Chapters 9 and 10 continue the theme of experiences of 'growing up' from chapters 2, 5 and 6, adapted to twentieth-century circumstances. A preliminary section in Chapter 9 sketches in the demographic context, noting the declining importance of children in the age-structure of the population and the trend to smaller families, as well as the break-up of the traditional family during the late twentieth century. Next there is a section on advice to parents, now dominated by physicians and psychologists, and notable for a tendency to encourage a more permissive approach to child-rearing. There follows a section on family life, with the emergence of small families and mothers devoting more time to child-rearing than in the past. Besides the benefits of this arrangement, there is discussion of its drawbacks, and an awareness in the 1980s and 1990s of child abuse in the parental home. The final part of the chapter is devoted to 'marginal and excluded' children, a diverse group in need of care and protection. The main headings are street children, children in care and juvenile delinquents.