Akers, K. G., Yang, Z., DelVecchio, D. P., Reeb, B. C., Romeo, R. D., McEwen, B. S., & Tang, A. C. (2008). Social competitiveness and plasticity of neuroendocrine function in old age: Influence of neonatal novelty exposure and maternal care reliability. PLoS ONE, 3, e2840. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002840Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Arborelius, L., Owens, M. J., Plotsky, P. M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1999). The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Endocrinology, 160, 1–12. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1600001Google Scholar

Armfield, J. M. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability: A model of the etiology of fear. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 746–768. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.007Google Scholar

Bach, D. R. & Dolan, R. J. (2012). Knowing how much you don’t know: A neural organization of uncertainty estimates. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 572–586. doi: 10.1038/nrn3289Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175–1184. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.44.9.1175Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar

Bar-Anan, Y., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2009). The feeling of uncertainty intensifies affective reactions. Emotion, 9, 123–127. doi: 10.1037/a0014607Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 1247–1263. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.55.11.1247CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Sauer-Zavala, S., Bullis, J. R., & Carl, J. R. (2014). The origins of neuroticism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 481–496. doi: 10.1177/1745691614544528Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2014). The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism: Back to the future. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 344–365. doi: 10.1177/2167702613505532Google Scholar

Behar, E., DiMarco, I. D., Hekler, E. B., Mohlman, J., & Staples, A. M. (2009). Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1011–1023. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.006Google Scholar

Berenbaum, H., Bredemeier, K., & Thompson, R. J. (2008). Intolerance of uncertainty: Exploring its dimensionality and associations with need for cognitive closure, psychopathology, and personality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 117–125. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.004Google Scholar

Birrell, J., Meares, K., Wilkinson, A., & Freeston, M. (2011). Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1198–1208. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009Google Scholar

Boelen, P. A. & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 130–135. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007Google Scholar

Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., & Smid, G. (2016). Concurrent and prospective associations of intolerance of uncertainty with symptoms of prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress, and depression after bereavement. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 65–72. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In Heimberg, R., Turk, C., & Mennin, D. (eds.), Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice (pp. 77–108). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561–576. doi: 10.1023/A:1018790003416CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowlby, J. (1973). Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. B. (2016). The default response to uncertainty and the importance of perceived safety in anxiety and stress: An evolution-theoretical perspective. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 22–34. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.012Google Scholar

Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. B. (2017). Exposed to events that never happen: Generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 74, 287–296. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.019Google Scholar

Brown, M., Roginson, L., Campione, G. C., Wuensch, K., Hildebrandt, T., & Micali, N. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Eating Disorders Review. doi: 10.1002/erv.2523Google Scholar

Buhr, K. & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 222–236. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.12.004Google Scholar

Buhr, K. & Dugas, M. J. (2009). The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry: An experimental manipulation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 215–223. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burke, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 846–856. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneune.2005.02.010Google Scholar

Capuron, L. & Miller, A. H. (2011). Immune system to brain signaling: Neuropsychopharmacological implications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 130, 226–238. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014Google Scholar

Carl, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Bentley, K. H., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the effects of the unified protocol on temperament. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 1426–1434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carleton, R. N. (2012). The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12, 937–947. doi: 10.1586/ERN.12.82CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carleton, R. N. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and PTSD symptoms: Exploring the construct relationship in a community sample with a heterogeneous trauma history. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 725–734. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013–9531-6Google Scholar

Carleton, R. N. (2016a). Fear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 5–21. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carleton, R. N. (2016b). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30–43. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007Google Scholar

Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2010). “It’s not just the judgements – it’s that I don’t know”: Intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 189–195. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.007Google Scholar

Carleton, R. N., Fetzner, M. G., Hackl, J. L., & McEvoy, P. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty as a contributor to fear and avoidance symptoms of panic attacks. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 328–341. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2013.792100Google Scholar

Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 468–479. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011Google Scholar

Carleton, R. N., Norton, P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 105–117. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014Google Scholar

Carleton, R. N., Sharpe, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty: Requisites of the fundamental fears? Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 2307–2316. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.006Google Scholar

Carleton, R. N., Weeks, J. W., Howell, A. N., Asmundson, G. J. G., Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2012). Assessing the latent structure of the intolerance of uncertainty construct: An initial taxometric analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 150–157. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clark, D. A. & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2009). Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: Role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 105–135. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.109Google Scholar

de Moor, M. H. M., Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., Krueger, R. F., de Geus, E. J. C., Toshiko, T., … Boomsma, D. I. (2012). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for personality. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 337–349. doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.128Google Scholar

DeYoung, C. G., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2011). Moderation of the association between childhood maltreatment and neuroticism by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 898–906. doi: 10.1111/j.1469–7610.2011.02404.xGoogle Scholar

Drury, S. S., Sánchez, M. M., & Gonzalez, A. (2016). When mothering goes awry: Challenges and opportunities for utilizing evidence across rodent, nonhuman primate and human studies to better define the biological consequences of negative early caregiving. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 182–192. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.007Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Brillon, P., Savard, P., Turcotte, J., Gaudet, A., Ladouceur, R., … Gervais, N. J. (2010). A randomized clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied relaxation for adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 41, 46–58. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2008.12.004Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance. In Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Mennin, D. S. (eds.), Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215–226. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Léger, E., Freeston, M. H., Langolis, F., Provencher, M. D., & Boisvert, J. M. (2003). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Treatment outcome and long-term follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 821–825. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.821Google Scholar

Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329–343. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002Google Scholar

Einstein, D. A. (2014). Extension of the transdiagnostic model to focus on intolerance of uncertainty: A review of the literature and implications for treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21, 280–300. doi: 10.1111/cpsp.12077Google Scholar

Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Lau, J. Y. F., McGuffin, P., Napolitano, M., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Clark, D. M. (2008). In the face of uncertainty: A twin study of ambiguous information, anxiety and depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 55–65. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007–9159-7Google Scholar

Fergus, T. A. & Bardeen, J. R. (2013). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty: Evidence of incremental specificity in relation to health anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 640–644. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fetzner, MG, Horswill, SC, Boelen, PA, Carleton, RN. Intolerance of uncertainty and PTSD symptoms: Exploring the construct relationship in a community sample with a heterogeneous trauma history. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2013;37:725–734. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013-9531-6.Google Scholar

Freeston, M., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791–802. doi: 10.1016/0191–8869(94)90048–5Google Scholar

Fullerton, J., Cubin, M., Tiwari, H., Wang, C., Bomhra, A., Davidson, S., … Flint, J. (2003). Linkage analysis of extremely discordant and concordant sibling pairs identifies quantitative-trait loci that influence variation in the human personality trait neuroticism. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 879–890. doi: 10.1086/374178CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gentes, E. L. & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 923–933. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001Google Scholar

Goldberg, D. P., Krueger, R. F., Andrews, G., & Hobbs, M. J. (2009). Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine, 39, 2043–2059. doi: 10.1017/s0033291709990298Google Scholar

Goosens, L., Sunaert, S., Peeters, R., Griez, E., & Schruers, K. (2007). Amygdala hyper function in phobic fear normalizes after exposure. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 1119–1125. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.024Google Scholar

Gorka, S. M., Lieberman, L., Shankman, S. A., & Phan, K. L. (2017a). Association between neural reactivity and startle reactivity to uncertain threat in two independent samples. Psychophysiology, 54, 652–662. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12829Google Scholar

Gorka, S. M., Lieberman, L., Shankman, S. A., & Phan, K. L. (2017b). Startle potentiation to uncertain threat as a psychophysiological indicator of fear-based psychopathology: An examination across multiple internalizing disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 8–18. doi: 10.1037/abn0000233Google Scholar

Gorka, S. M., Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., Campbell, M., Lewis, G. F., Bishop, J. R., … Shankman, S. A. (2013). Relation between respiratory sinus arrhythmia and startle response during predictable and unpredictable threat. Journal of Psychophysiology, 27, 95–104. doi: 10.1027/0269–8803/a000091Google Scholar

Gray, J. A. (1976). The behavioural inhibition system: A possible substrate for anxiety. In Feldman, M. P. & Broadhurst, A. M. (eds.), Theoretical and Experimental Bases of Behaviour Modification (pp. 3–41). London: Wiley.Google Scholar

Gray, J. A. & McNaughton, N. (2003). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System, Second Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Greco, V. & Roger, D. (2003). Uncertainty, stress, and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1057–1068. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00091–0Google Scholar

Grenier, S., Barrette, A. M., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Intolerance of uncertainty and intolerance of ambiguity: Similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 593–600. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.014Google Scholar

Grillon, C., Baas, J. M. P., Pine, D. S., Lissek, S., Lawley, M., Ellis, V., & Levine, J. (2006). The benzodiazepine alprazolam dissociates contextual fear from cued fear in humans as assessed by fear-potentiated startle. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 760–766. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.027Google Scholar

Grillon, C., Chavis, C., Covington, M. F., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Two-week treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram reduces contextual anxiety but not cued fear in healthy volunteers: A fear-potentiated startle study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 964–971. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.141Google Scholar

Gross, J. & Barrett, L. F. (2011). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: One or two depends on your point of view. Emotion Review, 3, 8–16. doi: 10.1177/1754073910380974CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grupe, D. W. & Nitschke, J. B. (2013). Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14, 488–501. doi: 10.1038/nrn3524Google Scholar

Hale, W., Richmond, M., Bennett, J., Berzins, T., Fields, A., Weber, D., … Osman, A. (2016). Resolving uncertainty about the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale–12: Application of modern psychometric strategies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 200–208. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1070355Google Scholar

Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., & Shafran, R. (2004). Cognitive Behavioural Processes across Psychological Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Research and Treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hebert, E. A., Dugas, M. J., Tulloch, T. G., & Holowka, D. W. (2014). Positive beliefs about worry: A psychometric evaluation of the Why Worry-II. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 3–8. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.009Google Scholar

Helzer, J. E., Kraemer, H. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2006). The feasibility and need for dimensional psychiatric diagnoses. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1671. doi: 10.1017/s003329170600821xGoogle Scholar

Hettema, J. M., An, S. S., Neale, M. C., Bukszar, J., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Kendler, K. S., & Chen, X. (2006). Association between glutamic acid decarboxylase genes and anxiety disorders, major depression, and neuroticism. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 752–762. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001845Google Scholar

Holaway, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Coles, M. E. (2006). A comparison of intolerance of uncertainty in analogue obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 158–174. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.01.002Google Scholar

Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Deeprose, C. (2009). Mental imagery and emotion in treatment across disorders: Using the example of depression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(S1), 21–28. doi: 10.1080/16506070902980729Google Scholar

Holmes, E. A. & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship? Emotion, 5, 489–497. doi: 10.1037/1528–3542.5.4.489Google Scholar

Hong, R. Y. & Cheung, M. W. L. (2015). The structure of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety: Evidence for a common core etiologic process based on a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 892–912. doi: 10.1177/2167702614553789Google Scholar

Hong, R. Y. & Lee, S. S. (2015). Further clarifying prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty: Factorial and construct validity of test scores from the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27, 605–620. doi: 10.1037/pas0000074Google Scholar

Imada, H. & Nageishi, Y. (1982). The concept of uncertainty in animal experiments using aversive stimulation. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 573–588. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.91.3.573Google Scholar

Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748–751. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379Google Scholar

Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Buck, B. E., & Fabricant, L. E. (2014). How is the beads task related to intolerance of uncertainty in anxiety disorders? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 495–503. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.005Google Scholar

Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Reuman, L., & Blakey, S. M. (2016). Enhancing the ecological validity of the beads task as a behavioral measure of intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.003Google Scholar

Jacoby, R. J., Fabricant, L. E., Leonard, R. C., Riemann, B. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2013). Just to be certain: Confirming the factor structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 535–542. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.07.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jensen, D. & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Domain-specific intolerance of uncertainty in socially anxious and contamination-focused obsessive-compulsive individuals. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 54–62. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2014.959039CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kagan, J. & Snidman, N. (2004). The Long Shadow of Temperament. Boston, MA: Harvard College.Google Scholar

Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., Jacobson, K. C., & Neale, M. C. (2003). Does the level of family dysfunction moderate the impact of genetic factors on the personality trait of neuroticism? Psychological Medicine, 33, 817–825. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703007840Google Scholar

Koerner, N. & Dugas, M. J. (2006). A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. In Davey, G. C. L. & Wells, A. (eds.), Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment (pp. 201–216). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. doi: 10.1002/9780470713143.ch12Google Scholar

Koerner, N. & Dugas, M. J. (2008). An investigation of appraisals in individuals vulnerable to excessive worry: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 619–638. doi: 10.1007/s10608-007–9125-2Google Scholar

Koerner, N., Mejia, T., & Kusec, A. (2017). What’s in a name? Intolerance of uncertainty, other uncertainty-relevant constructs, and their differential relations to worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46, 141–161. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2016.1211172Google Scholar

Kozak, M. J. & Cuthbert, B. N. (2016). The NIMH research domain criteria initiative: background, issues, and pragmatics. Psychophysiology, 53, 286–297. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12518Google Scholar

Kuo, P.-H., Neale, M. C., Riley, B. P., Patterson, D. G., Walsh, D., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2007). A genome-wide linkage analysis for the personality trait neuroticism in the Irish affected sib-pair study of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B-NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, 144B, 463–468. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30478Google Scholar

Ladouceur, R., Blais, F., Freeston, M. H., & Dugas, M. J. (1998). Problem solving and problem orientation in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 139–152. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00002–4Google Scholar

Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M., Freeston, M., Léger, É., Gagnon, F., & Thibodeau, N. (2000). Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a controlled clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 957–964. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.957Google Scholar

Ladouceur, R., Talbot, F., & Dugas, M. J. (1997). Behavioral expressions of intolerance of uncertainty in worry: Experimental findings. Behavior Modification, 21, 355–371. doi: 10.1177/01454455970213006Google Scholar

Lawford, B. R., Young, R., Noble, E. P., Kann, B., & Ritchie, T. (2006). The D-2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene is associated with co-morbid depression, anxiety and social dysfunction in untreated veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. European Psychiatry, 21, 180–185. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.01.006Google Scholar

Lewinsohn, P. M., Shankman, S. A., Gau, J. M., & Klein, D. N. (2004). The prevalence and co-morbidity of subthreshold psychiatric conditions. Psychological Medicine, 34, 613–622. doi: 10.1017/s0033291703001466Google Scholar

Lo, M.-T., Hinds, D. A., Tung, J. Y., Franz, C., Fan, C.-C., Wang, Y., … Chen, C.-H. (2017). Genome-wide analyses for personality traits identify six genomic loci and show correlations with psychiatric disorders. Nature Genetics, 49, 152–156. doi: 10.1038/ng.3736Google Scholar

Mahoney, A. E. & McEvoy, P. M. (2012a). Changes in intolerance of uncertainty during cognitive behavior group therapy for social phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 849–854. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.004Google Scholar

Mahoney, A. E. & McEvoy, P. M. (2012b). Trait versus situation-specific intolerance of uncertainty in a clinical sample with anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 26–39. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2011.622131Google Scholar

Mahoney, A. E. & McEvoy, P. M. (2012c). A transdiagnostic examination of intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 212–222. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2011.622130Google Scholar

Mathes, B. M., Oglesby, M. E., Short, N. A., Portero, A. K., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). An examination of the role of intolerance of distress and uncertainty in hoarding symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 121–129. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.10.007Google Scholar

McEvoy, P. M. & Erceg-Hurn, D. M. (2016). The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 96–107. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.002Google Scholar

McEvoy, P. M. & Mahoney, A. E. (2011). Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 112–122. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.010Google Scholar

Merswolken, M., Deter, H.-C., Siebenhuener, S., Orth-Gomer, K., & Weber, C. S. (2013). Anxiety as predictor of the cortisol awakening response in patients with coronary heart disease. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 461–467. doi: 10.1007/s12529-012–9233-6Google Scholar

Moehler, E., Kagan, J., Oelkers-Ax, R., Brunner, R., Poustka, L., Haffner, J., & Resch, F. (2008). Infant predictors of behavioural inhibition. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26, 145–150. doi: 10.1348/026151007X206767Google Scholar

Moors, A. (2009). Theories of emotion causation: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 625–662. doi: 10.1080/02699930802645739Google Scholar

Moors, A., Ellsworth, P. C., Scherer, K. R., & Frijda, N. H. (2013). Appraisal theories of emotion: State of the art and future development. Emotion Review, 5, 119–124. doi: 10.1177/1754073912468165Google Scholar

Morriss, J., Christakou, A., & van Reekum, C. M. (2015). Intolerance of uncertainty predicts fear extinction in amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortical circuitry. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 5, 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s13587-015–0019-8Google Scholar

Morriss, J., Christakou, A., & van Reekum, C. M. (2016). Nothing is safe: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with compromised fear extinction learning. Biological Psychology, 121, 187–193. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.001Google Scholar

Morriss, J., Macdonald, B., & van Reekum, C. M. (2016). What is going on around here? Intolerance of uncertainty predicts threat generalization. PLoS ONE, 11, e0154494. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154494Google Scholar

Murphy, T. M., O’Donovan, A., Mullins, N., O’Farrelly, C., McCann, A., & Malone, K. (2015). Anxiety is associated with higher levels of global DNA methylation and altered expression of epigenetic and interleukin-6 genes. Psychiatric Genetics, 25, 71–78. doi: 10.1097/YPG.0000000000000055CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nash, M. W., Huezo-Diaz, P., Sterne, A., Purcell, S., Hoda, F., Cherny, S. S., … Sham, P. C. (2004). Genome-wide linkage analysis of a composite index of neuroticism and mood-related scales in extreme selected sibships. Human Molecular Genetics, 13, 2173–2182. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh239Google Scholar

Nash, M. W., Sugden, K., Huezo-Diaz, P., Williamson, R., Sterne, A., Purcell, S., … Craig, I. W. (2005). Association analysis of monoamine genes with measures of depression and anxiety in a selected community sample of siblings. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B-Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 135B, 33–37. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30063Google Scholar

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2016). Behavioral Assessment Methods for RDoC Constructs: A report by the National Advisory Mental Health Council Workgroup on Tasks and Measures for Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Retrieved from www.nimh.nih.gov/about/advisory-boards-and-groups/namhc/reports/rdoc_council_workgroup_report_153440.pdf.Google Scholar

Nelson, B. D., Hajcak, G., & Shankman, S. A. (2015). Event-related potentials to acoustic startle probes during the anticipation of predictable and unpredictable threat. Psychophysiology, 52, 887–894. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12418Google Scholar

Nelson, B. D., Liu, H., Sarapas, C., & Shankman, S. A. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty mediates the relationship between panic and the startle reflex in anticipation of unpredictable threat. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7, 172–189. doi: 10.5127/jep.048115Google Scholar

Nelson, B. D. & Shankman, S. A. (2011). Does intolerance of uncertainty predict anticipatory startle responses to uncertain threat? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81, 107–115. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.003Google Scholar

Nelson, B. D., Shankman, S. A., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty mediates reduced reward anticipation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 158, 108–113. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.014Google Scholar

Oglesby, M. E., Gibby, B. A., Mathes, B. M., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty and posttraumatic stress symptoms: An investigation within a treatment seeking trauma-exposed sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 34–40. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.08.011Google Scholar

Olatunji, B. O. & Sawchuk, C. N. (2005). Disgust: Characteristic features, social manifestations, and clinical implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 932–962.Google Scholar

Pan, Y., Cheng, Q., Shan, M.-S., & Yan, J. (2015). Association between polymorphism of the norepinephrine transporter gene rs2242446 and rs5669 loci and depression disorders. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8, 18837–18842. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694404/Google Scholar

Ryu, S. H., Lee, S. H., Lee, H. J., Cha, J. H., Ham, B. J., Han, C. S., … Lee, M. S. (2004). Association between norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphism and major depression. Neuropsychobiology, 49, 174–177. doi: 10.1159/000077361Google Scholar

Sacharin, V., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2012). The perception of changing emotion expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 1273–1300. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2012.656583Google Scholar

Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., … Cuthbert, B. N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 631–639. doi: 10.1037/a0020909Google Scholar

Scherer, K. R. (2009). The dynamic architecture of emotion: Evidence for the component process model. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1307–1351. doi: 10.1080/02699930902928969Google Scholar

Scherer, K. R. (2013). The nature and dynamics of relevance and valence appraisals: Theoretical advances and recent evidence. Emotion Review, 5, 150–162. doi: 10.1177/1754073912468166Google Scholar

Schmitz, A. & Grillon, C. (2012). Assessing fear and anxiety in humans using the threat of predictable and unpredictable aversive events (the NPU-threat test). Nature Protocols, 7, 527–532. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.001Google Scholar

Shihata, S., McEvoy, P. M., & Mullan, B. A. (2017). Pathways from uncertainty to anxiety: An evaluation of a hierarchical model of trait and disorder-specific intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, 72–79. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.12.001Google Scholar

Shihata, S., McEvoy, P., Mullan, B. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty in emotional disorders: What uncertainties remain? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 115–124. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.001Google Scholar

Singer, T., Critchley, H. D., & Preuschoff, K. (2009). A common role of insula in feelings, empathy and uncertainty. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 334–340. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.05.001Google Scholar

Smith, G. W., Aubry, J. M., Dellu, F., Contarino, A., Bilezikjian, L. M., Gold, L. H., … Lee, K. F. (1998). Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice display decreased anxiety, impaired stress response, and aberrant neuroendocrine development. Neuron, 20, 1093–1102. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80491–2Google Scholar

Southwick, S. M., Vythilingam, M., & Charney, D. S. (2005). The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: Implications for prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 255–291. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143948Google Scholar

Tang, A. C., Akers, K. G., Reeb, B. C., Romeo, R. D., & McEwen, B. S. (2006). Programming social, cognitive, and neuroendocrine development by early exposure to novelty. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 15716–15721. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0607374103CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tang, A. C., Reeb-Sutherland, B. C., Romeo, R. D., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Reducing behavioral inhibition to novelty via systematic neonatal novelty exposure: The influence of maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 150–156. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.021Google Scholar

Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., … Cardenas, S. J. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychological Assessment, 19, 176–188. doi: 10.1037/1040–3590.19.2.176Google Scholar

Teale Sapach, M. J. N., Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Weeks, J. W., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Cognitive constructs and social anxiety disorder: Beyond fearing negative evaluation. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 63–73. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2014.961539Google Scholar

Thayer, J. F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., & Wager, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 747–756. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thibodeau, M. A., Carleton, R. N., Gómez-Pérez, L., & Asmundson, G. J. (2013). “What if I make a mistake?”: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with poor behavioral performance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 760–766. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182a21298Google Scholar

Thibodeau, M. A., Carleton, R. N., McEvoy, P., Zvolensky, M. J., Brandt, C. P., Boelen, P. A., … Asmundson, G. J. G. (2015). Developing scales measuring disorder-specific intolerance of uncertainty (DSIU): A new perspective on transdiagnostic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 31, 49–57. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.01.006Google Scholar

Thompson, S. C. (1981). Will it hurt less if I can control it? A complex answer to a simple question. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 89–101. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.90.1.89Google Scholar

Timpl, P., Spanagel, R., Sillaber, I., Kresse, A., Reul, J., Stalla, G. K., … Wurst, W. (1998). Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Nature Genetics, 19, 162–166. doi: 10.1038/520Google Scholar

Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L. M., Price, L. H., Rikhye, K., Ross, N. S., Anderson, G. M., … Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Cortisol and ACTH responses to the Dex/CRH test: Influence of temperament. Hormones and Behavior, 53, 518–525. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.12.004Google Scholar

van der Heiden, C., Muris, P., & van der Molen, H. T. (2012). Randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 100. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.005Google Scholar

Vukasovic, T. & Bratko, D. (2015). Heritability of personality: A meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 769–785. doi: 10.1037/bul0000017Google Scholar

Walker, S., O’Connor, D. B., Schaefer, A., Talbot, D., & Hendrickx, H. (2011). The cortisol awakening response: Associations with trait anxiety and stress reactivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 123–127. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.026Google Scholar

Wever, M., Smeets, P., & Sternheim, L. (2015). Neural correlates of intolerance of uncertainty in clinical disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 27, 345–353. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14120387Google Scholar

Wright, K. D., Lebell, M. A. N. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, health anxiety, and anxiety disorder symptoms in youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.011Google Scholar

Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., Bader, H. N., Makotkine, I., … Meaney, M. J. (2014). Influences of maternal and paternal PTSD on epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in Holocaust survivor offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 872–880. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121571Google Scholar

Zlomke, K. R. & Jeter, K. M. (2014). Stress and worry: Examining intolerance of uncertainty’s moderating effect. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 27, 202–215. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2013.835400CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed