Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T03:23:01.966Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Culture Theories and Intercultural Training

from Part I - Theoretical Foundations of Intercultural Training

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

Dan Landis
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Hilo
Dharm P. S. Bhawuk
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Get access

Summary

In this chapter, the universal theories developed by cultural researchers that can be applied across geographic regions are reviewed. The theories reviewed include early works of Parsons and Shils (pattern variables), Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (universal human value orientations), and Hall (values associated with time and space). Following this the constructs of tightness and looseness by Pelto, and later Gelfand, a framework for traditional and modern values by Inkles, and later postmodern values by Inglehart, and instrumental and terminal values by Rokeach are discussed.Next, the cultural dimensions presented by Hofstede, individualism and collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus femininity, which were supplemented by Bond and colleagues’ work (long-term orientation) and Minkov’s work (indulgence versus restraint) are reviewed. House and colleagues’ GLOBE Project and its contributions to Hofstede’s framework is noted. Schwartz and colleagues work on a universal framework of values, cultural complexity, social exchange patterns identified by Fiske, and Social axioms presented by Leung and Bond are also briefly reviewed. The chapter is concluded with a discussion of the implications of cultural theories for intercultural training.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bar-On, R., (1996). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto. Canada: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1995). The role of culture theory in cross-cultural training: A comparative evaluation of culture-specific, culture-general, and theory-based assimilators. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2001). Evolution of cultural assimilators: Toward theory-based assimilators. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(2), 141163.Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2008). Toward an Indian organizational psychology. In Rao, K. R., Paranjpe, A. C., & Dalal, A. K. (Eds.), Handbook of Indian psychology (pp. 471491). New Delhi, India: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2018). Individualism and collectivism. In Kim, Y. Y. (Gen. Ed.) & McKay-Semmler, K. L. (Assoc. Ed.), The international encyclopedia of intercultural communication (Vol. 2, pp. 920929). Malden, MA: Wiley. DOI: 10.1002/9781118783665.Google Scholar
Bond, M. H. (Ed.). (2010). The Oxford handbook of Chinese psychology. Oxford Library of Psychology.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, M. B., & Chen, Y. R. (2007). Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114(1), 133151. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.133Google Scholar
Chinese Cultural Collection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18(2), 143164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1993). The difference between communal and exchange relationships: What it is and is not. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(6), 684691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M. S., Mills, J., & Powell, M. C. (1986). Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(2), 333338.Google Scholar
Côté, S., & Miners, C. T. H. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Singled out: How singles are stereotyped, stigmatized, and ignored, and still live happily ever after. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99(4), 689723.Google Scholar
Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., … & Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science 332(6033), 11001104.Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. London, UK: HeinemannGoogle Scholar
Goleman, D. (1995), Emotional intelligence New York, NY: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. New York, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. New York, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Haas, J. (1998). A brief consideration of cultural evolution: Stages, agents, and tinkering – Understanding and explaining complexity across time and cultures. Complexity, 3(3), 1221.Google Scholar
Hofestede, G. (1996). Riding the waves of commerce. A test of Trompenaars “model” of national culture differences. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(2), 189198.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (1980, 2001). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. First published 1980.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (2012). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. In Kulich, S. J., Prosser, M. H., & Weng, L. P. (Eds.), Value frameworks at the theoretical crossroads of culture (pp. 183215). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. J., & Pederson, P. (1999). Synthetic cultures: Intercultural learning through simulation games. Simulation & Gaming, 30(4), 415440. DOI: 10.1177/104687819903000402Google Scholar
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4), 944974.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Inkles, A. (1969). Making men modern: On the causes and consequences of individual change in six developing countries. American Journal of Sociology, 75(2), 208222.Google Scholar
Inkles, A., & Smith, D. H. (1974). Becoming modern: Individual change in six developing countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kluckhohn, F. R., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.Google Scholar
Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (Eds.). (2009). Beliefs around the world: Advancing research on social axioms. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Lomax, A., & Berkowitz, N. (1972). The evolutionary taxonomy of culture. Science, 177(4045), 228239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224253. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224Google Scholar
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4), 290300.Google Scholar
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17(4), pp. 433442.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H. (1983). Breaking down cultural complexity: Inequality and heterogeneity. In Advances in archaeological method and theory (pp. 91142). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Megías, A., Gómez-Leal, R., Gutiérrez-Cobo, M. J., Cabello, R., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2018). The relationship between trait psychopathy and emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 198203.Google Scholar
Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., Qian, S., & Pollack, J. M. (2019). The relationship between emotional intelligence and the dark triad personality traits: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Research in Personality, 78, 189197.Google Scholar
Minkov, M. (2012). Expanding Hofstede’s model with new dimensions from the World Values Survey and national statistics. In Kulich, S. J., Prosser, M. H., & Weng, L. P. (Eds.), Value frameworks at the theoretical crossroads of culture (pp. 217237). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Google Scholar
Minkov, M., Blagoev, V., & Hofstede, G. (2013). The boundaries of culture: Do questions about societal norms reveal cultural differences? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(7), 10941106.Google Scholar
Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2013). Cross-cultural analysis: The science and art of comparing the world’s modern societies and their cultures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. L. (1877). Ancient society. New York, NY: D. Appleton.Google Scholar
Murdock, G. P., & Provost, C. (1973). Measurement of cultural complexity. Ethnology, 12(4), 379392.Google Scholar
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 372. DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.128.1.3Google Scholar
Parsons, T., & Shils, E. (Eds.). (1951). Toward a general theory of action: Theoretical foundations for the social sciences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pelto, P. J. (1968). The differences between “tight” and “loose” societies. Transaction, 5(5), 3740.Google Scholar
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality, 9(3), 185211.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Álvarez, N., Extremera, N., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2016). The relation between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic investigation. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 276285.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 165). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (2012a). Robustness and fruitfulness of a theory of universals in individual values (The PVQ). In Kulich, S. J., Prosser, M. H., & Weng, L. P. (Eds.), Value frameworks at the theoretical crossroads of culture (pp. 295338). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (2012b). Mapping and interpreting cultural differences around the world. In Kulich, S. J., Prosser, M. H., & Weng, L. P. (Eds.), Value frameworks at the theoretical crossroads of culture (pp. 339379). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (2012c). Basic human values: Their content and structure across cultures. In Kulich, S. J., Prosser, M. H., & Weng, L. P. (Eds.), Value frameworks at the theoretical crossroads of culture (pp. 257294). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Google Scholar
Smith, D. H., & Inkeles, A. (1966). The OM scale: A comparative socio-psychological measure of individual modernity. Sociometry, 353–377.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. (1911). Animal intelligence. London, UK: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1975). Culture training, cognitive complexity, and interpersonal attitudes. In Brislin, R., Bochner, S., & Lonner, W. (Eds.), Cross-cultural perspectives on learning (pp. 3977). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506520. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.506Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. In Bremen, J. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1989 (pp. 41133). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1990). Theoretical concepts that are applicable to the analysis of ethnocentrism. In Brislin, R. W. (Ed.), Applied cross-cultural psychology (pp. 3455). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 2026.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C., & Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1997). Culture theory and the meaning of relatedness. In Earley, P. C. & Erez, M. (Eds.), New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology (pp. 1352). New York, NY: The New Lexington Free Press.Google Scholar
Trompenaars, F. (1985). The organization of meaning and the meaning of organization. [Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation]. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Trompenaars, F. (1993). Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business. London, UK: The Economist Books.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×