Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T23:59:32.291Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Aging and Inhibitory Processes in Memory, Attentional, and Motor Tasks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2010

By
Elizabeth A. Maylor ,
Friederike Schlaghecken  and
Derrick G. Watson
Edited by
Randall W. Engle ,
Grzegorz Sedek ,
Ulrich von Hecker  and
Daniel N. McIntosh
Elizabeth A. Maylor
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
Friederike Schlaghecken
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
Derrick G. Watson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
Randall W. Engle
Affiliation:
Georgia Institute of Technology
Grzegorz Sedek
Affiliation:
Warsaw School of Social Psychology and Polish Academy of Sciences
Ulrich von Hecker
Affiliation:
Cardiff University
Daniel N. McIntosh
Affiliation:
University of Denver
Get access

Summary

The past few years have seen an increasing focus on inhibitory processes in cognition (see Dempster, 1992; Dempster & Brainerd, 1995), especially in their impairment in certain patient populations (e.g., Beech, Powell, McWilliam, & Claridge, 1989; Cohen & Servan-Schreiber, 1992), in their development during childhood (e.g., Harnishfeger, 1995), and in their decline with normal aging (e.g., McDowd, Oseas-Kreger, & Filion, 1995). In this chapter, we briefly describe the inhibition deficit hypothesis of cognitive aging and discuss some logical and methodological issues that have complicated its investigation. We then present three aging studies across the different domains of short-term memory (Maylor & Henson, 2000), visual search (Watson & Maylor, 2002), and motor control (Schlaghecken & Maylor, 2005). In each case, it is argued that inhibitory processes are responsible for the effects of interest, namely, the Ranschburg effect (Crowder, 1968; Jahnke, 1969), the preview benefit in visual search (known as visual marking; Watson & Humphreys, 1997), and the negative compatibility effect (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 1998), respectively. What these three effects have in common is that, at some level, they all occur as a result of inhibitory processes that suppress responses to stimuli that are no longer relevant to current goals. The results show mixed support for the inhibition deficit hypothesis of aging, the current status of which is finally discussed in the light of these and other data.

Type
Chapter
Information
Cognitive Limitations in Aging and Psychopathology , pp. 313 - 345
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrés, P. (2003). Frontal cortex as the central executive of working memory: Time to revise our view. Cortex, 39, 871–895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, M. C. (2002). On measuring inhibitory deficits: Insights from the study of inhibitory processes in human memory. Paper presented at the Ninth Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, April 2002.
Aron, A., Schlaghecken, F., Fletcher, P., Bullmore, E., Eimer, M., Barker, R., Sahakian, B., & Robbins, T. (2003). Inhibition of subliminally primed responses is mediated by the caudate and thalamus: Evidence from fMRI and Huntington's disease. Brain, 126, 713–723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Band, G. P. H., & Boxtel, G. J. M. (1999). Inhibitory motor control in stop paradigms: Review and reinterpretation of neural mechanisms. Acta Psychologica, 101, 179–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beech, A., Powell, T., McWilliam, J., & Claridge, G. (1989). Evidence of reduced “cognitive inhibition” in schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birren, J. E., & Schroots, J. J. F. (Eds.). (2000). A history of geropsychology in autobiography. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braithwaite, J. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (2003). Inhibition and anticipation in visual search: Evidence from effects of color foreknowledge on preview search. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 213–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. D. A., Preece, T., & Hulme, C. (2000). Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychological Review, 107, 127–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, N., & Hitch, G. J. (1999). Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychological Review, 106, 551–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, D. M. (1997). Language, aging, and inhibitory deficit: Evaluation of a theory. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, P254–P264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerella, J. (1985). Information processing rates in the elderly. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 67–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerella, J. (1990). Aging and information processing rate. In Birren, J. E. & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 201–221). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chun, M. M., & Wolfe, J. M. (1996). Just say no: How are visual searches terminated when there is no target present?Cognitive Psychology, 30, 39–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. D., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99, 45–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connelly, S. L., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1991). Age and reading: The impact of distraction. Psychology and Aging, 6, 533–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conrad, R. (1965). Order errors in immediate recall of sequences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 4, 161–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowder, R. G. (1968). Intraserial repetition effects in immediate memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 7, 446–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, F. N. (1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 12, 45–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, F. N., & Brainerd, C. J. (Eds.). (1995). Interference and inhibition in cognition. San Diego: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donk, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2001). Visual marking beside the mark: Prioritizing selection by abrupt onsets. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 891–900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, M., & Lewandowsky, S. (2005). The time course of response suppression: No evidence for a gradual release from inhibition. Memory, 13, 236–46.CrossRef
Eimer, M. (1999). Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of masked prime stimuli on motor activation and behavioural performance. Acta Psychologica, 101, 293–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eimer, M., & Schlaghecken, F. (1998). Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1737–1747.Google ScholarPubMed
Eimer, M. & Schlaghecken, F. (2002). Links between conscious awareness and response inhibition: Evidence from masked priming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 514–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2002). An endogenous distributed model of ordering in serial recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 59–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faust, M. E., & Balota, D. A. (1997). Inhibition of return and visuospatial attention in healthy older adults and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychology, 11, 13–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, E. (1995). Negative priming from ignored distractors in visual selection: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 145–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 101–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamboz, N., Russo, R., & Fox, E. (2002). Age differences and the identity negative priming effect: An updated meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 17, 525–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwood, P. M. (2000). The frontal aging hypothesis evaluated. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 705–726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harnishfeger, K. K. (1995). The development of cognitive inhibition: Theories, definitions, and research evidence. In Dempster, F. N. & Brainerd, C. J. (Eds.), Interference and inhibition in cognition (pp. 175–204). San Diego: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, A. A., & Kieley, J. M. (1995). Adult age differences in the inhibition of return of visual attention. Psychology and Aging, 10, 670–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartman, M., & Hasher, L. (1991). Aging and suppression: Memory for previously relevant information. Psychology and Aging, 6, 587–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasher, L., Stoltzfus, E. R., Zacks, R. T., & Rypma, B. (1991). Age and inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 163–169.Google Scholar
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In Bower, G. H. (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 22, pp. 193–225). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hasher, L., Zacks, R. T., & May, C. P. (1999). Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age. In D. Gopher & A. Koriat (Eds.), Attention and performance XVII. Cognitive regulation and performance: Interaction of theory and application (pp. 653–675). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Henson, R. N. A. (1998a). Item repetition in short-term memory: Ranschburg repeated. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 1162–1181.Google Scholar
Henson, R. N. A. (1998b). Short-term memory for serial order: The start-end model. Cognitive Psychology, 36, 73–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henson, R. N. A., Norris, D. G., Page, M. P. A., & Baddeley, A. D. (1996). Unchained memory: Error patterns rule out chaining models of immediate serial recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 80–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houghton, G., & Hartley, T. (1995). Parallel models of serial behavior: Lashley revisited. Psyche, 2(25). Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-2-25-houghton.htmlGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, D. G., & Kramer, A. F. (1997). Age differences in visual search for feature, conjunction, and triple-conjunction targets. Psychology and Aging, 12, 704–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphreys, G. W., & Müller, H. J. (1993). Search via recursive rejection (SERR): A connectionist model of visual search. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 43–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, G. W., Watson, D. G., & Jolicoeur, P. (2002). Fractionating the preview benefit in search: Dual-task decomposition of visual marking by timing and modality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 640–660.Google ScholarPubMed
Jahnke, J. C. (1969). The Ranschburg effect. Psychological Review, 76, 592–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanwisher, N. G., Kim, J. W., & Wickens, T. D. (1996). Signal detection analyses of repetition blindness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1249–1260.Google ScholarPubMed
Kok, A. (1999). Varieties of inhibition: Manifestations in cognition, event-related potentials and aging. Acta Psychologica, 101, 129–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, R. M. (2000). Inhibition of return. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 138–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A. F., & Atchley, P. (2000). Age-related effects in the marking of old objects in visual search. Psychology and Aging, 15, 286–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Irwin, D. E., & Theeuwes, J. (1999). Attentional capture and aging: Implications for visual search performance and oculomotor control. Psychology and Aging, 14, 135–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A. F., Humphrey, D. G., Larish, J. F., Logan, G. D., & Strayer, D. L. (1994). Aging and inhibition: Beyond a unitary view of inhibitory processing in attention. Psychology and Aging, 9, 491–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunar, M., Humphreys, G. W., & Smith, K. J. (2003). Visual change with moving displays: More evidence for color feature map inhibition during preview search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 779–792.Google ScholarPubMed
Langley, L. K., Fuentes, L. J., Hochhalter, A. K., Brandt, J., & Overmier, J. B. (2001). Inhibition of return in aging and Alzheimer's disease: Performance as a function of task demands and stimulus timing. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 431–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewandowsky, S. (1999). Redintegration and response suppression in serial recall: A dynamic network model. International Journal of Psychology, 34, 434–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, K. Z. H., Lindenberger, U., Rünger, D., & Frensch, P. A. (2000). The role of inhibition in the regulation of sequential action. Psychological Science, 11, 343–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKay, D. G. (1987). The organization of perception and action. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, C. P., Kane, M. J., & Hasher, L. (1995). Determinants of negative priming. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 35–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maylor, E. A., & Henson, R. N. A. (2000). Aging and the Ranschburg effect: No evidence of reduced response suppression in old age. Psychology and Aging, 15, 657–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maylor, E. A., & Lavie, N. (1998). The influence of perceptual load on age differences in selective attention. Psychology and Aging, 13, 563–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maylor, E. A., & Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1994). Applying Brinley plots to individuals: Effects of aging on performance distributions in two speeded tasks. Psychology and Aging, 9, 224–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maylor, E. A., Vousden, J. I., & Brown, G. D. A. (1999). Adult age differences in memory for serial order: Data and a model. Psychology and Aging, 14, 572–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, U., Spieler, D. H., & Kliegl, R. (2001). Ageing and executive control. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McCormack, T., Brown, G. D. A., Vousden, J. I., & Henson, R. N. A. (2000). The development of serial recall: Implications for short-term memory development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 76, 222–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDowd, J. M. (1997). Inhibition in attention and aging. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, P265–P273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowd, J. M., Oseas-Kreger, D. M., & Filion, D. L. (1995). Inhibitory processes in cognition and aging. In Dempster, F. N. & Brainerd, C. J. (Eds.), Interference and inhibition in cognition (pp. 363–400). San Diego: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milliken, B., Joordens, S., Merikle, P. M., & Seiffert, A. E. (1998). Selective attention: A reevaluation of the implications of negative priming. Psychological Review, 105, 203–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., & Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neill, W. T. (1977). Inhibition and facilitation processes in selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 444–450.Google Scholar
Neill, W. T. (1997). Episodic retrieval in negative priming and repetition priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1291–1305.Google Scholar
Neill, W. T., & Valdes, L. A. (1992). Persistence of negative priming: Steady state or decay?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 565–576.Google Scholar
Neill, W. T., Valdes, L. A., Terry, K. M., & Gorfein, D. S. (1992). Persistence of negative priming: II. Evidence for episodic trace retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 993–1000.Google ScholarPubMed
Nieuwenhuis, S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Jong, R., Kok, A., & Molen, M. W. (2000). Inhibitory inefficiency and failures of intention activation: Age-related decline in the control of saccadic eye movements. Psychology and Aging, 15, 635–647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olivers, C. N. L., & Humphreys, G. W. (2002). When visual marking meets the attentional blink: More evidence for top-down limited-capacity inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 22–42.Google Scholar
Olivers, C. N. L., Watson, D. G., & Humphreys, G. W. (1999). Visual marking of locations and feature maps: Evidence from within-dimension defined conjunctions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52A, 679–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, M. P. A., & Norris, D. (1998). The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review, 105, 761–781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, D. C. (2000). The basic mechanisms accounting for age-related decline in cognitive function. In Park, D. C. & Schwarz, N. (Eds.), Cognitive aging: A primer (pp. 3–21). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Perfect, T. J. (1997). Memory aging as frontal lobe dysfunction. In Conway, M. A. (Ed.), Cognitive models of memory (pp. 315–339). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Perfect, T. J., & Maylor, E. A. (2000a). Rejecting the dull hypothesis: The relation between method and theory in cognitive aging research. In Perfect, T. J. & Maylor, E. A. (Eds.), Models of cognitive aging (pp. 1–18). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Perfect, T. J., & Maylor, E. A. (Eds.). (2000b). Models of cognitive aging. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Plude, D. J., & Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A. (1989). Aging, selective attention, and feature integration. Psychology and Aging, 4, 98–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1965). An age decrement in the ability to ignore irrelevant information. Journal of Gerontology, 20, 233–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabbitt, P. (Ed.). (1997). Methodology of frontal and executive function. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: Integration of structural and functional findings. In Craik, F. I. M. & Salthouse, T. A. (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (2nd ed., pp. 1–90). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2000). Cognitive neuropsychology of the aging brain. In Park, D. C. & Schwarz, N., Cognitive aging: A primer (pp. 93–114). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., & Norman, D. (1982). Simulating a skilled typist: A study of skilled cognitive-motor performance. Cognitive Science, 6, 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salthouse, T. A. (2000). Steps toward the explanation of adult age differences in cognition. In Perfect, T. J. & Maylor, E. A. (Eds.), Models of cognitive aging (pp. 19–49). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schlaghecken, F., & Eimer, M. (1997). The influence of subliminally presented primes on response preparation. Sprache & Kognition, 16, 166–175.Google Scholar
Schlaghecken, F., & Eimer, M. (2000). A central/peripheral asymmetry in subliminal priming. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 1367–1382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlaghecken, F., & Eimer, M. (2002). Motor activation with and without inhibition: Evidence for a threshold mechanism in motor control. Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 148–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlaghecken, F., & Maylor, E. A. (2005). Motor control in old age: Evidence of impaired low-level inhibition. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, P 158–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, T. L., & Klein, R. M. (1998). On the causes and effects of inhibition of return. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 625–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tipper, S. P. (1985). The negative priming effect: Inhibitory effects of ignored primes. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37A, 571–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tipper, S. P. (1991). Less attentional selectivity as a result of declining inhibition in older adults. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 29, 45–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tipper, S. P., & Cranston, M. (1985). Selective attention and priming: Inhibitory and facilitatory effects of ignored primes. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37A, 591–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, J. T. (1972). Some results on the identifiability of parallel and serial processes. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 25, 168–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tun, P. A., O'Kane, G., & Wingfield, A. (2002). Distraction by competing speech in young and older listeners. Psychology and Aging, 17, 453–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhaeghen, P., & Cerella, J. (2002). Aging, executive control, and attention: A review of meta-analyses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 849–857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verhaeghen, P., & Meersman, L. (1998a). Aging and the negative priming effect: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 13, 435–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhaeghen, P., & Meersman, L. (1998b). Aging and the Stroop effect: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 13, 120–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhaeghen, P., Steitz, D. W., Sliwinski, M. J., & Cerella, J. (2003). Aging and dual-task performance: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18, 443–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vousden, J. I., Brown, G. D. A., & Harley, T. A. (2000). Serial control of phonology: A hierarchical model. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 101–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. G. (2001). Visual marking in moving displays: Feature-based inhibition is not necessary. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 74–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D. G., & Humphreys, G. W. (1997). Visual marking: Prioritizing selection for new objects by top-down attentional inhibition. Psychological Review, 104, 90–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. G., & Humphreys, G. W. (1998). Visual marking of moving objects: A role for top-down feature based inhibition in selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 946–962.Google ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. G., & Humphreys, G. W. (2000). Visual marking: Evidence for inhibition using a probe-dot paradigm. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 471–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. G., Humphreys, G. W., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2003). Visual marking: Using time in visual selection. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 180–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. G., & Maylor, E. A. (2002). Aging and visual marking: Selective deficits for moving stimuli. Psychology and Aging, 17, 321–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, R. L. (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 272–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, R., & Alain, C. (2000). Age-related decline in inhibitory control contributes to the increased Stroop effect observed in older adults. Psychophysiology, 37, 179–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zacks, R., & Hasher, L. (1997). Cognitive gerontology and attentional inhibition: A reply to Burke and McDowd. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, P274–P283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zacks, R. T., Radvansky, G., & Hasher, L. (1996). Studies of directed forgetting in older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 143–156.Google ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×