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2 - The English system of liberty

from Part I - The ancien régime and its critics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Mark Goldie  and
Robert Wokler
By
Mark Goldie
Mark Goldie
Affiliation:
Churchill College, Cambridge
Robert Wokler
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
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Summary

The Revolution debate

In the winter of 1688 King James II was deposed. Within months of the offer of the crown to William III commentators sensed that a decisive shift had occurred in what it was possible to say in public about the nature of kingship. Remarking on a speech by a judge to the effect that ‘kings are made by the people’, Robert Harley declared that this ‘would have been high treason eighteen months ago’. The enthusiasts for the Revolution were clear about what had been achieved. The earl of Stamford told a grand jury that Britain had been liberated from ‘tyranny and slavery à la mode de France’ (RLP, i, p. 54). Grateful contemplation of the ‘wonderful and happy Revolution’ of 1688 quickly spawned complacent and repetitive clichés about Britannic liberty which reverberated down the succeeding decades. They were echoed in Montesquieu’s celebrated eulogy on the ‘beautiful’ system of the English (SL, xi.6). All Europe, declared the American James Otis in 1764, was ‘enraptured with the beauties of the civil constitution of Great Britain’ (RLP, iii, p. 8).

Commentators agreed that the Revolution had replaced absolute with limited monarchy. The king was ‘only a sort of sheriff to execute [parliament’s] orders’, observed the bishop of Derry in 1700 (qu. Rubini 1967, p. 202). Daniel Defoe told the readers of his newspaper The Review that the Revolution had thrown off the ‘absurdities’ of the divine right of kings and erected monarchy ‘upon the foundation of parliamentary limitation’ (30 Aug. 1705).

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The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought , pp. 40 - 78
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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