Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-k7rjm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-05T02:14:31.919Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

34 - Substance Abuse, Self-Control and Crime

from Part V - Capacity and Opportunity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2021

By
Emmeke B. Kooistra
Edited by
Benjamin van Rooij  and
D. Daniel Sokol
Benjamin van Rooij
Affiliation:
School of Law, University of Amsterdam
D. Daniel Sokol
Affiliation:
University of Florida
Get access

Summary

Abstract: This chapter reviews whether substance abuse can reduce capacity for compliance. It examines scientific findings on the links among substance abuse, self-control and (criminal) behaviour. Research findings indicate that substance abuse may negatively affect levels of self-control and cause increases in impulsive behaviour. These increases in impulsivity can in turn be linked to criminal behaviour. Moreover, substance abuse is associated with increases in violent behaviour. However, there is variability among substance abusers, and situational factors such as social environment or criminal opportunity play a major role. Rather than merely focusing on people’s personal guilt in substance abuse-related misconduct and crimes, the chapter advocates focusing on correcting future behaviour and recommends the implementation of treatment programmes aimed at improving self-control of substance-abusing offenders.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Compliance , pp. 499 - 515
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Agrawal, A., and Lynskey, M. T.. 2006. “The Genetic Epidemiology of Cannabis Use, Abuse and Dependence.” Addiction 101 (6):801–12.Google Scholar
Agrawal, A., and Lynskey, M. T.. 2008. “Are There Genetic Influences on Addiction [sic]: Evidence from Family, Adoption and Twin Studies.” Addiction 103 (7): 1069–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA). 2013. “Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.” In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Andrews, D. A., and Bonta, J.. 2010. The Psychology of Criminal Conduct (5th ed.). New Providence, NJ: Matthew Bender and Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Baler, R. D., and Volkow, N. D.. 2006. “Drug Addiction: The Neurobiology of Disrupted Self-Control.” Trend in Molecular Medicine 12 (12):559–66.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., and Vonasch, A. J.. 2015. “Uses of Self-Regulation to Facilitate and Restrain Addictive Behavior.” Addictive Behaviors 44:3–8.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., and Tice, D. M.. 1998. “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (5):1252–65.Google Scholar
Berridge, K. C. 2009. “Wanting and Liking: Observations from the Neuroscience and Psychology Laboratory.” Inquiry 52 (4):378–98.Google Scholar
Boles, S. M., and Miotto, K.. 2003. “Substance Abuse and Violence: A Review of the Literature.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 8 (2):155–74.Google Scholar
Bozarth, M. A. 1994. “Pleasure Systems in the Brain.” In Pleasure: The Politics and the Reality, edited by Warburton, D. M., 5–14. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Chaiken, J. M., and Chaiken, M. R.. 1990. “Drugs and Predatory Crime.” In Drugs and Crime, edited by Tonry, M. and Wilson, J. Q., 203–40. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Chassin, L., Flora, D. B., and King, K. M.. 2004. “Trajectories of Alcohol and Drug Use and Dependence from Adolescence to Adulthood: The Effects of Familial Alcoholism and Personality.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113 (4):483–98.Google Scholar
Chatwin, C. 2017. “UNGASS 2016: Insights from Europe on the Development of Global Cannabis Policy and the Need for Reform of the Global Drug Policy Regime.” International Journal of Drug Policy 49:80–5.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. R., Berkman, E. T., and Lieberman, M. D.. 2013. “Intentional and Incidental Self-Control in Ventrolateral PFC.” In Principles of Frontal Lobe Function (2nd ed.), edited by Stuss, D. T. and Knight, R. T., 417–40. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Coskunpinar, A., Dir, A. L., and Cyders, M. A.. 2013. “Multidimensionality in Impulsivity and Alcohol Use: A Meta‐analysis Using the UPPS Model of Impulsivity.” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 37 (9):1441–50.Google Scholar
Dahlbäck, O. 1990. “Criminality and Risk-Taking.” Personality and Individual Difference 11 (3):265–72.Google Scholar
De Wit, H. 2009. “Impulsivity as a Determinant and Consequence of Drug Use: A Review of Underlying Processes.” Addiction Biology 14 (1):22–31.Google Scholar
De Wit, H., and Mitchell, S. H.. 2010. “Drug Effects on Delay Discounting.” In Impulsivity: Theory, Science and Neuroscience of Discounting, edited by Madden, G., Bickel, W. and Critchfield, T., 213–41. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
De Wit, H., Crean, J., and Richards, J. B.. 2000. “Effects of D-Amphetamine and Ethanol on a Measure of Behavioral Inhibition in Humans.” Behavioral Neuroscience 114 (4):830–7.Google Scholar
Douglas, K. S., Guy, L. S., and Hart, S. D.. 2009. “Psychosis as a Risk Factor for Violence to Others: A Meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 135 (5):679–706.Google Scholar
Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., and Anda, R. F.. 2003. “Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study.” Pediatrics 111 (3):564–72.Google Scholar
Duke, A. A., Smith, K. M., Oberleitner, L., Westphal, A., and McKee, S. A.. 2018. “Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence: A Meta-meta-analysis.” Psychology of Violence 8 (2):238–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evenden, J. L. 1999. “Varieties of Impulsivity.” Psychopharmacology 146 (4):348–61.Google Scholar
Fagan, J. 1990. “Intoxication and Aggression.” In Drugs and Crime, edited by Tonry, M. and Wilson, J. Q., 241–320. Chigaco: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fazel, S., Bains, P., and Doll, H.. 2006. “Substance Abuse and Dependence in Prisoners: A Systematic Review.” Addiction 101 (2):181–91.Google Scholar
Field, M., Wiers, R. W., Christiansen, P., Fillmore, M. T., and Verster, J. C.. 2010. “Acute Alcohol Effects on Inhibitory Control and Implicit Cognition: Implications for Loss of Control over Drinking.” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 34 (8):1346–52.Google Scholar
Fillmore, M. T. 2003. “Drug Abuse as a Problem of Impaired Control: Current Approaches and Findings.” Behavioral Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2 (3):179–97.Google Scholar
Fillmore, M. T., and Rush, C. R.. 2002. “Impaired Inhibitory Control of Behavior in Chronic Cocaine Users.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66 (3):265–73.Google Scholar
Fischman, M., and Haney, M.. 1999. “Neurobiology of Stimulants.” In Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment (2nd ed.), edited by Galanter, M. and Kleber, H. D., 21–31. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Franken, I. H. A., Booij, J., and van den Brink, W.. 2005. “The Role of Dopamine in Human Addiction: From Reward to Motivated Attention.” European Journal of Pharmacology 526 (1–3):199–206.Google Scholar
Franken, I. H. A., Muris, P., and Georgieva, I.. 2006. “Gray’s Model of Personality and Addiction.” Addictive Behaviors 31 (3):399–403.Google Scholar
Frone, M. R. 2006. “Prevalence and Distribution of Alcohol Use and Impairment in the Workplace: A US National Survey.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67 (1):147–56.Google Scholar
Ghahremani, D. G., Lee, B., Robertson, C. L., Tabibnia, G., Morgan, A. T., De Shetler, N., Brown, A. K., Monterosso, J. R., Aron, A. R., and Mandelkern, M. A.. 2012. “Striatal Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors Mediate Response Inhibition and Related Activity in Frontostriatal Neural Circuitry in Humans.” Journal of Neuroscience 32 (21):7316–24.Google Scholar
Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. 2018. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Results. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.Google Scholar
Gold, M. S., and Tullis, M.. 1999. “Cannabis.” In Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment (2nd ed.), edited by Galanter, M. and Kleber, H. D., 165–81. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, P. J. 1985. “The Drugs/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Drug Issues 15 (4):493–506.Google Scholar
Goldstein, R. Z., and Volkow, N. D.. 2002. “Drug Addiction and Its Underlying Neurobiological Basis: Neuroimaging Evidence for the Involvement of the Frontal Cortex.” American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (10):1642–52.Google Scholar
Goldstein, R. Z., and Volkow, N. D.. 2011. “Dysfunction of the Prefrontal Cortex in Addiction: Neuroimaging Findings and Clinical Implications.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 12 (11):652–69.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M., and Hirschi, T.. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., and Arneklev, B. J.. 1993. “Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Research in Crime Delinquency 30 (1):5–29.Google Scholar
Heath, A. C. 1995. “Genetic Influences on Alcoholism Risk.” Alcohol Health and Research World 19:166–71.Google Scholar
Heath, A. C., Jardine, R., and Martin, N. G.. 1989. “Interactive Effects of Genotype and Social Environment on Alcohol Consumption in Female Twins.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 50 (1):38–48.Google Scholar
Heffernan, K., Cloitre, M., Tardiff, K., Marzuk, P. M., Portera, L., and Leon, A. C.. 2000. “Childhood Trauma as a Correlate of Lifetime Opiate Use in Psychiatric Patients.” Addictive Behaviors 25 (5):797–803.Google Scholar
Henkel, D. 2011. “Unemployment and Substance Use: A Review of the Literature (1990–2010).” Current Drug Abuse Reviews 4 (1):4–27.Google Scholar
Hester, R., Lubman, D. I., and Yücel, M.. 2010. “The Role of Executive Control in Human Drug Addiction.” In Behavioral Neuroscience of Drug Addiction, edited by Self, D. W. and Staley Gottschalk, J. K., 301–18. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Heyman, G. M. 2009. Addiction: A Disorder of Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, D. E. 1990. “Drugs and Consensual Crimes: Drug Dealing and Prostitution.” In Drugs and Crime, edited by Tonry, M. and Wilson, J. Q., 159–202. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hyman, S. E. 2007. “The Neurobiology of Addiction: Implications for Voluntary Control of Behavior.” American Journal of Bioethics 7 (1):8–11.Google Scholar
Jentsch, J. D., and Taylor, J. R.. 1999. “Impulsivity Resulting from Frontostriatal Dysfunction in Drug Abuse: Implications for the Control of Behavior by Reward-Related Stimuli.” Psychopharmacology 146 (4):373–90.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. F. 2004. “Toward an Addictionary: A Proposal for More Precise Terminology.” Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 22 (2):79–87.Google Scholar
Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., and Finkelhor, D.. 1993. “Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Empirical Studies.” Psychological Bulletin 113 (1):164–80.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., and Prescott, C. A.. 1998. “Cocaine Use, Abuse and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of Female Twins.” British Journal of Psychiatry 173 (4):345–50.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L., and Prescott, C. A.. 1999. “Hallucinogen, Opiate, Sedative and Stimulant Use and Abuse in a Population‐Based Sample of Female Twins.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 99 (5):368–76.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Bulik, C. M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J. M., Myers, J., and Prescott, C. A.. 2000. “Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders in Women: An Epidemiological and Cotwin Control Analysis.” Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (10):953–9.Google Scholar
Kennett, J., Vincent, N. A., and Snoek, A.. 2015. “Drug Addiction and Criminal Responsibility.” In Handbook of Neuroethics, edited by Clausen, J. and Levy, N., 1065–83. Dordrecht, NL: Springer Science.Google Scholar
King, K. M., and Chassin, L.. 2007. “A Prospective Study of the Effects of Age of Initiation of Alcohol and Drug Use on Young Adult Substance Dependence.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 68 (2):256–65.Google Scholar
Kreek, M. J., Nielsen, D. A., Butelman, E. R., and LaForge, K. S.. 2005. “Genetic Influences on Impulsivity, Risk Taking, Stress Responsivity and Vulnerability to Drug Abuse and Addiction.” Nature Neuroscience 8 (11):1450–7.Google Scholar
Latimer, J., Morton-Bourgon, K., and Chrétien, J.-A.. 2006. A Meta-analytic Examination of Drug Treatment Courts: Do They Reduce Recidivism? Ottowa: Department of Justice Canada, Research and Statistics Division.Google Scholar
Lee, S. H., Ham, B.-J., Cho, Y.-H., Lee, S.-M., and Shim, S. H.. 2007. “Association Study of Dopamine Receptor D2TaqI A Polymorphism and Reward-Related Personality Traits in Healthy Korean Young Females.” Neuropsychobiology 56 (2–3):146–51.Google Scholar
Lee, B., London, E. D., Poldrack, R. A., Farahi, J., Nacca, A., Monterosso, J. R., Mumford, J. A., Bokarius, A. V., Dahlbom, M., and Mukherjee, J.. 2009. “Striatal Dopamine d2/d3 Receptor Availability Is Reduced in Methamphetamine Dependence and Is Linked to Impulsivity.” Journal of Neuroscience 29 (47):14734–40.Google Scholar
Logan, G. D. 1994. “On the Ability to Inhibit Thought and Action: A Users’ Guide to the Stop Signal Paradigm.” In Inhibitory Process in Attention, Memory and Language, edited by Dagenbach, D. and Carr, T. H., 189–239. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Logue, A., Tobin, H., Chelonis, J. J., Wang, R. Y., Geary, N., and Schachter, S.. 1992. “Cocaine Decreases Self-Control in Rats: A Preliminary Report.” Psychopharmacology 109 (1–2):245–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Few, L. R., Ray, L. A., Sweet, L. H., and Munafò, M. R.. 2011. “Delayed Reward Discounting and Addictive Behavior: A Meta-analysis.” Psychopharmacology 216 (3):305–21.Google Scholar
McGlothlin, W. H., Anglin, M. D., and Wilson, B. D.. 1978. “Narcotic Addiction and Crime.” Criminology 16 (3):293–316.Google Scholar
Miczek, K. A., Weerts, E. M., and DeBold, J. F.. 1993. “Alcohol, Aggression and Violence: Biobehavioral Determinants.” In Alcohol and Interpersonal Violence: Fostering Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Martin, S., 83–119. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.Google Scholar
Mitchell, O., Wilson, D. B., and MacKenzie, D. L.. 2007. “Does Incarceration-Based Drug Treatment Reduce Recidivism? A Meta-analytic Synthesis of the Research.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 3 (4):353–75.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2011. “Addiction and Criminal Responsibility.” In Addiction and Responsibility, edited by Poland, J. and Graham, G., 159–99. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2017. “The Science of Addiction and Criminal Law.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 25 (6):261–9.Google Scholar
Mowen, T. J., and Visher, C. A.. 2015. “Drug Use and Crime after Incarceration: The Role of Family Support and Family Conflict.” Justice Quarterly 32 (2):337–59.Google Scholar
Muraven, M., Shmueli, D., and Burkley, E.. 2006. “Conserving Self-Control Strength.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 (3):524–37.Google Scholar
Nordstrom, B. R., and Dackis, C. A.. 2011. “Drugs and Crime.” Journal of Psychiatry and Law 39 (4):663–87.Google Scholar
Parhar, K. K., Wormith, J. S., Derkzen, D. M., and Beauregard, A. M.. 2008. “Offender Coercion in Treatment: A Meta-analysis of Effectiveness.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 35 (9):1109–35.Google Scholar
Parker, R. N., and Auerhahn, K.. 1998. “Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence.” Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1):291–311.Google Scholar
Pratt, T. C., and Cullen, F. T.. 2000. “The Empirical Status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime: A Meta‐analysis.” Criminology 38 (3):931–64.Google Scholar
Prescott, C. A., and Kendler, K. S.. 1999. “Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of Male Twins.” American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1):34–40.Google Scholar
Reiss, A. J., and Roth, J. A.. 1993. “Alcohol, Other Psychoactive Drugs and Violence.” In Understanding and Preventing Violence (Vol. 1), edited by Reiss, A. and Roth, J., 182–220. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Rose, R. J., Dick, D. M., Viken, R. J., and Kaprio, J.. 2001. “Gene‐Environment Interaction in Patterns of Adolescent Drinking: Regional Residency Moderates Longitudinal Influences on Alcohol Use.” Alcoholism: Clinical Experimental Research 25 (5):637–43.Google Scholar
Roth, J. A. 1994. Psychoactive Substances and Violence. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (February).Google Scholar
Schütz, C. G. 2016. “Homelessness and Addiction: Causes, Consequences and Interventions.” Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry 3 (3):306–13.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., and Davidson, L. D.. 2015. “Strategies of Drug Prevention in the Workplace: An International Perspective of Drug Testing and Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs).” In Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives, edited by el-Guebaly, N., Carrà, G. and Galanter, M., 1111–27. Milan: Springer.Google Scholar
Smith, J. L., Mattick, R. P., Jamadar, S. D., and Iredale, J. M.. 2014. “Deficits in Behavioural Inhibition in Substance Abuse and Addiction: A Meta-analysis.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 145:1–33.Google Scholar
Tsuang, M. T., Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J., True, W., Lin, N., Meyer, J. M., Toomey, R., Faraone, S. V., and Eaves, L.. 1996. “Genetic Influences on DSM‐III‐R Drug Abuse and Dependence: A Study of 3,372 Twin Pairs.” American Journal of Medical Genetics 67 (5):473–77.Google Scholar
Tsuang, M. T., Bar, J. L., Harley, R. M., and Lyons, M. J.. 2001. “The Harvard Twin Study of Substance Abuse: What We Have Learned.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 9 (6):267–79.Google Scholar
Van Rooij, B., and Fine, A.. in press. The Invisible Code: Why Law Fails to Improve Our Behaviour. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Vazsonyi, A. T., Mikuška, J., and Kelley, E. L.. 2017. “It’s Time: A Meta-analysis on the Self-Control-Deviance Link.” Journal of Criminal Justice 48:48–63.Google Scholar
Verdejo-García, A., Lawrence, A. J., and Clark, L.. 2008. “Impulsivity as a Vulnerability Marker for Substance-Use Disorders: Review of Findings from High-Risk Research, Problem Gamblers and Genetic Association Studies.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32 (4):777–810.Google Scholar
Volkow, N. D., and Li, T.-K.. 2004. “Drug Addiction: The Neurobiology of Behaviour Gone Awry.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (12):963–70.Google Scholar
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G.-J., and Goldstein, R. Z.. 2002. “Role of Dopamine, the Frontal Cortex and Memory Circuits in Drug Addiction: Insight from Imaging Studies.” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 78 (3):610–24.Google Scholar
Warshaw, L. J., and Messite, J.. 1996. “Workplace Violence: Preventive and Interventive Strategies.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 36 (10):993–1006.Google Scholar
Weekes, J., Moser, A., Wheatley, M., and Matheson, F.. 2013. “What Works in Reducing Substance-Related Offending?” In What Works in Offender Rehabilitation: An Evidence-Based Approach to Assessment and Treatment, edited by Craig, L. A., Dixon, L. and Gannon, T. A., 237–54. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.Google Scholar
Werb, D., Kamarulzaman, A., Meacham, M. C., Rafful, C., Fischer, B., Strathdee, S. A., and Wood, E.. 2016. “The Effectiveness of Compulsory Drug Treatment: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Drug Policy 28:1–9.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×