Editor's note

While the double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) has become the gold standard, and while many of the data behind the determination of effectiveness of compounds or other treatments in this volume rely upon the RCT as the primary determinant of effectiveness, this chapter reminds us that the gold standard is probably made up of less pure gold than we would want to believe. The variables, assumptions and biases that are inherent in the RCT and in Cochrane reviews and other meta-analyses are described in this chapter. The goal of Arana and Nutt is not to make sceptics of us all. Rather it is to make us wiser consumers of the psychiatric, particularly the pharmacologic psychiatric, literature so that we may approach both the literature and our patients with better understanding as to how to appreciate their illnesses and the benefits and limitations of the agents we have at our disposal in providing treatment to them.

Introduction

This chapter seeks to describe in simple terms the models and methods used to identify, test and validate the efficacy and safety of drugs for use in psychiatric illnesses.

In the first section, we review the complexity inherent in an environment where three strong, related, yet independent vectors drive most of the discovery in new drug development: (1) the profit motive of large pharmaceutical firms; (2) the academic motive evident in university settings where much of the preclinical and clinical research is undertaken; and (3) the clinical motive that seeks to offer relief to patients.