Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T05:30:10.295Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Substance and Behavioral Addictions Assessment Instruments

from Part II - Clinical and Research Methods in the Addictions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2020

Steve Sussman
Affiliation:
University of Southern California
Get access

Summary

Efficient and organized assessment of addiction is essential for research, treatment planning, and referral to specialized services. The goal of this chapter is to provide basic concepts and examples of formalized assessment for substance and nonsubstance (behavioral) addictions including: alcohol and other drug use, food/eating, gambling, exercise, sex/love, and internet use. Measures of reliability and validity are discussed for each measure presented and include examples of self-report measures, interviews, screening instruments and diagnostic tools. The chapter also relates assessment measures to the criteria for diagnosis using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders where appropriate. Current gaps in research on the conceptualization and operationalization of addiction are discussed in relation to the development, testing and effectiveness of assessment tools for substance and behavioral addictions.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, S. J. & Sellman, J. D. (2003). A prototype screening instrument for cannabis use disorder: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) in an alcohol-dependent clinical sample. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22(3), 309315.Google Scholar
Albrecht, U., Kirschner, N. E. & Grüsser, S. M. (2007). Diagnostic instruments for behavioural addiction: an overview. GMS Psycho-Social Medicine4.Google Scholar
Alexander, D. (2003). A marijuana screening inventory (experimental version): description and preliminary psychometric properties. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29(3), 619646.Google Scholar
Alexander, D. E. & Leung, P. (2004). The Marijuana Screening Inventory (MSI‐X): Reliability, factor structure, and scoring criteria with a clinical sample. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(2), 321351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, D. & Leung, P. (2006). The Marijuana Screening Inventory (MSI-X): Concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity with multiple measures. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32(3), 351378.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.Google Scholar
Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(3), 265272.Google Scholar
Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pallesen, S., et al. (2015). The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening test. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374.Google Scholar
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S. & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 501517.Google Scholar
Armstrong, L., Phillips, J. G. & Saling, L. L. (2000). Potential determinants of heavier internet usage. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 53(4), 537550.Google Scholar
Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., Saunders, J. & Grant, M. (2001). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in Primary Health Care. WHO Publication number 89.4, World Health Organization. Accessed November 7, 2018 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.505.4146&rep=rep1&type=pdfGoogle Scholar
Bamber, D., Cockerill, I. M. & Carroll, D. (2000). The pathological status of exercise dependence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(2), 125132.Google Scholar
Bancroft, J. & Vukadinovic, Z. (2004). Sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, or what? Toward a theoretical model. Journal of Sex Research, 41(3), 225234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barke, A., Nyenhuis, N. & Kröner-Herwig, B. (2012). The German version of the internet addiction test: a validation study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(10), 534542.Google Scholar
Barth, R. J. & Kinder, B. N. (1987). The mislabeling of sexual impulsivity. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 13(1), 1523.Google Scholar
Bashford, J., Flett, R. & Copeland, J. (2010). The Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test (CUPIT): Development, reliability, concurrent and predictive validity among adolescents and adults. Addiction, 105(4), 615625.Google Scholar
Benotsch, E. G., Kalichman, S. C. & Kelly, J. A. (1999). Sexual compulsivity and substance use in HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men: Prevalence and predictors of high-risk behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 24(6), 857868.Google Scholar
Berczik, K., Szabó, A., Griffiths, M. D., et al. (2012). Exercise addiction: Symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Substance Use & Misuse, 47(4), 403417.Google Scholar
Blanchard, K. A., Morgenstern, J., Morgan, T. J., Lobouvie, E. W. & Bux, D. A. (2003). Assessing consequences of substance use: Psychometric properties of the inventory of drug use consequencesPsychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(4), 328.Google Scholar
Blow, F. C., Gillespie, B. W., Barry, K. L., Mudd, S. A. & Hill, E. M. (1998). Brief screening for alcohol problems in elderly populations using the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test – Geriatric Version (SMAST-G). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22(3). Paper presented at: Research Society on Alcoholism; June 20–25, 1998; Hilton Head Island, SC.Google Scholar
Boubeta, A. R., Salgado, P. G., Folgar, M. I., Gallego, M. A. & Mallou, J. V. (2015). PIUS-a: Problematic Internet Use Scale in adolescents. Development and psychometric validation. Adicciones, 27(1), 2763.Google Scholar
Boudreau, B. & Poulin, C. (2007). The South Oaks Gambling Screen-revised Adolescent (SOGS-RA) revisited: A cut-point analysis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(3), 299308.Google Scholar
Brand, M., Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., et al. (2011). Watching pornographic pictures on the Internet: Role of sexual arousal ratings and psychological–psychiatric symptoms for using Internet sex sites excessively. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(6), 371377.Google Scholar
Brenner, V. (1997). Psychology of computer use: XLVII. Parameters of Internet use, abuse and addiction: the first 90 days of the Internet Usage Survey. Psychological Reports, 80(3), 879882.Google Scholar
Brewer, J. A. & Potenza, M. N. (2008). The neurobiology and genetics of impulse control disorders: relationships to drug addictions. Biochemical Pharmacology, 75(1), 6375.Google Scholar
Browne, M., Goodwin, B. C. & Rockloff, M. J. (2018). Validation of the Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS): A tool for assessment of harms from gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(2), 499512.Google Scholar
Buelens, M. & Poelmans, S. A. (2004). Enriching the Spence and Robbins' typology of workaholism: Demographic, motivational and organizational correlates. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(5), 440458.Google Scholar
Burke, H. R. & Marcus, R. (1977). MacAndrew MMPI alcoholism scale: Alcoholism and drug addictiveness. The Journal of Psychology, 96(1), 141148.Google Scholar
Butcher, J. N. & Owen, P. L. (1978). Objective personality inventories: Recent research and some contemporary issues. In Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders. Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 475545.Google Scholar
Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: Development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5), 553575.Google Scholar
Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 10891097.Google Scholar
Carnes, P. (1983). The Sexual Addiction. Minneapolis, MN: CompCare Publications.Google Scholar
Carnes, P. J., Green, B. A., Merlo, L. J., et al. (2012). PATHOS: A brief screening application for assessing sexual addiction. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 6(1), 29.Google Scholar
Carnes, P., Green, B. & Carnes, S. (2010). The same yet different: Refocusing the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) to reflect orientation and gender. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17(1), 730.Google Scholar
Chen, S. H., Weng, L. J., Su, Y. J., Wu, H. M. & Yang, P. F. (2003). Development of a Chinese Internet addiction scale and its psychometric study. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 45, 251266.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L. & Irish, S. L. (1996). Convergence of two systems for assessing specific traits of personality disorder. Psychological Assessment, 8(3), 294.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., McEwen, J. L., Collard, L. M. & Hickok, L. G. (1993). Symptoms and traits of personality disorder: Two new methods for their assessment. Psychological Assessment, 5(1), 8191.Google Scholar
Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Zhdanova, L., Pui, S. Y. & Baltes, B. B. (2016). All work and no play? A meta-analytic examination of the correlates and outcomes of workaholism. Journal of Management, 42(7), 18361873.Google Scholar
Clark, M. & Calleja, K. (2008). Shopping addiction: A preliminary investigation among Maltese university students. Addiction Research & Theory, 16(6), 633649.Google Scholar
Clopton, J. R. (1978). Alcoholism and the MMPI. A review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 39(9), 15401558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clopton, J. R., Weiner, R. H. & Davis, H. G. (1980). Use of the MMPI in identification of alcoholic psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48(3), 416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coen, S. P. & Ogles, B. M. (1993). Psychological characteristics of the obligatory runner: A critical examination of the anorexia analogue hypothesis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(3), 338354.Google Scholar
Coleman, E. (1991). Compulsive sexual behavior: New concepts and treatments. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 4(2), 3752.Google Scholar
Coleman, E., Miner, M., Ohlerking, F. & Raymond, N. (2001). Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory: A preliminary study of reliability and validity. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 27(4), 325332.Google Scholar
Currie, S. R., Casey, D. M. & Hodgins, D. C. (2010). Improving the Psychometric Properties of the Problem Gambling Severity Index. Ottawa: Canadian Consortium for Gambling Research.Google Scholar
Currie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., Casey, D. M., et al. (2012). Examining the predictive validity of low‐risk gambling limits with longitudinal data. Addiction, 107(2), 400406.Google Scholar
Davis, C., Brewer, H. & Ratusny, D. (1993). Behavioral frequency and psychological commitment: Necessary concepts in the study of excessive exercising. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(6), 611628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Meneses-Gaya, C., Zuardi, A. W., Loureiro, S. R. & Crippa, J. A. S. (2009). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): An updated systematic review of psychometric properties. Psychology & Neuroscience, 2(1), 83.Google Scholar
Delmonico, D. & Miller, J. (2003). The Internet Sex Screening Test: A comparison of sexual compulsives versus non-sexual compulsives. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 18(3), 261276.Google Scholar
Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., Koronczai, B., et al. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire Short-Form (PIUQ-SF-6) in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0159409.Google Scholar
Denis, C. M., Cacciola, J. S. & Alterman, A. I. (2013). Addiction Severity Index (ASI) summary scores: Comparison of the Recent Status Scores of the ASI-6 and the Composite Scores of the ASI-5. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(5), 444450.Google Scholar
Dhalla, S. & Kopec, J. A. (2007). The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: A review of reliability and validity studies. Clinical & Investigative Medicine, 30(1), 3341.Google Scholar
Dhalla, S., Zumbo, B. D. & Poole, G. (2011). A review of the psychometric properties of the CRAFFT instrument: 1999–2010. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 4(1), 5764.Google Scholar
Dowling, N. A. & Quirk, K. L. (2009). Screening for internet dependence: do the proposed diagnostic criteria differentiate normal from dependent internet use? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(1), 2127.Google Scholar
Earleywine, M., LaBrie, J. W. & Pedersen, E. R. (2008). A brief Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index with less potential for bias. Addictive Behaviors, 33(9), 12491253.Google Scholar
Eleuteri, S., Tripodi, F., Petruccelli, I., Rossi, R. & Simonelli, C. (2014). Questionnaires and scales for the evaluation of the online sexual activities: A review of 20 years of research. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(1), article 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/CP2014-1-2Google Scholar
Ewing, J. A. (1984). Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire. JAMA, 252(14), 19051907.Google Scholar
Fagerström, K. (2011). Determinants of tobacco use and renaming the FTND to the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(1), 7578.Google Scholar
Feeney, J. A. & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 281291.Google Scholar
Feldstein, S. W. & Miller, W. R. (2007). Does subtle screening for substance abuse work? A review of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI). Addiction, 102(1), 4150.Google Scholar
Ferris, J. A. & Wynne, H. J. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, pp. 159.Google Scholar
Fioravanti, G., Primi, C. & Casale, S. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the generalized problematic internet use scale 2 in an Italian sample. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10), 761766.Google Scholar
Flowers, C. P. & Robinson, B. (2002). A structural and discriminant analysis of the Work Addiction Risk Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(3), 517526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forcehimes, A. A., Tonigan, J. S., Miller, W. R., Kenna, G. A. & Baer, J. S. (2007). Psychometrics of the drinker inventory of consequences (DrInC)Addictive Behaviors32(8), 16991704.Google Scholar
Friedman, A. S. & Utada, A. (1989). A method for diagnosing and planning the treatment of adolescent drug abusers (the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis [ADAD] instrument). Journal of Drug Education, 19(4), 285312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galimov, A. & Black, D. W. (2020). Prevention and treatment of compulsive buying disorder. In Sussman, S. (Ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 271279.Google Scholar
Gambino, B. & Lesieur, H. (2006). The south oaks gambling screen (SOGS): A rebuttal to critics. Journal of Gambling Issues, 17, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2006.17.10.Google Scholar
Gearhardt, A. N., Boswell, R. G. & White, M. A. (2014). The association of “food addiction” with disordered eating and body mass index. Eating Behaviors, 15(3), 427433.Google Scholar
Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R. & Brownell, K. D. (2009). Preliminary validation of the Yale food addiction scale. Appetite, 52(2), 430436.Google Scholar
Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R. & Brownell, K. D. (2016). Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 113121.Google Scholar
Gerstein, D., Hoffmann, J., Larison, C., et al. (1999). Gambling Impact and Behavior Study. National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Ginzler, J. A., Garrett, S. B., Baer, J. S. & Peterson, P. L. (2007). Measurement of negative consequences of substance use in street youth: An expanded use of the Rutgers Alcohol Problem IndexAddictive Behaviors32(7), 15191525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, S. N. & Heffner, C. L. (1998). Sexual addiction: Many conceptions, minimal data. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(3), 367381.Google Scholar
Gormally, J., Black, S., Daston, S. & Rardin, D. (1982). The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Addictive Behaviors, 7(1), 4755.Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Atmaca, M., Fineberg, N. A., et al. (2014). Impulse control disorders and “behavioural addictions” in the ICD‐11. World Psychiatry, 13(2), 125127.Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L. & Chamberlain, S. R. (2017). Gambling disorder, DSM-5 criteria and symptom severity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 75, 15.Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A. & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, J. E., Steinberg, M. A., Kim, S. W., Rounsaville, B. J. & Potenza, M. N. (2004). Preliminary validity and reliability testing of a structured clinical interview for pathological gambling. Psychiatry Research, 128(1), 7988.Google Scholar
Griffiths, M.D. (1996). Behavioural addiction: An issue for everybody? Journal of Workplace Learning, 8(3), 1925.Google Scholar
Grigsby, T. J. (2019). Development and psychometric properties of the tobacco and nicotine consequences scale (TANCS) to screen for cigarette and e-cigarette misuse in community settings. Addictive Behaviors, 98, 106058.Google Scholar
Grigsby, T. J., Sussman, S., Chou, C. P. & Ames, S. L. (2017). Assessment of substance misuse. In Research Methods in the Study of Substance Abuse. Cham: Springer, pp. 197233.Google Scholar
Grubbs, J. B., Sessoms, J., Wheeler, D. M. & Volk, F. (2010). The Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory: The development of a new assessment instrument. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17(2), 106126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grupski, A. E., Hood, M. M., Hall, B. J., et al. (2013). Examining the Binge Eating Scale in screening for binge eating disorder in bariatric surgery candidates. Obesity Surgery, 23(1), 16.Google Scholar
Grüsser, S. M., Thalemann, R. & Griffiths, M. D. (2006). Excessive computer game playing: Evidence for addiction and aggression?. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(2), 290292.Google Scholar
Hannifin, J. (1990). The cannabis abuse syndrome screening test: a brief report. Unpublished report. Wellington: Drugs Advisory Committee.Google Scholar
Hasin, D. S., O’Brien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., et al. (2013). DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), 834851.Google Scholar
Hatfield, E. & Sprecher, S. (1986). Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 9(4), 383410.Google Scholar
Hathaway, S. R. & McKinley, J. C. (1951). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; Manual, revised.Google Scholar
Hausenblas, H. A. & Symons Downs, D. (2002). Exercise Dependence Scale-21 Manual. Retrieved from www.personal.psu.edu/dsd11/EDS/EDS21Manual.pdf.Google Scholar
Hjorthøj, C. R., Hjorthøj, A. R. & Nordentoft, M. (2012). Validity of timeline follow-back for self-reported use of cannabis and other illicit substances – systematic review and meta-analysisAddictive Behaviors37(3), 225233.Google Scholar
Hodgins, D. C. (2004). Using the NORC DSM Screen for Gambling Problems as an outcome measure for pathological gambling: Psychometric evaluation. Addictive Behaviors, 29(8), 16851690.Google Scholar
Hook, J. N., Hook, J. P., Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L. Jr & Penberthy, J. K. (2010). Measuring sexual addiction and compulsivity: A critical review of instruments. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 36(3), 227260.Google Scholar
Horn, J. L., Wanberg, K. W. & Foster, F. M. (1990). Guide to the Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.Google Scholar
Hueppelsheuser, M., Crawford, P. & George, D. (1997). The link between incest abuse and sexual addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 4(4), 335355.Google Scholar
Hunter, M. S., Nitschke, C. & Hogan, L. (1981). A scale to measure love addiction. Psychological Reports, 48(2), 582582.Google Scholar
Hurlbut, S. C. & Sher, K. J. (1992). Assessing alcohol problems in college students. Journal of American College Health, 41(2), 4958.Google Scholar
Jelenchick, L. A., Eickhoff, J., Christakis, D. A., et al. (2014). The Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (PRIUSS) for adolescents and young adults: Scale development and refinement. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 171178.Google Scholar
Johansson, A. & Götestam, K. G. (2004). Internet addiction: Characteristics of a questionnaire and prevalence in Norwegian youth (12–18 years). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45(3), 223229.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. E., Hamer, R. M. & Nora, R. M. (1998). The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for screening pathological gamblers: A follow-up study. Psychological Reports, 83(Supplement 3), 12191224.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. E., Hamer, R., Nora, R. M., et al. (1997). The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for screening pathological gamblers. Psychological Reports, 80(1), 8388.Google Scholar
Kalichman, S. C. & Cain, D. (2004). The relationship between indicators of sexual compulsivity and high risk sexual practices among men and women receiving services from a sexually transmitted infection clinic. Journal of Sex Research, 41(3), 235241.Google Scholar
Kalichman, S. C. & Rompa, D. (1995). Sexual sensation seeking and sexual compulsivity scales: Validity and predicting HIV risk behavior. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(3), 586601.Google Scholar
Kalichman, S. C., Johnson, J. R., Adair, V., et al. (1994). Sexual sensation seeking: Scale development and predicting AIDS-risk behavior among homosexually active men. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62(3), 385397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kardefelt‐Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., et al. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction, 112(10), 17091715.Google Scholar
Karila, L., Wéry, A., Weinstein, A., et al. (2014). Sexual addiction or hypersexual disorder: different terms for the same problem? A review of the literature. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 40124020.Google Scholar
Kelley, K. J. & Gruber, E. M. (2010). Psychometric properties of the problematic internet use questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 18381845.Google Scholar
Kiluk, B. D., Dreifuss, J. A., Weiss, R. D., Morgenstern, J. & Carroll, K. M. (2013). The Short Inventory of Problems – Revised (SIP-R): Psychometric properties within a large, diverse sample of substance use disorder treatment seekers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 307314.Google Scholar
Kim, C. T., Kim, D. I., Park, J. K. & Lee, S. J. (2002). A Study on Internet Addiction Counseling and the Development of Prevention Programs. Seoul: National IT Industrial Promotion Agency.Google Scholar
Kim, J. U. (2008). The effect of a R/T group counseling program on the Internet addiction level and self-esteem of Internet addiction university students. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 27(2), 412.Google Scholar
Kim, S. W., Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Blanco, C. & Hollander, E. (2009). The Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS): A reliability and validity study. Psychiatry Research, 166(1), 7684.Google Scholar
Király, O., Griffiths, M. D. & Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5: Conceptualization, debates, and controversies. Current Addiction Reports, 2(3), 254262.Google Scholar
Klein, M. (2003). Sex addiction: A dangerous clinical concept. Siecus Report, 31(5), 812.Google Scholar
Knight, J. R., Shrier, L. A., Bravender, T. D., et al. (1999). A new brief screen for adolescent substance abuse. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(6), 591596.Google Scholar
Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Yen, C. N., et al. (2005). Screening for Internet addiction: an empirical study on cut‐off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 21(12), 545551.Google Scholar
Krasnova, I. N. & Cadet, J. L. (2009). Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of deathBrain Research Reviews, 60(2), 379407.Google Scholar
Laconi, S., Rodgers, R. F. & Chabrol, H. (2014). The measurement of Internet addiction: A critical review of existing scales and their psychometric properties. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 190202.Google Scholar
Ladouceur, R., Bouchard, C., Rhéaume, N., et al. (2000). Is the SOGS an accurate measure of pathological gambling among children, adolescents and adults? Journal of Gambling Studies, 16(1), 124.Google Scholar
Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J., Schulte, F. P. & Brand, M. (2013). Cybersex addiction: Experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not real-life sexual contacts makes the difference. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 100107.Google Scholar
Lee, Y. S., Han, D. H., Kim, S. M. & Renshaw, P. F. (2013). Substance abuse precedes internet addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 38(4), 20222025.Google Scholar
Legleye, S., Karila, L., Beck, F. & Reynaud, M. (2007). Validation of the CAST, a general population Cannabis Abuse Screening Test. Journal of Substance Use, 12(4), 233242.Google Scholar
Lesieur, H. R. & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 11841188.Google Scholar
Líbano, M. D., Llorens, S., Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W. (2010). Validity of a brief workaholism scale. Psicothema, 22(1), 143150.Google Scholar
Littrell, J. (1991). Understanding and Treating Alcoholism: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse (Volume 2). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
MacAndrew, C. (1965). The differentiation of male alcoholic outpatients from nonalcoholic psychiatric outpatients by means of the MMPI. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 26(2), 238246.Google Scholar
MacAndrew, C. (1981). What the MAC scale tells us about men alcoholics. An interpretive review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 42(7), 604625.Google Scholar
Magruder-Habib, K., Harris, K. E. & Fraker, G. G. (1982). Validation of the Veterans Alcoholism Screening Test. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 43(9), 910926.Google Scholar
Mäkelä, K. (2004). Studies of the reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index. Addiction, 99(4), 398410.Google Scholar
McBride, K. R., Reece, M. & Sanders, S. A. (2008). Using the Sexual Compulsivity Scale to predict outcomes of sexual behavior in young adults. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 15(2), 97115.Google Scholar
McCall, H., Adams, N., Mason, D. & Willis, J. (2015). What is chemsex and why does it matter? BMJ, 2015, e351.Google Scholar
McCourt, W. F., Williams, A. F. & Schneider, L. (1971). Incidence of alcoholism in a state mental hospital population. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 32(4), 10851088.Google Scholar
McCready, J. & Adlaf, E. (2006). Performance and Enhancement of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI): Report and Recommendations. Prepared for Inter-provincial Funding Partners for Research Into Problem Gambling.Google Scholar
McDermott, P. A., Alterman, A. I., Brown, L., et al. (1996). Construct refinement and confirmation for the Addiction Severity Index. Psychological Assessment, 8(2), 182189.Google Scholar
McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Cacciola, J., et al. (1985). New data from the Addiction Severity Index: Reliability and validity in three centers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173(3), 412423.Google Scholar
McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E. & O’Brien, C. P. (1980). An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 2633.Google Scholar
McMillan, L. H., Brady, E. C., O'Driscoll, M. P. & Marsh, N. V. (2002). A multifaceted validation study of Spence and Robbins'(1992) Workaholism Battery. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 357368.Google Scholar
Meerkerk, G. J., Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Vermulst, A. A. & Garretsen, H. F. (2009). The compulsive internet use scale (CIUS): Some psychometric properties. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(1), 16.Google Scholar
Meneses‐Gaya, C., Zuardi, A. W., Loureiro, S. R., et al. (2010). Is the full version of the AUDIT really necessary? Study of the validity and internal construct of its abbreviated versions. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34(8), 14171424.Google Scholar
Meule, A. & Gearhardt, A. (2014). Food addiction in the light of DSM-5. Nutrients, 6(9), 36533671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyers, K., McLellan, A. T., Jaeger, J. L. & Pettinati, H. M. (1995). The development of the Comprehensive Addiction Severity Index for Adolescents (CASI-A): An interview for assessing multiple problems of adolescents. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 12(3), 181193.Google Scholar
Miele, G. M., Carpenter, K. M., Cockerham, M. S., et al. (2000). Concurrent and predictive validity of the Substance Dependence Severity Scale (SDSS). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59(1), 7788.Google Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1985). The Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI) Manual (2nd edition). Springville, IN: The SASSI Institute.Google Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1999). The Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI) Manual (3rd edition). Springville, IN: The SASSI Institute.Google Scholar
Miller, K. A. & Mays, D. (2020). Tanning as an addiction: The state of the research and implications for intervention. In Sussman, S. (Ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 362372.Google Scholar
Miller, W. R. & Del Boca, F. K. (1994). Measurement of drinking behavior using the Form 90 family of instruments. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement, 12, 112118.Google Scholar
Miller, W. R. & Marlatt, G. A. (1984). Manual for the Comprehensive Drinker Profile. Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Miller, W. R., Leckman, A. L., Delaney, H. D. & Tinkcom, M. (1992). Long-term follow-up of behavioral self-control training. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(3), 249261.Google Scholar
Miller, W. R., Tonigan, J. S. & Longabaugh, R. (1995). The drinker inventory of consequences (DrInC)Project MATCH Monograph Series4.Google Scholar
Miner, M. H., Coleman, E., Center, B. A., Ross, M. & Rosser, B. S. (2007). The compulsive sexual behavior inventory: Psychometric properties. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(4), 579587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minnich, A., Erford, B. T., Bardhoshi, G. & Atalay, Z. (2018). Systematic review of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96(3), 335344.Google Scholar
Minnich, A., Erford, B. T., Bardhoshi, G., et al. (2019). Systematic evaluation of psychometric characteristics of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test 13‐Item Short (SMAST) and 10‐Item Brief (BMAST) versions. Journal of Counseling & Development, 97(1), 1524.Google Scholar
Morahan-Martin, J. & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(1), 1329.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, J., Parsons, J., Muench, F., et al. (2004, May). Understanding and Treating Compulsive Sexual Behavior. New York, NY: Paper presented at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Conference.Google Scholar
Newcomb, M. D. & Felix-Ortiz, M. (1992). Multiple protective and risk factors for drug use and abuse: Cross-sectional and prospective findingsJournal of Personality and Social Psychology63(2), 280.Google Scholar
Ng, T. W., Sorensen, K. L. & Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28(1), 111136.Google Scholar
Northrup, J., Lapierre, C., Kirk, J. & Rae, C. (2015). The Internet Process Addiction Test: Screening for addictions to processes facilitated by the Internet. Behavioral Sciences, 5(3), 341352.Google Scholar
Oates, W. E. (1971). Confessions of a Workaholic: The Facts about Work Addiction. New York: World Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Orford, J., Wardle, H., Griffiths, M., Sproston, K. & Erens, B. (2010). PGSI and DSM-IV in the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey: Reliability, item response, factor structure and inter-scale agreement. International Gambling Studies, 10(1), 3144.Google Scholar
Pallanti, S., DeCaria, C. M., Grant, J. E., Urpe, M. & Hollander, E. (2005). Reliability and validity of the pathological gambling adaptation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (PG-YBOCS). Journal of Gambling Studies, 21(4), 431443.Google Scholar
Parsons, T., Bimbi, D., Perry, N. & Halkitis, J. (2001). Sexual compulsivity among gay/bisexual male escorts who advertise on the Internet. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 8(2), 101112.Google Scholar
Pasman, L. & Thompson, J. K. (1988). Body image and eating disturbance in obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters, and sedentary individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7(6), 759769.Google Scholar
Pawlikowski, M., Altstötter-Gleich, C. & Brand, M. (2013). Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 12121223.Google Scholar
Petit, A., Lejoyeux, M., Reynaud, M. & Karila, L. (2014). Excessive indoor tanning as a behavioral addiction: A literature review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 40704075.Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Blanco, C., Stinchfield, R. & Volberg, R. (2013). An empirical evaluation of proposed changes for gambling diagnosis in the DSM‐5. Addiction, 108(3), 575581.Google Scholar
Pokorny, A. D., Miller, B. A. & Kaplan, H. B. (1972). The brief MAST: A shortened version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. American Journal of Psychiatry, 129(3), 342345.Google Scholar
Pontes, H. M. & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Measuring DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 137143.Google Scholar
Poulin, C. (2002). An assessment of the validity and reliability of the SOGS-RA. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(1), 6793.Google Scholar
Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R. & Colder, C. R. (2006). Development and preliminary validation of the young adult alcohol consequences questionnaire. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(1), 169177.Google Scholar
Reid, R. C., Garos, S. & Carpenter, B. N. (2011). Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory in an outpatient sample of men. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18(1), 3051.Google Scholar
Reid, R. C., Garos, S. & Fong, T. (2012). Psychometric development of the hypersexual behavior consequences scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1(3), 115122.Google Scholar
Reilly, C. & Smith, N. (2013). The evolving definition of pathological gambling in the DSM-5. National Center for Responsible Gaming, 1, 16.Google Scholar
Riggs, S. G. & Alario, A. J. (1989). Adolescent substance abuse. The Project ADEPT curriculum for primary care physician training, 27.Google Scholar
Robbins, T. W. & Clark, L. (2015). Behavioral addictions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30, 6672.Google Scholar
Robinson, B. E. (1989). Work Addiction: Hidden Legacies of Adult Children. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.Google Scholar
Robinson, B. E. (1998). The workaholic family: A clinical perspective. American Journal of Family Therapy, 26(1), 6575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, B. E. (2001). Workaholism and family functioning: A profile of familial relationships, psychological outcomes, and research considerations. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(1), 123135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, B. E. & Post, P. (1994). Validity of the Work Addiction Risk Test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(1), 337338.Google Scholar
Robinson, S. M., Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B. & Leo, G. I. (2014). Reliability of the Timeline Followback for cocaine, cannabis, and cigarette usePsychology of Addictive Behaviors28(1), 154.Google Scholar
Rohsenow, D. J., Abrams, D. B., Monti, P. M., et al. (2003). The Smoking Effects Questionnaire for adult populations: Development and psychometric properties. Addictive Behaviors, 28(7), 12571270.Google Scholar
Rounsaville, B. J., Kosten, T. R., Weissman, M. M. & Kleber, H. D. (1986). Prognostic significance of psychopathology in treated opiate addicts: A 2.5-year follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(8), 739745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruddock, H. K., Christiansen, P., Halford, J. C. & Hardman, C. A. (2017). The development and validation of the Addiction-like Eating Behaviour Scale. International Journal of Obesity, 41(11), 17101717.Google Scholar
Rychtarik, R. G., Koutsky, J. R. & Miller, W. R. (1998). Profiles of the Alcohol Use Inventory: A large sample cluster analysis conducted with split-sample replication rulesPsychological Assessment10(2), 107119.Google Scholar
Rychtarik, R. G., Koutsky, J. R. & Miller, W. R. (1999). Profiles of the Alcohol Use Inventory: Correction to Rychtarik, Koutsky, and Miller (1998). Psychological Assessment11(3), 396402.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Craig, M., Annis, H. M., Bronet, A. R. & MacDonald, K. R. (1984). Random assignment to abstinence and controlled drinking: evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral program for problem drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(3), 390403.Google Scholar
Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De la Fuente, J. R. & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption‐II. Addiction, 88(6), 791804.Google Scholar
Schneider, J. P., Sealy, J., Montgomery, J. & Irons, R. R. (2005). Ritualization and reinforcement: Keys to understanding mixed addiction involving sex and drugs. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 12(2–3), 121148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, R. H. & Wirtz, P. W. (1990). Potential substance abuse: Detection among adolescent patients using the Drug and Alcohol Problem (DAP) Quick Screen, a 30-item questionnaire. Clinical Pediatrics, 29(1), 3843.Google Scholar
Scott, K. S., Moore, K. S. & Miceli, M. P. (1997). An exploration of the meaning and consequences of workaholism. Human Relations, 50(3), 287314.Google Scholar
Selzer, M. L. (1971). The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: The quest for a new diagnostic instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127(12), 16531658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selzer, M. L., Vinokur, A. & van Rooijen, L. (1975). A self-administered short Michigan alcoholism screening test (SMAST). Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 36(1), 117126.Google Scholar
Shaughnessy, K., Byers, E. S. & Walsh, L. (2011). Online sexual activity experience of heterosexual students: Gender similarities and differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(2), 419427.Google Scholar
Shek, D. T., Tang, V. M. & Lo, C. Y. (2008). Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: assessment, profiles, and psychosocial correlates. The Scientific World Journal, 8, 776787.Google Scholar
Simons, J. S., Dvorak, R. D., Merrill, J. E. & Read, J. P. (2012). Dimensions and severity of marijuana consequences: Development and validation of the Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire (MACQ). Addictive Behaviors, 37(5), 613621.Google Scholar
Skinner, H. A. (1982). The drug abuse screening test. Addictive Behaviors, 7(4), 363371.Google Scholar
Smith, D. K., Hale, B. D. & Collins, D. (1998). Measurement of exercise dependence in bodybuilders. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38(1), 6674.Google Scholar
Smith, D. & Hale, B. (2005). Exercise-dependence in bodybuilders: Antecedents and reliability of measurement. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45(3), 401408.Google Scholar
Smith, S. R. & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2001). Discriminative validity of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale with Cluster B personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(6), 801813.Google Scholar
Snir, R. & Harpaz, I. (2012). Beyond workaholism: Towards a general model of heavy work investment. Human Resource Management Review, 22(3), 232243.Google Scholar
Sobell, L. C. & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back. In Measuring Alcohol Consumption. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 4172.Google Scholar
Sohn, S. H. & Choi, Y. J. (2014). Phases of shopping addiction evidenced by experiences of compulsive buyers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(3), 243254.Google Scholar
Spence, J. T. & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, measurement, and preliminary results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 160178.Google Scholar
Stein, L. A., Lebeau, R., Clair, M., et al. (2010). Validation of a measure to assess alcohol-and marijuana-related risks and consequences among incarcerated adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109(1–3), 104113.Google Scholar
Stephens, R. S., Roffman, R. A. & Curtin, L. (2000). Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 898908.Google Scholar
Stinchfield, R. (2002). Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 119.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. (2010). Love addiction: Definition, etiology, treatment. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17(1), 3145.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. (2017). Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Concepts, Causes, and Cures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. & Ames, S. L. (2008). Drug Abuse: Concepts, Prevention, and Cessation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. & Sussman, A. N. (2011). Considering the definition of addiction. International Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 8(10), 40254038.Google Scholar
Svanum, S., Levitt, E. E. & McAdoo, W. G. (1982). Differentiating male and female alcoholics from psychiatric outpatients: The MacAndrew and Rosenberg alcoholism scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46(1), 8184.Google Scholar
Szabo, A. & Griffiths, M. D. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(5), 489499.Google Scholar
Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B. & Verhoeven, L. C. (2005). Internal and external validation of the Dutch Work Addiction Risk Test: Implications for jobs and non-work conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54, 3760.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. K. & Pasman, L. (1991). The obligatory exercise questionnaire. The Behavior Therapist, 14, 137.Google Scholar
Toce-Gerstein, M., Gerstein, D. R. & Volberg, R. A. (2009). The NODS–CLiP: A rapid screen for adult pathological and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(4), 541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tonigan, J. S. & Miller, W. R. (2002). The Inventory of Drug Use Consequences (InDUC): Test-retest stability and sensitivity to detect changePsychology of Addictive Behaviors16(2), 165.Google Scholar
Vaccaro, A. G. & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Neurobiological foundations of behavioral addictions. In Sussman, S. (Ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volberg, R. A., Munck, I. M. & Petry, N. M. (2011). A quick and simple screening method for pathological and problem gamblers in addiction programs and practices. The American Journal on Addictions, 20(3), 220227.Google Scholar
Weiss, D. (2004). The prevalence of depression in male sex addicts residing in the United States. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 11(1–2), 5769.Google Scholar
Weiss, L. M. & Petry, N. M. (2008). Psychometric properties of the inventory of gambling situations with a focus on gender and age differences. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(4), 321328.Google Scholar
West, R. & Brown, J. (2013). Theory of Addiction. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
White, H. R. & Labouvie, E. W. (1989). Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinkingJournal of Studies on Alcohol50(1), 3037.Google Scholar
Widyanto, L. & McMurran, M. (2004). The psychometric properties of the internet addiction test. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(4), 443450.Google Scholar
Widyanto, L., Griffiths, M. D. & Brunsden, V. (2011). A psychometric comparison of the Internet Addiction Test, the Internet-Related Problem Scale, and self-diagnosis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(3), 141149.Google Scholar
Widyanto, L., Griffiths, M., Brunsden, V. & McMurran, M. (2008). The psychometric properties of the Internet related problem scale: a pilot study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6(2), 205213.Google Scholar
Winters, K. C. & Henly, G. A. (1993). Adolescent diagnostic interview (ADI): Manual. Western Psychological Services.Google Scholar
Winters, K. C., Specker, S. & Stinchfield, R. (2002). Measuring pathological gambling with the diagnostic interview for gambling severity (DIGS). In: Marotta, J. J., Cornelius, J. A. & Eadington, W. R. (Eds.),The Downside: Problem and Pathological Gambling. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, pp. 143148.Google Scholar
Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R. D. & Fulkerson, J. (1993). Toward the development of an adolescent gambling problem severity scale. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(1), 6384.Google Scholar
Wong, J. L. & Besett, T. M. (1999). Sex differences on the MMPI–2 Substance Abuse Scales in psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Reports, 84(2), 582584.Google Scholar
Yates, A., Edman, J. D., Crago, M. & Crowell, D. (2001). Using an exercise-based instrument to detect signs of an eating disorder. Psychiatry Research, 105(3), 231241.Google Scholar
Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction diagnostic questionnaire (IADQ).Google Scholar
Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237244.Google Scholar
Yudko, E., Lozhkina, O. & Fouts, A. (2007). A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32(2), 189198.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×