • Edited by Tom A. Ranker, University of Colorado, Boulder, Christopher H. Haufler, University of Kansas
  • Book: Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541827.017
Available formats
×