Chapter 11 completes the discussion of the balance between work and school first mooted in chapters 3 and 7. It first looks at the decline in industrial child labour during the period 1870-1914, and the shift to part-time work in the service sector of the economy. It notes the continuation of this pattern after 1918, with the gradual acceptance that children could combine schooling with some part-time work to gain experience and cash of their own. The rest of the chapter is concerned with the rise of mass schooling after 1870, at both primary and secondary level. It notes efforts to promote progressive educational methods around 1900, and the obstacles to the 'democratisation' of education, finally overcome after 1945. It ends with discussion of the contentious issue of whether or not to select pupils for different types of school: the two-track system of grammar schools for the minority and less prestigious schools for the masses, versus some form of a 'school for all'.