Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T07:59:10.475Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

30 - The Antecedents and Consequences of Fear at Work

from Part V - Discrete Emotions at Work

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2020

Liu-Qin Yang
Affiliation:
Portland State University
Russell Cropanzano
Affiliation:
University of Colorado
Catherine S. Daus
Affiliation:
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Vicente Martínez-Tur
Affiliation:
Universitat de València, Spain
Get access

Summary

Despite being identified as a pervasive emotion in the modern workplace (Pfeffer & Sutton, 2000), fear oddly has not received a corresponding amount of attention among management researchers. In fact, Kish-Gephart, Detert, Treviño, and Edmondson (2009, p. 163) observe that we still have much to learn about the nature of fear in workplace settings, including “what it is, how and why it is experienced, and to what effects.” Bennis (1966) notes further that fear has always been a part of the work environment (see also Connelly & Turner, 2018), but it remains an especially important issue in today’s workplaces because of the effects of rapid and ongoing organizational change, which are often linked to uncertain outcomes (Bordia, Hobman, Jones, Gallois, & Callan, 2004; Tiedens & Linton, 2001). Our aim in this chapter is to provide an overview of fear (arising from uncertainty) as a discrete emotion, to identify stimuli that may trigger fear at work, and to identify the potential positive and negative outcomes that can be linked to employees’ fear. We also outline potential pathways for future research on fear of uncertainty in the workplace.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andreoni, J., Harbaugh, W., & Vesterlund, L. (2003). The carrot or the stick: Rewards, punishments, and cooperation. American Economic Review, 93, 893902.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, S. H., Bregman, M., & Moroz, P. (1998). Fear as a strategy: Effects and impact within the organization. Journal of European Industrial Training, 22, 113127.Google Scholar
Armstrong, S. J., & Priola, V. (2001). Individual differences in cognitive style and their effects on task and social orientations of self-managed work teams. Small Group Research, 32, 283312.Google Scholar
Ashkanasy, N. M., & Nicholson, G. J. (2003). Climate of fear in organisational settings: Construct definition, measurement and a test of theory. Australian Journal of Psychology, 55, 2429.Google Scholar
Barrett, L. F. (2006). Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 2046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batson, C. D., Sager, K., Garst, E., Kang, M., Rubchinsky, K., & Dawson, K. (1997). Is empathy-induced helping due to self–other merging? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 495509.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 167203.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, H., Pieters, R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2008). Future‐oriented emotions: Conceptualization and behavioral effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 685696.Google Scholar
Bennis, W. G. (1966). Changing organizations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 2, 247263.Google Scholar
Biggs, A., Brough, P., & Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman’s psychological stress and coping theory. In Cooper, C. L. & Quick, J. C. (Eds.), The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice (pp. 349364). Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bommer, M., & Jalajas, D. (1999).The threat of organizational downsizing on the innovative propensity of R&D professionals. R&D Management, 29, 2734.Google Scholar
Bordia, P., Hobman, E., Jones, E., Gallois, C., & Callan, V. J. (2004). Uncertainty during organizational change: Types, consequences, and management strategies. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18, 507532.Google Scholar
Budd, J. W., Arvey, R. D., & Lawless, P. (1996). Correlates and consequences of workplace violence. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 197210.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. (2006). Approach, avoidance, and the self-regulation of affect and action. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 105110.Google Scholar
Cheng, Y. H., Kuan, F. Y., Li, C. I., & Ken, Y. (2010). A comparison between the effect of emotional certainty and uncertainty on coping strategies. Social Behavior and Personality, 38, 5360.Google Scholar
Clarke, M. (2005). The voluntary redundancy option: Carrot or stick? British Journal of Management, 16, 245251.Google Scholar
Connelly, S., & Turner, M. R. (2018). Functional and dysfunctional fear at work: dual perspectives. In Lindebaum, D, Geddes, D, & Jordan, P. J. (Eds.), Social functions of emotion and talking about emotion at work. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Cordery, J. L., Morrison, D., Wright, B. M., & Wall, T. D. (2010). The impact of autonomy and task uncertainty on team performance: A longitudinal field study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 240258.Google Scholar
Cote, D. (2013). Honeywell’s CEO on how he avoided layoffs. Harvard Business Review, June, https://hbr.org/2013/06/honeywells-ceo-on-how-he-avoided-layoffsGoogle Scholar
Davis, M., & Wagner, A. R. (1969). Habituation of startle response under incremental sequence of stimulus intensities. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 67, 486492.Google Scholar
Desmond, M. (2011). Making firefighters deployable. Qualitative Sociology, 34, 5977.Google Scholar
Diest, I., Winters, W., Devriese, S., Vercamst, E., Han, J. N., Woestijne, K. P., & Bergh, O. (2001). Hyperventilation beyond fight/flight: respiratory responses during emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 38, 961968.Google Scholar
Dilanian, K. (2019). Report: Nearly all terror attacks in France carried out by radicals already known to police. NBC News, 7 January, www.nbcnews.com/news/world/report-nearly-all-terror-attacks-france-carried-out-radicals-already-n955276Google Scholar
Edwards, M. S., Lawrence, S. A., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2016). Factors encouraging employee silence in response to wrongdoing: The case of Bundaberg Hospital. In Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E. J., & Zerbe, W. J. (Eds.) Research on emotion in organizations (Volume 12, pp. 343382). Bingley, UK: Emerald.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169200.Google Scholar
Empson, L. (2001). Fear of exploitation and fear of contamination: Impediments to knowledge transfer in mergers between professional service firms. Human Relations, 54(7), 839862.Google Scholar
English, A. (2015). VW scandal: “Culture of fear,” The Telegraph Cars, 16 October, www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/volkswagen/news/emissions-scandal-culture-of-fear-led-to-dependence-on-diesel/Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, D. (2014). The trouble with brain imaging: Hope, uncertainty and ambivalence in the neuroscience of autism. BioSocieties, 9, 241261.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1(2), 115143.Google Scholar
Frye, L. M., & Wearing, A. J. (2016). A model of metacognition for bushfire fighters. Cognition, Technology & Work, 18(3), 613619.Google Scholar
Fudenberg, D., Rand, D. G., & Dreber, A. (2012). Slow to anger and fast to forgive: Cooperation in an uncertain world. American Economic Review, 102, 720749.Google Scholar
Gabbatiss, J. (2019). Climate change is creating toxic crops and poisoning some of world’s poorest people, scientists warn. The Independent, 16 March, www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change-poison-crops-toxic-fungi-ethiopia-un-environment-a8823071.htmlGoogle Scholar
Geddes, D., & Callister, R. R. (2007). Crossing the line(s): A dual threshold model of anger in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, 721746.Google Scholar
Ghosh, S., & Chattarji, S. (2015). Neuronal encoding of the switch from specific to generalized fear. Nature Neuroscience, 18, 112120.Google Scholar
Gibbs, M. S., Drummond, J., & Lachenmeyer, J. R. (1993). Effects of disaster on emergency workers: A review, with implications for training and post disaster interventions. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 8, 189212.Google Scholar
Gooty, J., Gavin, M., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2009). Emotions research in OB: The challenges that lie ahead. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 833838.Google Scholar
Gross, C. T., & Canteras, N. S. (2012). The many paths to fear. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 651659.Google Scholar
Hartley, C. A., & Phelps, E. A. (2010). Changing fear: The neurocircuitry of emotion regulation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 136146.Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1946). On the nature of fear. Psychological Review, 53, 259275.Google Scholar
Helder, O. K., Weggelaar, A. M., Waarsenburg, D. C., Looman, C. W., van Goudoever, J. B., Brug, J., & Kornelisse, R. F. (2012). Computer screen saver hand hygiene information curbs a negative trend in hand hygiene behavior. American Journal of Infection Control, 40, 951954.Google Scholar
Herbert, F. (1965). Dune. Philadelphia, PA: Chiltern Books.Google Scholar
Hetzner, C. (2017). VW reforms compliance system to avoid another scandal. Automotive News Europe, 11 December, http://europe.autonews.com/article/20171211/ANE/171129801/vw-reforms-compliance-system-to-avoid-another-scandalGoogle Scholar
Jordan, P. J., & Lindebaum, D. (2015). A model of within person variation in leadership: Emotion regulation and scripts as predictors of situationally appropriate leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 26, 594605.Google Scholar
Kantor, J., & Twohey, M. (2017). Harvey Weinstein paid off sexual harassment accusers for decades. New York Times, 5 October, www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., Adams, L., Read, J., & Hawk, L., Jr. (2012). Can a one-hour session of exposure treatment modulate startle response and reduce spider fears? Psychiatry Research, 196, 7982.Google Scholar
Kiefer, T. (2005). Feeling bad: Antecedents and consequences of negative emotions in ongoing change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 875897.Google Scholar
Kish-Gephart, J. J., Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., & Edmondson, A. C. (2009). Silenced by fear: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work. In Staw, B. M. & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Volume 29, pp. 163193). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Kline, R., & Lewis, D. (2019). The price of fear: estimating the financial cost of bullying and harassment to the NHS in England. Public Money & Management, 39, 166174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, L. C. (1991). PTSD: Psychopathology and the startle response. Psychiatric Quarterly, 62, 233250.Google Scholar
Kramer, M. W. (1993). Communication and uncertainty reduction during job transfers: Leaving and joining processes. Communications Monographs, 60, 178198.Google Scholar
Kramer, M. W. (2014). Managing uncertainty in organizational communication. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambrechts, O., Demeulemeester, E., & Herroelen, W. (2008). Proactive and reactive strategies for resource-constrained project scheduling with uncertain resource availabilities. Journal of Scheduling, 11, 121136.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Leach, D., Hagger‐Johnson, G., Doerner, N., Wall, T., Turner, N., Dawson, J., & Grote, G. (2013). Developing a measure of work uncertainty. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 8599.Google Scholar
Leana, C. R., & Barry, B. (2000). Stability and change as simultaneous experiences in organizational life. Academy of Management Review, 25, 753759.Google Scholar
Lebel, R. D. (2017). Moving beyond fight and flight: A contingent model of how the emotional regulation of anger and fear sparks proactivity. Academy of Management Review, 42, 190206.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. (2012a). Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron, 73, 653676.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (2012b). Evolution of human emotion: A view through fear. Progress in Brain Research, 195, 431442.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (2013). The slippery slope of fear. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, 155156.Google Scholar
Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 799823.Google Scholar
Li, Y., Ashkanasy, N. M., and Ahlstrom, D. (2010). Complexity theory and affect structure: A dynamic approach to modeling emotional changes in organizations. In Zerbe, W. J., Härtel, C. E. J., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (Eds.), Research on emotion in organizations (Volume 6, pp. 139165). Bingley, UK: Emerald.Google Scholar
Lindebaum, D., & Jordan, P. J. (2012). Positive emotions, negative emotions, or utility of discrete emotions? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 10271030.Google Scholar
Lindebaum, D., & Jordan, P. J. (2014). A critique on neuroscientific methodologies in organizational behavior and management studies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 898908.Google Scholar
Marsh, A. A., Ambady, N., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach-and avoidance-related behaviors. Emotion, 5, 119124.Google Scholar
Moran, J. W., & Brightman, B. K. (2000). Leading organizational change. Journal of Workplace Learning, 12, 6674.Google Scholar
Moscarello, J. M., & Hartley, C. A. (2017). Agency and the calibration of motivated behavior. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21, 725735.Google Scholar
Moshman, D. (2018). Metacognitive theories revisited. Educational Psychology Review, 30, 599606.Google Scholar
Nelis, D., Quoidbach, J., Mikolajczak, M., & Hansenne, M. (2009). Increasing emotional intelligence: (How) is it possible? Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 3641.Google Scholar
Parker, S. K. (2014). Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 661691.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2000). The knowing-doing gap: How smart companies turn knowledge into action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar
Reich, R. (2019). Trump is cornered, with violence on his mind. We must be on red alert. The Guardian, 16 March, www.theguardian.com/us-news/commentisfree/2019/mar/16/donald-trump-breitbart-interview-white-supremacyGoogle Scholar
Ridgeway, D., & Hare, R. D. (1981). Sensation seeking and psychophysiological responses to auditory stimulation. Psychophysiology, 18, 613618.Google Scholar
Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2010). Dissociation following traumatic stress. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 218, 109127.Google Scholar
Solomon, R. C. (1993). The passions: Emotions and the meaning of life. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
Tamir, M. (2016). Why do people regulate their emotions? A taxonomy of motives in emotion regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 199222.Google Scholar
Thau, S., Bennett, R. J., Mitchell, M. S., & Marrs, M. B. (2009). How management style moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance: An uncertainty management theory perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 7992.Google Scholar
Tiedens, L. Z., & Linton, S. (2001). Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: The effects of specific emotions on information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 973988.Google Scholar
Troth, A. C., Lawrence, S. A., Jordan, P. J., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2018). Interpersonal emotion regulation in the workplace: A conceptual and operational review and future research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20, 523543.Google Scholar
Valls-Solé, J., Kumru, H., & Kofler, M. (2008). Interaction between startle and voluntary reactions in humans. Experimental Brain Research, 187, 497507.Google Scholar
Verhage, A., Noppe, J., Feys, Y., & Ledegen, E. (2018). Force, stress, and decision-making within the Belgian police: The impact of stressful situations on police decision-making. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 33, 345357.Google Scholar
Vuori, T. O., & Huy, Q. N. (2016). Distributed attention and shared emotions in the innovation process: How Nokia lost the smartphone battle. Administrative Science Quarterly, 61, 951.Google Scholar
Warr, M., & Stafford, M. (1983). Fear of victimization: A look at the proximate causes. Social Forces, 61, 10331043.Google Scholar
Whalen, P. J. (1998). Fear, vigilance and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 177188.Google Scholar
Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative and Neurological Psychology, 18, 459482.Google Scholar
Zorawski, M., Cook, C. A., Kuhn, C. M., & LaBar, K. S. (2005). Sex, stress, and fear: Individual differences in conditioned learning. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, 191201.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×