This conclusion presents some closing thoughts of the concepts discussed in this book. It starts with a discussion of the meaning of early cities in Mesopotamia in the present. It then focuses on the "social drama" that existed in early cities. Finally, the chapter compares early cities without trivializing their distinct evolutionary trajectories and dismisses their characteristic institutions as epiphenomenal or uninteresting. This book highlights certain characteristic features of early cities and how people lived in them. Thus, it traces the unmistakable and key importance of ceremonial events, procession ways, and sacred areas in cities, of information technologies, of transformations of urban landscapes, and how cities transformed their countrysides and their economies, and not least of how new forms of power relations and inequalities of all sorts were invented in early cities. The book also provides hard-earned observations on important principles of organization in cities, and chapters compare the structures and functions of these principles across time and space.