Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-fqc5m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T22:24:58.824Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

16 - Philosophy and religion from Han to Sui

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Paul Demiéville
Affiliation:
Collège de France
Get access

Summary

The collapse of the Han dynasty during the second and third centuries A.D., together with the political, social, and economic troubles that it brought about, resulted in a period of intellectual ferment unequaled in Chinese history except at the end of the Chou period (fourth to third centuries B.C.). the end of the Ming dynasty (sixteenth to seventeenth centuries A.D.), and the revolutions of the twentieth century. During that period certain basic philosophical concepts were evolved that were to be essential to later Chinese thought and to mark it indelibly. When Buddhism was introduced about the beginning of our era and began, from the fourth century onward, to penetrate into the educated elite, it accentuated these changes while at the same time altering their emphasis. Buddhism was adapted to the Chinese mind by a slow process in which it was mingled with and grafted onto Taoism, and it was to dominate “medieval” China until the end of the first millennium.

THE DECLINE OF PHILOSOPHY DURING LATER HAN

The Ch'in and Han dynasties had made China into a unified empire. It had been necessary to introduce a method of centralizing power, and a system of order and authority based on a highly structured administrative and military machine; its ideology had to be essentially pragmatic, somewhat like that of imperial Rome. The metaphysical and mystical tendencies of Taoism and the varied speculations in which older schools of the pre-imperial era had indulged were laid aside in favor of Confucianism. Confucianism is a doctrine of this world, a sociology, and also a cosmology that links man to the universe through the heaven-earth-man triad, yet pays little attention to the ultramundane realms of the supernatural.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ōcho, Enichi. Hoku Gi bukkyō no kenkyū. Kyoto: Inoue Shirō, 1970.
Ōfuchi, Ninji. Dōkyō shi no kenkyū. Okayama: Kawara Fumio, 1964.
Bal´zs, Stefan. “Der Philosoph Fan Dschen und sein Traktat gegen den Buddhismus.Sinica, 7 (1932).Google Scholar
Balazs, Étienne. “Political philosophy and social crisis at the end of the Han dynasty.” In his Chinese civilization and bureaucracy: Variations on a theme, trans. Wright, H. M., ed. Wright, Arthur F.. New Haven and London: Yale Univ. Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Beal, Samuel. Travels of Fah-hian and Sung-yun, Buddhist pilgrims, from China to India. London: Trübner and Co., 1869.
Bielenstein, Hans. The bureaucracy of Han times. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1980. [abbreviation: Bureaucracy]
Bloch, Jules. Les inscriptions d'Asoka. Paris: Éditions Belles Lettres, 1950.
Boltz, William G.The religious and philosophical significance of the ‘Hsiang Erh’ Lao-tzu in the light of the Ma-wang-tui silk manuscripts.Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 45: 1 (1982).Google Scholar
Ch'en, Yin-k'o. “Chih Min-tu hsüeh-shuo k'ao”. In his Ch'en Yin-k'o hsien-sheng lun-chi. Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Philology, Special Publication 3. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, 1971.Google Scholar
Ch'en, Kenneth K. S. Buddhism in China: A historical survey. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1964. [abbreviation: Buddhism in China]
Ch'en, Kenneth. “Anti-Buddhist propaganda during the Nan-ch'ao.Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 15 (1952).Google Scholar
Ch'en, Kenneth. “On some factors responsible for the anti-Buddhist persecution under the Pei-ch'ao.Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 17 (1954).Google Scholar
Chan, Wing-tsit. A source book in Chinese philosophy. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press; London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1963.
de Crespigny, Rafe. Portents of protest in the Later Han dynasty: The memorials of Hsiang K'ai to Emperor Huan. Canberra: Australia National Univ. Press, 1976. [abbreviation: Portents of protest]
de Gandillac, Maurice. La philosophie de Nicolas de Cues. Paris: Aubier, 1941.
Demiéville, Paul. Choix d'études sinologiques (1921–70). Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973.
Demiéville, Paul. “Études sur la formation du vocabulaire philosophique chinois.” Annuaire, 47 (1947) ; 48 (1948) ; 49 (1949).Google Scholar
Demiéville, Paul. “Notes d'archéologie chinoise.” Bulletin de I'École française d'Extrême Orient, 25 (1926).Google Scholar
Demiéville, Paul. “Récents travaux sur Touen-houang.” T'oung Pao, 56 (1970).Google Scholar
Dull, Jack L.A historical introduction to the apocryphal (ch'an-wei)texts of the Han dynasty.“ Diss. Univ. of Washington, 1966.
Fukui, Kōjun. Dōkyō no kisoteki kenkyū. Tokyo: Sasaki Takahiko, 1952.
Fung, Yu-lan. A history of Chinese philosophy, trans. Bodde, Derk. 2 vols. London: George Allen and Unwin; Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1952. Translation of Yu-lan, Feng. Chung-kuo che-hsüeh shih. 2 vols. Ch'ang-sha: Shang-wu Yin-shu-kuan, 1934.Google Scholar
Gaubil, Antoine. Correspondance de Pékin, 1722–1759. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1970.
Gernet, Jacques. Les aspects économiques du bouddhisme dans la société chinoise du Ve au Xe siècle. Saigon: École Française d'Extrême-Orient, 1956. [abbreviation: Les aspects économiques]
Graham, A. C.‘Being’ in Western philosophy compared with shih/fei and yu/wu in Chinese philosophy.” Asia Major (new series), NS 7 (1959).Google Scholar
Graham, A. C. Chuang-tzu: The seven inner chapters and other writings from the book Chuang-tzu. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981.
Hakeda, Yoshito, trans. The awakening of faith, attributed to Aśvaghosha. New York and London: Columbia Univ. Press, 1967.
Henricks, Robert G. Philosophy and argumentation in third century China: The essays of Hsi K'ang. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1983.
Holzman, Donald. “Les débuts du système médiéval de choix et de classement des fonctionnaires: Les neuf catégories et l'lmpartial et Juste.” Mélanges publiés par l' Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises, 1 (1957).Google Scholar
Holzman, Donald. La vie et la pensée de Hi K'ang (223–262 ap. J.C.). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1957.
Hulsewé, A. F. P. China in Central Asia: The early stage 125 B.C.–A.D. 23, with an introduction by M. A. N. Loewe. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1979. [abbreviation: China in central Asia (see Hulsewé, )]
Hurvitz, Leon. “Render unto Caesar in early Chinese Buddhism.” Sino-Indian Studies (Santiniketan), 5: (1957; Liebenthal Festschrift).Google Scholar
Jan, Yün-hua. “Buddhist self-immolation in medieval China.” History of Religions, 4: 2 (1965).Google Scholar
Jao, Tsung-i. Lao-tzu Hsiang-erh chu chiao-chien. Hong Kong: Tong Nam, 1956.
Jao, Tsung-i. “Lao-tzu Hsiang-erh chu hsü lun”. In Fukui Hakushi shōju kinen Tōyō bunka ronshū, ed. Kankōkai, Fukui Hakushi Shōju Kinen Rombunshū. Tokyo: Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu, 1969.Google Scholar
Künstler, Mieczyslaw Jerzy. Ma Jong: Vie et oeuvre. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1969.
Kramers, Robert P. K'ung Tzu Chia Yü: The school sayings of Confucius (Leiden, 1930).
Lamotte, Étienne, trans. Le traité de la Grande Vertu de sagesse de Nāgārjuna (Mahāprajnāpāramitāsāśtra) ch. i–lii. 5 vols. Louvain: Université de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste, 1944–80.
Liebenthal, Walter. “A biography of Chu Tao-sheng.Monumenta Nipponica, 11:3 (1955).Google Scholar
Liebenthal, Walter. trans. Chao lun: The treatises of Seng-chao. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Liebenthal, Walter. “New light on the Mahāyāna-śraddhotpāda śāstra.T'oung Pao, 46 (1958). [abbreviation: “New light”]Google Scholar
Liebenthal, Walter. “Shih Hui-yuan's Buddhism.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 70 (1950).Google Scholar
Link, Arthur E.Shyh Daw-an's preface to Saṅgharaksa's Yogācārabhūmisutra and the problem of Buddho-Taoist terminology in early Chinese Buddhism.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 77: 1 (1957).Google Scholar
Link, Arthur E., and Lee, Tim. “Sun Ch'o's Yü-tao lun: A clarification of the way.” Monumenta Serica, 25 (1966).Google Scholar
Liu, Wen-tien. Chuang-tzupu-cheng. Shanghai: Shang-wu Yinshu-kuan, 1947.
Loewe, Michael. Crisis and conflict in Han China. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974. [abbreviation Crisis and conflict]Google Scholar
Makita, Tairyō. Chūgoku kinsei bukkyō shi kenkyū. Kyoto: Inoue Shirō, 1957.
Maspero, Henri, and Balazs, Étienne. Histoire et institutions de la Chine ancienne. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1967. [abbreviation: Histoire et institutions]
Maspero, Henri. “Communautés et moines bouddhistes chinois aux IIe et Ille siècles.” Bulletin de I'École française d'Extrême Orient, 10 (1910).Google Scholar
Maspero, Henri. Mélanges posthumes sur les religions et l'histoire de la Chine. 3 vols. Paris: Civilisations du Sud, S.A.E.P., 1950.
Maspero, Henri. “Rapport sommaire sur une mission archéologique au Tchö-kiang.” Bulletin de I'École française d'Extrême Orient, 14: 8 (1914).Google Scholar
Maspero, Henri. English translation by Kierman, Frank A. Jr., as Taoism and Chinese religion. Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1981.
Mather, Richard B.The controversy over conformity and naturalness during the Six Dynasties.” History of Religions, 9: 2–3 (November 1969–February 1970).Google Scholar
Mather, Richard B., trans. Shih-shuo hsin-yü: A new account of tales of the world. By I-ch'ing., Liu, commentary by Chun, Liu. Translated with introduction and notes. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1976.
Miller, Roy A. Review article on A linguistic study of the Shih Ming: Initials and consonant clusters, by Bodman, N. C.. T'oung Pao, 44: 1–3 (1956).Google Scholar
Morohashi, Tetsuji. Dai Kanwa jiten 13 vols. Tokyo: Suzuki Ippei, 1955–60.
Needham, Joseph, et al. Science and civilisation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1954–. [abbreviation: SCC, or Science and civilisation]
Okamura, Shigeru. “Seidan no keifu to igi”. Nippon Chūgoku gakkai hō, 15 (1963).Google Scholar
Pelliot, Paul. “Meou-tseu ou Les doutes levés.T'oung Pao, 19 (1920).Google Scholar
Rémusat, Abel. Foě Kouě Ki. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1836. English version as The pilgrimage of Fa Hian from the French edition of the Foe Koue Ki. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1848.Google Scholar
Renou, Louis, and Filliozat, Jean. L'Inde classique: Manuel des études indiennes. Vol. I. Paris: Payot, 1947; Vol. II. Paris: École Française d'Extrême-Orient Hanoi, 1953.
Robinson, Richard H. Early Mādhyamika in India and China. Madison (Milwaukee) and London: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
Sargent, G. E. Tchou Hi contre le bouddhisme. Paris: Imprimcric Nationale, 1955.
Schipper, Kristofer. Concordance du Pao-p'ou-tseu, nei-p'ien, wai-p'ien. 2 vols. Paris: Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises de l'Université de Paris, 1965, 1969.
Seidel, Anna K. La divinisation de Lao tseu dans le taoïsme des Han. Paris: École Française d'Extrême-Orient, 1969. [abbreviation: Divinisation]
Seidel, Anna K.The image of the perfect ruler in early Taoist messianism: Lao-tzu and Li Hung.” History of Religions, 9: 2–3 (November 1969–February 1970).Google Scholar
Shih, Robert. Biographies des moines éminent (Kao seng tchouan). Louvain: Université de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste, 1968.
Shyrock, John K. The study of human abilities: The Jen wu chih of Liu Shoo. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1937; rpt. New York: Kraus Reprint, 1966.
Soymié, M.Biographie de Chan Tao-k'ai.” Mélanges, 1 (1957).Google Scholar
Stein, R. A.Remarques sur les mouvements du taoisme politico-religieux au IIe siècle ap. J. C.T'oung Pao, 50 (1963). [abbreviation: “Remarques”]Google Scholar
T'ang, Yung-t'ung. “The editions of the Ssu-shih-erh-chang-ching,” trans. Ware, J. R.. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1 (1936).Google Scholar
T'ang, Yung-t'ung. Han Wei Hang-Chin Nan-pei-ch'ao fo-chiao shih. 2 vols. Ch'ang-sha, 1938; rpt. Peking: Chung-hua Shu chü, 1955.
T'ang, Yung-t'ung. “Wang Pi's new interpretation of the I ching and Lun-yü,” trans. Liebenthal, Walter. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 10 (1947).Google Scholar
Takakusu, Junjirō, and Kaigyoku, Watanabe, eds. Taishō shinshū Daizōkō. 55 vols. Tokyo: Taishō Issai-kyō Kankyōkai, 1924–28. [abbreviation: Taishō]
Tjan, Tjoe Som. Po hu t'ung: The comprehensive discussions in the White Tiger Hall. 2 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1949, 1952.
Tsukamoto, Zenryū, ed. Jōron kenkyū. Kyoto: Hōzōkan, 1955.
Tsukamoto, Zenryū et al. Chūgoku bukkyō shigaisetsu: Chūgoku hen. Kyoto: Heirakuji Shoten, 1960.
Tsukamoto, Zenryū. Chūgoku bukkyō tsūshi. Vol. I. Tokyo: Suzuki Gakujutsu Zaidan, 1968.
Tsukamoto, Zenryū. Shina bukkyō shi kenkyū: Hoku Gi hen: Kyoto: Kobundo, 1942.
Wagner, Rudolf G.Lebensstil und Drogen in chinesischen Mittelalter.” T'oung Pao, 59 (1973).Google Scholar
Ware, James R.The Wei shu and the Sm shu on Taoism.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 53: 3 (1933).Google Scholar
Woo, Kang. Les trois theories politiquts du Tchouen Ts'ieou interpretíes par Tong Tchong-chou. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1932.
Wright, Arthur F.Biography and hagiography: Hui-chiao's lives of eminent monks.” In Silver jubilee volume of the Zinbm–Kagaku–Renkyusyo, Kyoto University. Kyoto, 1934.Google Scholar
Wright, Arthur F.The formation of Sui ideology, 581–604.” In Chinese thought and institutions, ed. Fairbank, John K.. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Wright, Arthur F.Sui Yang-ti: Personality and stereotype.” In The Confucian persuasion, ed. Wright, Arthur F.. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Wu, Chi-yu, ed. Pen-tsi king (Livre du terme originel), ouvrage taoïste inédit du Vile süècle, manuscrits retrouvés à Touen-houang reproduits en facsimilé. Paris: Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 1960.
Yabuki, Keiki. Sankaikyō no kenkyū Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1927.
Yabuki, Keiki. “The teaching of the third stage and Japanese Buddhism.” Commemoration volume, the twenty–fifth anniversary of the foundation of the professorship of science of religion in Tokyo Imperial University, ed. the Celebration Committee. Tokyo: The Herald Press, 1934.Google Scholar
Yamazaki, Hiroshi. Zui-To bukkyo shi no kenkyu. Kyoto: Hōzōkan, 1967.
Yang, Hsüan-chih. A record of Buddhist monasteries in Loyang, trans. Wang, Yi-t'ung. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1984. See also Jenner, W. J. F.
Yoshioka, Yoshitoyo. Eisei e no negai: Dōkyō Tokyo: Tankosha, 1970.
Yoshioka, Yoshitoyo. “Shijūnishōkyō to Dōkyō”. Chizan gakuhō, 19 (1971)..Google Scholar
Zürcher, E. The Buddhist conquest of China 2 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959. [abbreviation: Buddhist conquest]

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×