Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Introduction to analog CMOS design
- 2 Advanced MOS transistor modeling
- 3 CMOS technology, components, and layout techniques
- 4 Temporal and spatial fluctuations in MOSFETs
- 5 Current mirrors
- 6 Current sources and voltage references
- 7 Basic gain stages
- 8 Operational amplifiers
- 9 Fundamentals of integrated continuous-time filters
- 10 Fundamentals of sampled-data circuits
- 11 Overview of MOSFET models and parameter extraction for design
- Index
- References
8 - Operational amplifiers
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 December 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Introduction to analog CMOS design
- 2 Advanced MOS transistor modeling
- 3 CMOS technology, components, and layout techniques
- 4 Temporal and spatial fluctuations in MOSFETs
- 5 Current mirrors
- 6 Current sources and voltage references
- 7 Basic gain stages
- 8 Operational amplifiers
- 9 Fundamentals of integrated continuous-time filters
- 10 Fundamentals of sampled-data circuits
- 11 Overview of MOSFET models and parameter extraction for design
- Index
- References
Summary
One of the most useful building blocks for analog integrated circuits is the operational amplifier, or op amp for short. The fundamentals for the op amp were established by Harry Black in 1934. Black's basic idea to make an amplifier stable over temperature changes and power-supply variations was to first build an amplifier that had more gain (say 40 dB) than the application required and then include negative feedback around this amplifier to stabilize the gain. The use of the term operational amplifier and the systematic presentation of its applications came much later in a 1947 paper. Op amps became popular circuit-building blocks only in the late 1960s with the development of the bipolar analog integrated-circuit technology. Since then, the op amp has been used in a number of applications such as instrumentation amplifiers, continuous-time and switched-capacitor filters, D/A and A/D converters, non-linear analog operators, signal generators, and voltage regulators. This chapter deals with the analysis and design of CMOS operational amplifiers. The design of op amps is an important and sometimes challenging task owing to the specifications to be met and to the boundary conditions such as process, supply voltage, and temperature. We start the chapter with an introduction to definitions, applications, and performance parameters. We then present classical topologies of single-ended op amps together with the analysis of large-signal and small-signal characteristics. Next, we give some introductory concepts on rail-to-rail amplifiers and class-AB output stages.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- CMOS Analog Design Using All-Region MOSFET Modeling , pp. 292 - 365Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2010
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