Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T12:46:44.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - Major Issues and Themes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2017

Adam Ledgeway
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Ian Roberts
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aitchison, J. 2003. ‘Psycholinguistic perspectives on language change’, in Joseph, B. D. and Janda, R. D. (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 736–43.Google Scholar
Andersen, H. 1973. Abductive and deductive change, Language 49: 765–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, J., Archangeli, D. and Mielke, J. 2011. ‘Variability in English s-retraction suggests a solution to the actuation problem’, Language Variation & Change 23: 347374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bermúdez-Otero, R. 2006. ‘Phonological change in Optimality Theory’, in Brown, K. (ed.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, vol. 9, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 497505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biberauer, T., Holmberg, A. and Roberts, I. 2007. ‘Disharmonic word-order systems and the Final-over-Final Constraint (FOFC)’, in Bisetto, A. and Barbieri, F. (eds.), Proceedings of XXXIII incontro di grammatica generativa, pp. 86105.Google Scholar
Biberauer, T., Holmberg, A. and Roberts, I. 2008. ‘Linearising disharmonic word orders: The Final-over-Final Constraint’, in Yoon, J. Y. and Kim, K.-A. (eds.), Perspectives on linguistics in the 21st Century. Seoul: Hankook Munhwasa, pp. 301–18.Google Scholar
Biberauer, T., Holmberg, A. and Roberts, I. 2014. ‘A syntactic universal and its consequences’, Linguistic Inquiry 45(2): 169225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biberauer, T., Newton, G. and Sheehan, M. 2009. ‘Limiting synchronic and diachronic variation and change: the Final-Over-Final Constraint’, Language and Linguistics 10: 701–43.Google Scholar
Börjars, K. and Vincent, N. 2011. ‘Grammaticalization and directionality’, in Narrog, H. and Heine, B. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization. Oxford University Press, pp. 163–76.Google Scholar
Campbell, L. 1975. ‘Constraints on sound change’, in Dahlstedt, K.-H. (ed.), The Nordic languages and modern linguistics, vol. 2. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, pp. 388406.Google Scholar
Campbell, L. 2013. Historical linguistics: An introduction. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Cheshire, J., Adger, D. and Fox, S. 2013. ‘Relative who and the actuation problem’, Lingua 126: 5177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. 1986. Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin, and use. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H. and Muysken, P. 1986. ‘The availability of universal grammar to adult and child learners: A study of the acquisition of German word order’, Second Language Research 2: 93119.Google Scholar
De Smet, H. 2012. ‘The course of actualization’, Language 88: 601–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eitler, T. 2006. ‘Some sociolectal, dialectal and communicative aspects of word order variation in late Middle English’, unpublished PhD thesis, Eötvös Loránd University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrar, K. and Jones, M.C. 2002. ‘Introduction’, in Jones, M. C. and Esch, E. (eds.), Language change: The interplay of internal, external, and extra-linguistic factors. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 116.Google Scholar
Filppula, M. 2010. ‘Contact and the early history of English’, in Hickey, R. (ed.), The handbook of language contact. Oxford University Press, pp. 432–53.Google Scholar
Fischer, O. 2007. Morphosyntactic change: Functional and formal perspectives. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Håkansson, G., Pienemann, M. and Sayehli, S. 2002. ‘Transfer and typological proximity in the context of second language processing’, Second Language Research 18: 250–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. 1998. ‘Diachronic syntax’, Syntax 1: 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, A. C. and Campbell, L. 1995. Historical syntax in cross-linguistic perspective. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J. A. 1990. ‘A parsing theory of word order universals’, Linguistic Inquiry 21: 223–61.Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. A. 1994. A performance theory of order and constituency. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. A. 2002a. ‘Symmetries and asymmetries: Their grammar, typology and parsing’, Theoretical Linguistics 28: 95149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J. A. 2002b. ‘Issues at the performance-grammar interface: Some comments on the commentaries’, Theoretical Linguistics 28: 211–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J. A. 2004. Efficiency and complexity in grammars. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J. A. 2007. ‘Processing typology and why psychologists need to know about it’, New Ideas in Psychology 25: 87107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hempel, C. G. and Oppenheim, P. 1948. ‘Studies in the logic of explanation’, Philosophy of Science 15: 135–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, A. 2000. ‘Deriving OV order in Finnish’, in Svenonius, P. (ed.), The derivation of VO and OV. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 123–52.Google Scholar
Holt, D. E. (ed.) 2000. Optimality theory and language change. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Hopper, P. and Traugott, E. C. 2003. Grammaticalization, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingason, A. K., Sigurðsson, E. F. and Wallenberg, J. C. 2012. ‘Antisocial syntax: Disentangling the Icelandic VO/OV parameter and its lexical remains’, paper presented at DiGS 14, Lisbon, 6 July.Google Scholar
King, R. D. 1969. Historical linguistics and generative grammar. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
King, R. 2000. The lexical basis of grammatical borrowing: A Prince Edward Island case study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroch, A. S. 1989. ‘Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change’, Language Variation and Change 1: 199244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroch, A. S. 1994. ‘Morphosyntactic variation’, Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society 2: 180201.Google Scholar
Kroch, A. S. 2000. ‘Syntactic change’, in Baltin, M. and Collins, C. (eds.), The handbook of contemporary syntactic theory. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 629739.Google Scholar
Kroch, A. S. and Taylor, A. 1997. ‘Verb movement in Old and Middle English: Dialect variation and language contact’, in van Kemenade, A. and Vincent, N. (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 297325.Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1972. Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1982. ‘Building on empirical foundations’, in Lehmann, W. P. and Malkiel, Y. (eds.), Perspectives on historical linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, W. 2001. Principles of linguistic change, vol. 2: Social factors. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, W. 2007. ‘Transmission and diffusion’, Language 83: 344–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, W. and Harris, W. A. 1986. ‘De facto segregation of Black and White vernaculars’, in Sankoff, D. (ed.), Diversity and diachrony. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 124.Google Scholar
Langacker, R. W. 1977. ‘Syntactic reanalysis’, in Li, C. N. (ed.), Mechanisms of syntactic change. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 57139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lass, R. 1980. On explaining language change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lass, R. 1997. Historical linguistics and language change. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ledgeway, A. 2012. From Latin to Romance: Morphosyntactic typology and change. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewens, T. 2007. ‘Cultural evolution’, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolution-cultural/. Accessed 2 November 2012.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1979. Principles of diachronic syntax. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1991. How to set parameters: Arguments from language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1999. The development of language: Acquisition, change, and evolution. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 2002. ‘Myths and the prehistory of grammars’, Journal of Linguistics 38: 113–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 2006. How new languages emerge. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 2013. ‘Types of explanation in history’, Language (Historical Syntax) 89: e18e39.Google Scholar
Lohndal, T. 2009. ‘The copula cycle’, in van Gelderen, E. (ed.), Cyclical change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 209–42.Google Scholar
Lucas, C. 2009. ‘The development of negation in Arabic and Afro-Asiatic’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. 1976. Evolution and the diversity of life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. 2004. What makes biology unique? Considerations on the autonomy of a scientific discipline. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, A. M. S. 1994. Understanding language change. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meillet, A. 1921. Linguistique historique et linguistique générale, 1st edn. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. 1992. Linguistic variation and change: On the historical sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. 2002. Contact linguistics: Bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. 2003. ‘What lies beneath: Split (mixed) languages as contact phenomena’, in Matras, Y. and Bakker, P. (eds.), The mixed language debate: Theoretical and empirical advances. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 73106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naro, A. 1981. ‘The social and structural dimensions of a syntactic change’, Language 57: 6398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmeyer, F.J. 1998. Language form and language function. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Paul, H. 1880. Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, 1st edn. Halle: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Pintzuk, S. 1999. Phrase structures in competition: Variation and change in Old English word order. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Pintzuk, S. 2003. ‘Variationist approaches to syntactic change’, in Joseph, B. D. and Janda, R. D. (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 509–28.Google Scholar
Pintzuk, S. 2005. ‘Arguments against a universal base: Evidence from Old English’, English Language and Linguistics 9: 115–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, I. 2007. Diachronic syntax. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. and Roussou, A. 1999. ‘A formal approach to “grammaticalization”’, Linguistics 37: 1011–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, I. and Roussou, A. 2003. Syntactic change: A minimalist approach to grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romaine, S. 1982. Socio-historical linguistics: Its status and methodology. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E. 1980. ‘Evolution, population thinking, and essentialism’, Philosophy of Science 47: 350–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, A. 1977. ‘Reanalysis and actualization in syntactic change’, in Li, C. N. (ed.), Mechanisms of syntactic change. Austin: University of Texas Press, 141–77.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 2011. Sociolinguistic typology: Social determinants of linguistic complexity. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
van Coetsem, F. 1988. Loan phonology and the two transfer types in language contact. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Coetsem, F. 1995. ‘Outlining a model of the transmission phenomenon in language contact’, Leuvense Bijdragen 84: 6385.Google Scholar
van Coetsem, F. 2000. A general and unified theory of the transmission process in language contact. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
van Gelderen, E. 2004. Grammaticalization as economy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, E. 2009. ‘Renewal in the left periphery: Economy and the complementiser layer’, Transactions of the Philological Society 107: 131–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, E. 2011. The linguistic cycle: Language change and the language faculty. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Kemenade, A. 1987. Syntactic case and morphological case in the history of English. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walkden, G. 2009. ‘Deriving the Final-over-Final Constraint from third factor considerations’, Cambridge Occasional Papers in Linguistics 5: 6772.Google Scholar
Walkden, G. 2012. ‘Against inertia’, Lingua 122: 891901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weerman, F. 1993. ‘The diachronic consequences of first and second language acquisition: the change from OV to VO’, Linguistics 31: 903–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinreich, U., Labov, W. and Herzog, M. 1968. ‘Empirical foundations for a theory of language change’, in Lehmann, W. and Malkiel, Y. (eds.), Directions for historical linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 95189.Google Scholar
Winford, D. 2003. An introduction to contact linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Winford, D. 2005. ‘Contact-induced changes: Classification and processes’, Diachronica 22: 373427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Adams, M. 1987. ‘From Old French to the theory of pro-drop’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adger, D., Heycock, C., Smith, J. and Thoms, G. 2013. ‘Remarks on negation in varieties of Scots’, paper presented at the workshop ‘The Comparative Syntax of English’, University of Cambridge, 7 November.Google Scholar
Battistella, E. and Lobeck, A. 1991. ‘On verb fronting, inflection movement, and Aux support’, Canadian Journal of Linguistics 36: 225–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biberauer, T. and Roberts, I. 2005. ‘Changing EPP-parameters in the history of English: Accounting for variation and change’, English Language and Linguistics 9: 546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biberauer, T. and Roberts, I. 2008. ‘Cascading parameter changes: Internally-driven change in Middle and Early Modern English’, in Eythórssen, T. (ed.), Grammatical change and linguistic theory: The Rosendal papers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 79114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biberauer, T. and Roberts, I. 2009. ‘The return of the subset principle’, in Crisma, P. and Longobardi, G. (eds.), Historical syntax and linguistic theory. Oxford University Press, pp. 5874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biberauer, T. and Roberts, I. 2010. ‘Subjects, Tense and verb movement’, in Biberauer, T., Holmberg, A., Roberts, I. and Sheehan, M. (eds.), Parametric variation: Null subjects in minimalist theory. Cambridge University Press, pp. 263302.Google Scholar
Biberauer, T. and Roberts, I. 2012. ‘The significance of what hasn’t happened’, paper presented at the 14th Diachronic Generative Syntax conference, Lisbon, 4 July.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 2005. ‘Three factors in language design’, Linguistic Inquiry 36(1): 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chow, W. H. 1995. ‘Wh-questions in Singapore colloquial English’, unpublished honours thesis, Department of English Language and Literature, National University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Clark, R. and Roberts, I. 1993. ‘A computational model of language learnability and language change’, Linguistic Inquiry 24(2): 299345.Google Scholar
Denison, D. 1985. ‘The origins of periphrastic do: Ellegård and Visser reconsidered’, in Eaton, R., Fischer, O., Koopman, W. F. and van der Leek, F. (eds.), Papers from the 4th international conference on historical linguistics, Amsterdam, April 10–13, 1985. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 4560.Google Scholar
Emonds, J. E. and Faarlund, J. T. 2014. English: The language of the Vikings (Olomouc Modern Language Monographs 3). Olomouc: Palacký University.Google Scholar
Fuß, E. 1998. ‘Zur Diachronie vom Verbzweit’, MA thesis, University of Frankfurt.Google Scholar
Fuß, E. and Trips, C. 2002. ‘Variation and change in Old and Middle English: On the validity of the Double Base Hypothesis’, Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 4: 171224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haeberli, E. 1999. ‘Features, categories and the syntax of A-positions. Synchronic and diachronic variation in the Germanic languages’, PhD thesis, University of Geneva (published as Haeberli, E. 2002. Features, categories and the syntax of A-positions. cross-linguistic variation in the Germanic languages. Dordrecht: Kluwer).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heycock, C., Sorace, A., Hansen, Z. S. and Wilson, F. 2013. ‘Acquisition in variation (and vice versa): V-to-T in Faroese children’, Language Acquisition 20(1): 522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heycock, C., Sorace, A., Hansen, Z. S., Vikner, S. and Wilson, F. 2011. ‘Residual V-to-I in Faroese and its lack in Danish: Detecting the final stages of a syntactic change’, Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 87: 137–65.Google Scholar
Heycock, C., Sorace, A., Hansen, Z. S., Vikner, S. and Wilson, F. 2012. ‘Detecting the late stages of syntactic change: The loss of V-to-T in Faroese’, Language 88(3): 558600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, A. and Platzack, C. 1995. The role of inflection in Scandinavian syntax. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hróarsdóttir, T. 1999. ‘Verb phrase syntax in the history of Icelandic’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Hróarsdottir, T. 2000. Word order change in Icelandic: From OV to VO. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ihalainen, O. 1991. ‘Periphrastic do in affirmative sentences in the dialect of East Somerset’, in Trudgill, P. and Chambers, J. K. (eds.), Dialects of English: Studies in grammatical variation. London: Longman, pp. 148–60.Google Scholar
Jespersen, O. 1909–49. A modern English grammar on historical principles I-VII. London and Copenhagen: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Keenan, E. 2002. ‘Explaining the creation of reflexive pronouns in English’, in Minkova, D. and Stockwell, R. (eds.), Studies in the history of English: A millennial perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 325–55.Google Scholar
Kroch, A. 1989. ‘Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change’, Language Variation and Change 1: 199244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroch, A. and Taylor, A. 1997. ‘Verb movement in Old and Middle English: Dialect variation and language contact’, in van Kemenade, A. and Vincent, N. (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 297325.Google Scholar
Lehmann, W. 1973. ‘A structural principle of language and its implications’, Language 49: 4766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1979. Principles of diachronic syntax. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1991. How to set parameters: Arguments from language change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1999. The development of language: Acquisition, change and evolution. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Longobardi, G. 2001. ‘Formal syntax, diachronic minimalism, and etymology: The history of French chez’, Linguistic Inquiry 32(2): 275302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niyogi, P. 2006. The computational nature of language learning and evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niyogi, P. and Berwick, R. 1995. ‘The logical problem of language change’, AI Memo no. 1516, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niyogi, P and Berwick, R. 1997. ‘A dynamical systems model for language change’, Complex Systems 11: 161204.Google Scholar
Platzack, C. 1995. ‘The loss of verb second and English and French’, in Battye, A. and Roberts, I. (eds.), Clause structure and language change. Oxford University Press, pp. 200–26.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. 1985. ‘Agreement parameters and the development of English modal auxiliaries’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 3: 2158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, I. 1993. Verbs and diachronic syntax: A comparative history of English and French. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. 2001. ‘Language change and learnability’, in Bertolo, S. (ed.), Parametric linguistics and learnability. Cambridge University Press, pp. 81125.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. 2007. Diachronic syntax. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. and Roussou, A. 2003. Syntactic change: A minimalist approach to grammaticalisation. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sapir, E. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co.Google Scholar
Sheehan, M. and Roberts, I. 2015. ‘A parameter hierarchy for passives’, talk given at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain, University College London, 18 September.Google Scholar
van Kemenade, A. 1987. Syntactic case and morphological case in the history of English, Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Kemenade, A. 1997. ‘V2 and embedded topicalization in Old and Middle English’, in van Kemenade, A. and Vincent, N. (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 326–52.Google Scholar
Vance, B. 1988. ‘Null subjects and syntactic change in medieval French’, unpublished PhD thesis, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Vance, B. 1997. Syntactic change in medieval French: Verb second and null subjects. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vennemann, T. 1974. ‘Topics, subjects, and word order: From SXV to SVX via TVX’, in Anderson, J. and Jones, C. (eds.), Historical linguistics: Proceedings of the first international congress of historical linguistics, Edinburgh, September 1973, vol. II. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 339–76.Google Scholar
Walkden, G. 2012. ‘Against Inertia’, Lingua 122: 891901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, A. 1997. ‘The structure of parametric change, and V movement in the history of English’, in van Kemenade, A. and Vincent, N. (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 380–93.Google Scholar
Willis, D. 1998. Syntactic change in Welsh: A study of the loss of verb second. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhiming, B. 2001. ‘The origins of empty categories in Singapore English’, Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 16: 275319.Google Scholar
Zwicky, A. and Pullum, G. 1983. ‘Cliticisation vs. inflection: English n’t’, Language 59: 502–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Aarts, B. 2007. Syntactic gradience: The nature of grammatical indeterminacy. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, C. 1990. ‘Review of van Kemenade, Syntactic Case and morphological case in the history of English’, Language 66: 146–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentzen, K. 2005. ‘What’s the better move?’, Nordic Journal of Linguistics 28.2: 153–88.Google Scholar
Biberauer, T. and Roberts, I. 2012. ‘Towards a parameter hierarchy for auxiliaries: Diachronic considerations’, Cambridge Occasional Papers in Linguistics 6: 267–94.Google Scholar
Bohnacker, U. and Christina, R. 2007. ‘How to start a V2 declarative clause: Transfer of syntax vs. information structure in L2 German’, Nordlyd 34(3): 2956.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 1986. Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin and use. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 2005. ‘Three factors in language design’, Linguistic Inquiry 36: 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croft, W. 2000. Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Durrleman-Tame, S. 2008. The syntax of Jamaican creole: A cartographic perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eitler, T. and Westergaard, M. 2014. ‘Word order variation in late Middle English: The effect of information structure and audience design’, in Bech, K. and Eide, K. (eds.), Information structure and syntactic change in Germanic and Romance languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Faarlund, J. T. 2000. ‘Reanalysis in word order stability and change’, in Sornicola, R., Poppe, E. and Shisha-Halevy, A. (eds.), Stability, variation and change of word-order patterns over time. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 119–32.Google Scholar
Falk, C. 1993. ‘Non-referential subjects in the history of Swedish’, unpublished PhD thesis, Lund University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregersen, F. and Pedersen, I. L. 1997. ‘Hovedsætningsordstilling i underordnede sætninger’ [Main clause word order in embedded clauses], Danske Folkemål 39: 55112.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. 1994. The step-tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Haeberli, E. 2002. ‘Inflectional morphology and the loss of verb-second in English’, in Lightfoot, (ed.), pp. 88106.Google Scholar
Harris, A. C. and Campbell, L. 1995. Historical syntax in cross-linguistic perspective (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 74). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, A. and Platzack, C. 1995. The role of inflection in Scandinavian syntax. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hróarsdóttir, T. 2004. ‘Cues and expressions’, Nordlyd 32(1): 135–55.Google Scholar
Hyams, N. 1986. Language acquisition and the theory of parameters. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, R. 1973. ‘Om sluttstilling av verbet i norsk folkemål’ [On the final position of the verb in Norwegian spoken language], in Beito, O. T. and Hoff, I. (eds.), Frå norsk målføregransking: Utvalde utgreiingar 1908–1969. Oslo, Bergen and Tromsø: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Jonas, D. 2002. ‘Residual V-to-I’, in Lightfoot, (ed.), pp. 251–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroch, A. 1989. ‘Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change’, Language Variation and Change 1: 199244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroch, A. 1994. ‘Morphosyntactic variation,’ in Beals, K. et al (eds.), Papers from the 30th regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, vol. 2: Parasession on variation and linguistic theory. Chicago Linguistics Society, pp. 180201.Google Scholar
Kroch, A. 2001. ‘Syntactic change,’ in Baltin, M. and Collins, C. (eds.), The handbook of contemporary syntactic theory. Cambridge, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 699729.Google Scholar
Kroch, A. and Taylor, A. 1997. ‘Verb movement in Old and Middle English: Dialect variation and language contact’, in van Kemenade, A. and Vincent, N. (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 297325.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1979. Principles of diachronic syntax. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1991. How to set parameters: Arguments from language change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 1999. The development of language: Acquisition, change and evolution. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. (ed.) (2002). Syntactic effects of morphological change. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. 2006. How new languages emerge. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, D. W. and Westergaard, M. 2007. ‘Language acquisition and language change: Inter-relationships’, Language and Linguistics Compass 1(5): 396416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, F. 1990. Modality and the English modals, 2nd edn. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Pintzuk, S. 1999. Phrase structures in competition: Variation and change in Old English word order. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Pintzuk, S. 2002. ‘Verb-object order in Old English: Variation as grammatical competition’, in Lightfoot, (ed.), pp. 276–99.Google Scholar
Poletto, C. 2014. Word order in Old Italian. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, I. 1985. ‘Agreement parameters and the development of English modal auxiliaries’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3: 2158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, I. 2007. Diachronic Syntax. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. 2010. ‘Grammaticalization, the clausal hierarchy and semantic bleaching’, in Traugott, E. C. and Trousdale, G. (eds.), Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 4573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roeper, T. 1999. ‘Universal bilingualism’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2(3): 169–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, W. 2007. Child language: The parametric approach. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sollid, H. 2003. ‘Dialektsyntaks i Nordreisa: Språkdannelse og stabilisering i møtet mellom kvensk og norsk’ [Dialect syntax in Nordreisa: Language creation and stabilization in a contact situation between Kven-Finnish and Norwegian], unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Traugott, E. C. and Trousdale, G. 2010. ‘Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization: How do they intersect?’, in Traugott, E. C. and Trousdale, G. (eds.), Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsimpli, I., Sorace, A., Heycock, C. and Filiaci, F. 2004. ‘First language attrition and syntactic subjects: A study of Greek and Italian near-native speakers of English’, International Journal of Bilingualism 8(3): 257–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valian, V. 1990. ‘Null subjects: A problem for parameter-setting models of language acquisition’, Cognition 35(2): 105–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valian, V. 1991. ‘Syntactic subjects in the early speech of American and Italian children’, Cognition 40: 2181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Kemenade, A. 1987. Syntactic Case and morphological case in the history of English. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Kemenade, A. and Westergaard, M. 2012. ‘Syntax and information structure: Verb-second variation in Middle English’, in Meurman Solin, A., López-Couso, M. J. and Los, B. (eds.), Information structure and syntactic change in the history of English (Oxford Studies in the History of English 2). New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 87118.Google Scholar
Vittersø, G. 2004. ‘Fra sva til sav: Stabilitet og endring i norske leddsetninger 1200–1875’ [From sva to sav: Stability and change in Norwegian embedded clauses 1200–1875], unpublished cand.philol. thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Waldmann, C. 2008. ‘Input och output: Ordföljd i svenska barns huvudsatser och bisatser’ [Input and output: Word order in Swedish children’s main and embedded clauses]. Lundastudier A 65, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Lund.Google Scholar
Warner, A. 1982. Complementation in Middle English and the methodology of historical syntax. University Park: Pennsylvania State Press.Google Scholar
Warner, A. 1983. ‘Review of D. Lightfoot, Principles of diachronic syntax’, Journal of Linguistics 19:187209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, A. 2007. ‘Parameters of variation between verb-subject and subject-verb order in late Middle English’, English Language and Linguistics 11(1): 81112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westergaard, M. 2008. ‘Acquisition and change: On the robustness of the triggering experience for word order cues’, Lingua 118(12): 1841–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westergaard, M. 2009a. ‘Microvariation as diachrony: A view from acquisition’, Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 12(1): 4979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westergaard, M. 2009b. ‘The development of word order in Old and Middle English: The role of information structure and first language acquisition’, Diachronica 26(1): 65102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westergaard, M. 2009c. The acquisition of word order: Micro-cues, information structure and economy (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 145). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westergaard, M. 2009d. ‘Many small catastrophes: Gradualism in a microparametric perspective’, in Crisma, P. and Longobardi, G. (eds.), Historical syntax and linguistic theory. Oxford University Press, pp. 7590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westergaard, M. 2013. ‘The acquisition of linguistic variation: Parameters vs. micro-cues’, in Lohndal, T. (ed.), In search of universal grammar: From Old Norse to Zoque. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 275–98.Google Scholar
Westergaard, M. and Bentzen, K. 2007. ‘The (non-)effect of input frequency on the acquisition of word order in Norwegian embedded clauses’, in Gülzow, I. and Gagarina, N. (eds.), Frequency effects in language acquisition: Defining the limits of frequency as an explanatory concept [Studies on Language Acquisition]. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 271306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westergaard, M., Vangsnes, Ø.A. and Lohndal, T. 2012. ‘Norwegian som: The complementizer that climbed to the matrix Left Periphery and caused Verb Second violations’, in Bianchi, V. and Chesi, C. (eds.), Enjoy linguistics! Papers offered to Luigi Rizzi on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Siena: CISCL Press, pp. 329–43.Google Scholar
Wexler, K. 1999. ‘Very early parameter setting and the unique checking constraint: A new explanation of the optional infinitive stage’, in Sorace, A., Heycock, C. and Shillock, R. (eds.), Language acquisition: Knowledge representation and processing, special issue of Lingua 106: 2379.Google Scholar
Yang, C. 2002. Knowledge and learning in natural language. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yang, C. 2010. ‘Universal Grammar, statistics or both?’, in Yang, C. (ed.), Language acquisition (Critical concepts in linguistics), vol. II. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 128–40.Google Scholar

References

Adams, M. 1987. ‘From Old French to the theory of Pro-drop’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, M. 2008. The syntax of agreement and concord. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bopp, F. 1816. Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechischen, lateinischen, persischen und germanischen Sprachen. Frankfurt-am-Main.Google Scholar
Butt, M. and Lahiri, A. 2013. ‘Diachronic pertinacity of light verbs’, Lingua 135: 729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 1966. Topics in the theory of generative grammar. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 1995. The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 2001. ‘Derivation by phase’, in Kenstowicz, M. (ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 153.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. 2007. ‘Approaching UG from below’, in Gärtner, H.-M. and Sauerland, U. (eds.), Interface + Recursion = Language? Chomsky’s minimalism and the view from syntax and semantics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 129.Google Scholar
Condillac, E. B. 1746. Essai sur lórigine des connaissances humaines. Paris.Google Scholar
Crowley, T. 1992. An introduction to historical linguistics, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, O. 2001. ‘Inflationary effects in language and elsewhere’, in Bybee, J. and Hopper, P. (eds.), Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 471–80.Google Scholar
Evers, A. 1975. ‘The transformational cycle in Dutch and German’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Utrecht.Google Scholar
Franzén, T. 1939. Etude sur la syntaxe des pronoms personnels sujets en ancien français. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Gabelentz, G. [1891] 1901. Die Sprachwissenshaft: Ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse, 2nd edn. Leipzig: Weigel (reprint Tübingen: Narr 1972).Google Scholar
Givón, T. 1971. ‘Historical syntax and synchronic morphology’, Chicago Linguistic Society Proceedings 7: 394415.Google Scholar
Gabelentz, G. 1976. ‘Topic, pronoun, and grammatical agreement’, in Li, C. N. (ed.), Subject and topic. New York: Academic Press, pp. 151–88.Google Scholar
Gabelentz, G. 2011. Ute reference grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J. 1954. ‘A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language’, in Spencer, R. (ed.), Method and perspective in anthropology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, pp. 192220.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J. 1978. ‘How does a language acquire gender markers?’, in Greenberg, J. (ed.), Universals of human language, vol. 3. Stanford University Press, pp. 4782.Google Scholar
Haas, M. 1946. ‘A grammatical sketch of Tunica’, in Hoijer, H. (ed.), Linguistic structures of native America. New York: Viking, pp. 337–66.Google Scholar
Harris, M. 1978. The evolution of French syntax. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Heine, B., Claudi, U. and Hünnemeyer, F. 1991. Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Heine, B. and Kuteva, T. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hengeveld, K. 1992. Non-verbal Predication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, C. 1970. ‘The linguistic cycle’, Linguistic Sciences: 13: 17.Google Scholar
Hoeksema, J. 2009. ‘Jespersen recycled’, in van Gelderen, (ed.), pp. 1534.Google Scholar
Hopper, M. and Traugott, E. 2003. Grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humboldt, W. 1836. Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaus und seinen Einfluss auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts.Google Scholar
Ingham, R. and Larrivée, P. (eds.) 2011. The evolution of negation: Beyond the Jespersen Cycle. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jespersen, O. 1917. Negation in English and other languages. Copenhagen: A. F. Høst (reprinted 1966).Google Scholar
Jespersen, O. 1922. Language. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Katz, A. 1996. ‘Cyclical grammaticalization and the cognitive link between pronoun and copula’, unpublished PhD thesis, Rice University.Google Scholar
Kiparsky, P. 2011. ‘Grammaticalization as optimization’, in Jonas, D., Whitman, J. and Garrett, A. (eds.), Grammatical change origins, nature, outcomes. Oxford University Press, pp. 1551.Google Scholar
Kiparsky, P. and Condoravdi, C. 2006. ‘Tracking Jespersen’s Cycle’, in Janse, M., Joseph, B. and Ralli, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd international conference of modern Greek dialects and linguistic theory. Mytilene: Doukas, pp. 172–97.Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1972. Language in the inner city. University of Philadelphia Press.Google Scholar
Lambrecht, K. 1981. Topic, antitopic, and verb agreement in non standard French. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larrivée, P. 2010. ‘The pragmatic motifs of the Jespersen Cycle: Default, activation, and the history of negation in French’, Lingua 120(9): 2240–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehmann, C. 1982 [1995]. Thoughts on grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Lehmann, C. 1985. ‘Grammaticalization: Synchronic variation and diachronic change’, Lingua e stile 20(3): 303–18.Google Scholar
Li, C. and Thompson, S. 1977. ‘A mechanism for the development of copula morphemes’, in Li, C. N. (ed.), Mechanisms of syntactic change. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 414–44.Google Scholar
Loprieno, A. 1995. Ancient Egyptian. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loprieno, A. 2001. ‘From Ancient Egyptian to Coptic’, in Haspelmath, M., König, E., Oesterreicher, W. and Raible, W. (eds.), Language typology and language universals: An international handbook, vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Meillet, A. [1912] 1921. ‘L’évolution des formes grammaticales’, in Champion, E. (ed.), Linguistique historique et linguistique générale. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, pp.130–48 (reprinted 1958).Google Scholar
Nesselhauf, N. 2012. ‘Mechanisms of language change in a functional system: The recent semantic evolution of English future time expressions’, Journal of Historical Linguistics 2(1): 83132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, T. and Traugott, E. (eds.) 2012. Oxford handbook on historical English linguistics. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pustet, R. 2003. Copulas: Universals in the categorization of the lexicon. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, I. 1993. Verbs and diachronic syntax. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. 2009. ‘Grammaticalization, the clausal hierarchy, and semantic bleaching’, in Trousdale, G. and Traugott, E. (eds.), Gradience, gradualness, and grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 4573.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. and Roussou, A. 2003. Syntactic change: A minimalist approach to grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, R. H. 1967. A short history of linguistics. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Schlegel, A. W. 1818. Observations sur la langue et la litérature provençales. Paris.Google Scholar
Schwegler, A. 1990. Analyticity and syntheticity. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stassen, L. 1997. Intransitive predication. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talmy, L. 2001. Toward a cognitive semantics, 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Tauli, V. 1958. The structural tendencies of languages. Helsinki.Google Scholar
Tauli, V. 1966. Structural tendencies in Uralic languages. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Tooke, J. H. 1786–1805. The viversion of Purley. London.Google Scholar
Traugott, E. C. and Heine, B. 1991. Grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
van der Auwera, J. 2009. ‘The Jespersen cycles’, in van Gelderen, (ed.), pp. 3571.Google Scholar
van Gelderen, E. 2000. A history of English reflexive pronouns. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, E. 2004. Grammaticalization as economy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, E. 2008. ‘Where did late Merge go? Grammaticalization as feature economy’, Studia Linguistica 62(3): 287300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, E. (ed.) 2009. Cyclical change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, E. 2011. The linguistic cycle. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, E. 2013. ‘The linguistic cycle and the language faculty’, Language and Linguistics Compass 7: 233–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, E. (ed.) 2016. Cyclical change continued. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vance, B. 1997. Syntactic change in Medieval French. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, D., Lucas, C. and Breitbarth, A. (eds.) 2013. The history of negation in the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, J. 2013. ‘Quantity nouns and grammaticalisation: Language change and couple and pair’, unpublished MS.Google Scholar
Zribi-Hertz, A. 1994. ‘La syntaxe des clitiques nominatifs’, Travaux de Linguistique et Litterature 32: 131–47.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×