Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-pvkqz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-09T02:23:01.558Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 2 - Hormonal and reproductive effects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2016

David J. Castle
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Kathryn M. Abel
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Get access

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

References

Abel, K. M., Heuvelman, H., Jorgensen, L., Wicks, S., Susser, E., Magnusson, C., Hallqvist, J., & Dalman, C. 2014. Does prenatal or childhood severe psychological stress increase the risk of subsequent psychosis? A Swedish national population cohort. British Medical Journal, 348:f7679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, M. P., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Leader, L., Saint, K. & Parker, G. 2005. Maternal trait anxiety, depression and life event stress in pregnancy: Relationships with infant temperament. Early Human Development, 81, 183190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auyeung, B., Ahluwalia, J., Thomson, L., Taylor, K., Hackett, G., O'Donnell, K. J. & Baron-Cohen, S. 2012. Prenatal versus postnatal sex steroid hormone effects on autistic traits in children at 18 to 24 months of age. Molecular Autism, 3, 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K. & Hackett, G. 2009. Fetal testosterone and autistic traits. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berenbaum, S. A. & Resnick, S. M. 1997. Early androgen effects on aggression in children and adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22, 505515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bick, J., Naumova, O., Hunter, S., Barbot, B., Lee, M., Luthar, S. S., Raefski, A. & Grigorenko, E. L. 2012. Childhood adversity and DNA methylation of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system: Whole-genome and candidate-gene associations. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 14171425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloch, M., Schmidt, P. J., Danaceau, M., Murphy, J., Nieman, L. & Rubinow, D. R. 2000. Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 924930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromberger, J. T., Meyer, P. M., Kravitz, H. M., Sommer, B., Cordal, A., Powell, L., Ganz, P. A. & Sutton-Tyrrell, K. 2001. Psychologic distress and natural menopause: A multiethnic community study. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 14351442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buss, C., Davis, E. P., Muftuler, T. L., Head, K. & Sandman, C. A. 2010. High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in 6–9-year-old children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 141153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buss, C., Davis, E. P., Shahbaba, B., Pruessner, J. C., Head, K. & Sandman, C. A. 2012. Maternal cortisol over the course of pregnancy and subsequent child amygdala and hippocampus volumes and affective problems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, E1312-9.Google ScholarPubMed
Castle, D. J. & Murray, R. M. 1993. The epidemiology of late-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 691700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K. & Hackett, G. 2006. Fetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test. Social Neuroscience, 1, 135148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chim, H., Tan, B. H. I., Ang, C. C., Chew, E. M. D., Chong, Y. S. & Saw, S. M. 2003. The prevalence of menopausal symptoms in a community in Singapore. Maturitas, 41, 275282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A. & Oshri, A. 2011. Interactive effects of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region, and child maltreatment on diurnal cortisol regulation and internalizing symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 11251138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Class, Q. A., Abel, K. M., Khashan, A. S,, Rickert, M. E., Dalman, C., Larsson, H., Hultman, C. M., Langstrom, N., Lichtenstein, P., D’Onofrio, B. M. (2014). Offspring psychopathology following preconception, prenatal, and postnatal maternal bereavement stress, Psychological Medicine, 44(1), 7184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coe, C. L., Kramer, M., Czeh, B., Gould, E., Reeves, A. J., Kirschbaum, C. & Fuchs, E. 2003a. Prenatal stress diminishes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of juvenile Rhesus monkeys. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 10251034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coe, C. L., Kramer, M., Czeh, B., Gould, E., Reeves, A. J., Kirschbaum, C. & Fuchs, E. 2003b. Prenatal stress diminishes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of juvenile rhesus monkeys. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 10251034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen-Bendahan, C. C., Buitelaar, J. K., van Goozen, S. H., Orlebeke, J. F. & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2005. Is there an effect of prenatal testosterone on aggression and other behavioral traits? A study comparing same-sex and opposite-sex twin girls. Hormones and Behavior, 47, 230237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Condon, J. T. 1993. The premenstrual syndrome: A twin study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 481486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, P. J. & Murray, L. 1995. Course and recurrence of postnatal depression: evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 191195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, M. C., Cutter, W. J., Norbury, R. & Murphy, D. G. M. 2005. X chromosome, estrogen and brain development, implications for schizophrenia. In: Keshavan, M., Kennedy, J. L. & Murray, R. (eds.) Neurodevelopment and Schizophrenia. London/New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, K., Dalton, M. E. & Guthrie, K. 1987. Incidence of the premenstrual syndrome in twins. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed), 295, 10271028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Pariante, C. M., Ambler, A., Poulton, R. & Caspi, A. 2008. Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 409415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Caspi, A., Taylor, A. & Poulton, R. 2007. Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 13191324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, E. P., Snidman, N., Wadhwa, P. D., Glynn, L. M., Schetter, C. D. & Sandman, C. 2004. Prenatal maternal anxiety and depression predict negative behavioral reactivity in infancy. Infancy, 6, 319331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bellis, M. D., Chrousos, G. P., Dorn, L. D., Burke, L., Helmers, K., Kling, M. A., Trickett, P. K. & Putnam, F. W. 1994. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 78, 249255.Google ScholarPubMed
de Zegher, F., DeVlieger, H. & Veldhuis, J. D. 1992. Pulsatile and sexually dimorphic secretion of luteinizing hormone in the human infant on the day of birth. Pediatric research, 32, 605607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dieter, J. N., Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Jones, N. A., Lecanuet, J. P., Salman, F. A. & Redzepi, M. 2001. Maternal depression and increased fetal activity. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 21, 468473.Google ScholarPubMed
Duman, R. S. 2009. Neuronal damage and protection in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric illness: Stress and depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 239255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eberhard-Gran, M., Eskild, A., Tambs, K., Samuelsen, S. O. & Opjordsmoen, S. 2002. Depression in postpartum and non-postpartum women: Prevalence and risk factors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 426433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finegan, J. A., Bartleman, B. & Wong, P. Y. 1989. A window for the study of prenatal sex hormone influences on postnatal development. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150, 101112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forty, L., Jones, L., Macgregor, S., Caesar, S., Cooper, C., Hough, A., Dean, L., Dave, S., Farmer, A., McGuffin, P., Brewster, S., Craddock, N. & Jones, I. 2006. Familiality of postpartum depression in unipolar disorder: Results of a family study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 15491553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Liu, L., Gracia, C. R., Nelson, D. B. & Hollander, L. 2004. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 6270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, V. 2011. Annual Research Review: Prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 356367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, V., Bergman, K., Sarkar, P. & O’Connor, T. G. 2009a. Association between maternal and amniotic fluid cortisol is moderated by maternal anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 430435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, V., O'Connor, T. G. & O'Donnell, K. 2009b. Prenatal stress and the programming of the HPA axis. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimshaw, G. M., Sitarenios, G. & Finegan, J. A. 1995. Mental rotation at 7 years: Relations with prenatal testosterone levels and spatial play experiences. Brain and Cognition, 29, 85100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H. & Nemeroff, C. B. 2008. The link between childhood trauma and depression: Insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 693710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heron, J., Robertson Blackmore, E., McGuinness, M., Craddock, N. & Jones, I. 2007. No “latent period” in the onset of bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 10, 7981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hines, M., Brook, C. & Conway, G. S. 2004. Androgen and psychosexual development: Core gender identity, sexual orientation and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Journal of Sex Research, 41, 7581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, M. C., Abrahamsen, C. T., French, K. L., Paterson, J. M., Mullins, J. J. & Seckl, J. R. 2006. The mother or the fetus? 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 null mice provide evidence for direct fetal programming of behavior by endogenous glucocorticoids. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 38403844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, I. A. 2001. Minireview: Sex differentiation. Endocrinology, 142, 32813287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huizink, A. C., Dick, D. M., Sihvola, E., Pulkkinen, L., Rose, R. J. & Kaprio, J. 2007. Chernobyl exposure as stressor during pregnancy and behaviour in adolescent offspring. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 438446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huizink, A., Mulder, E. & Buitelaar, J. 2004. Prenatal stress and risk for psychopathology: Specific effects or induction of general susceptibility? . Psychological Bulletin, 130, 115142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huo, L., Straub, R. E., Roca, C., Schmidt, P. J., Shi, K., Vakkalanka, R., Weinberger, D. R. & Rubinow, D. R. 2007. Risk for premenstrual dysphoric disorder is associated with genetic variation in ESR1, the estrogen receptor alpha gene. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 925933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N. & Ernberg, G. 1992. Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organisation Ten-Country Study. Psychological Medicine Monograph, 20.Google ScholarPubMed
Jones, I. & Craddock, N. 2001. Familiality of the puerperal trigger in bipolar disorder: Results of a family study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 913917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, I. & Craddock, N. 2007. Searching for the puerperal trigger: Molecular genetic studies of bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 40, 115128.Google ScholarPubMed
Jutapakdeegul, N., Afadlal, S., Polaboon, N., Phansuwan-Pujito, P. & Govitrapong, P. 2010. Repeated restraint stress and corticosterone injections during late pregnancy alter GAP-43 expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rat pups. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 28, 8390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., Corey, L. A. & Neale, M. C. 1998. Longitudinal population-based twin study of retrospectively reported premenstrual symptoms and lifetime major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 12341240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K. S., Silberg, J. L., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C. & Eaves, L. J. 1992. Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of menstrual, premenstrual and neurotic symptoms: A population-based twin study. Psychological Medicine, 22, 85100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Williams, B., Newcombe, R., Craig, I. W. & Moffitt, T. E. 2006. MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: New evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 903913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinney, D. K., Miller, A. M., Crowley, D. J., Huang, E. & Gerber, E. 2008a. Autism prevalence following prenatal exposure to hurricanes and tropical storms in Louisiana. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 481488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinney, D. K., Munir, K. M., Crowley, D. J. & Miller, A. M. 2008b. Prenatal stress and risk for autism. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 15191532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knickmeyer, R., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P. & Taylor, K. 2005. Foetal testosterone, social relationships, and restricted interests in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46, 198210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulkarni, J., de Castella, A., Fitzgerald, P. B., Gurvich, C. T., Bailey, M., Bartholomeusz, C. & Burger, H. 2008. Estrogen in severe mental illness: A potential new treatment approach. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 955960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S. & Raggatt, P. 2002a. Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18- and 24-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development 24, 418424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Knickmeyer, R. & Manning, J. 2002b. Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 25, 327335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maartens, L. W., Knottnerus, J. A. & Pop, V. J. 2002. Menopausal transition and increased depressive symptomatology: A community based prospective study. Maturitas, 42, 195200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mairesse, J., Lesage, J., Breton, C., Breant, B, Hahn, T., Darnaudery, M., Dickson, S. L., Seckl, J., Blondeau, B., Vieau, D., Maccari, S. & Viltart, O. 2007. Maternal stress alters endocrine function of the feto-placental unit in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology Metabolism, 292, E1526E1533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. E., Chen, E. & Parker, K. J. 2011. Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 959997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohler, E., Parzer, P., Brunner, R., Wiebel, A. & Resch, F. 2006. Emotional stress in pregnancy predicts human infant reactivity. Early Human Development, 82, 731737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munk-Olsen, T., Laursen, T. M., Pedersen, C. B., Mors, O. & Mortensen, P. B. 2006. New parents and mental disorders: A population-based register study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 25822589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nee, L. E. & Lippa, C. F. 1999. Alzheimer’s disease in 22 twin pairs – 13-year follow-up: Hormonal, infectious and traumatic factors. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 10, 148151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Beveridge, M. & Glover, V. 2002. Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years. Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 502508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J. & Glover, V. 2003. Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: A test of a programming hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 10251036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pawlby, S., Hay, D., Sharp, D., Waters, C. S. & Pariante, C. M. 2011. Antenatal depression and offspring psychopathology: The influence of childhood maltreatment. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 199, 106112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payne, J. L., Palmer, J. T. & Joffe, H. 2009. A reproductive subtype of depression: Conceptualizing models and moving toward etiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 17, 7286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payne, J. L., Roy, P. S., Murphy-Eberenz, K., Weismann, M. M., Swartz, K. L., McInnis, M. G., Nwulia, E., Mondimore, F. M., Mackinnon, D. F., Miller, E. B., Nurnberger, J. I., Levinson, D. F., Depaulo, J. R. Jr. & Potash, J. B. 2007. Reproductive cycle-associated mood symptoms in women with major depression and bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 99, 221229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phoenix, C. H., Goy, R. W., Gerall, A. A. & Young, W. C. 1959. Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology, 65, 369382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quigley, C. A. 2002. Editorial: The postnatal gonadotropin and sex steroid surge-insights from the androgen insensitivity syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 2428.Google ScholarPubMed
Rayburn, W. F., Christensen, H. D. & Gonzalez, C. L. 1997. A placebo-controlled comparison between betamethasone and dexamethasone for fetal maturation: Differences in neurobehavioral development of mice offspring. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 176, 842850; discussion 850–851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, E., Jones, I., Haque, S., Holder, R. & Craddock, N. 2005. Risk of puerperal and non-puerperal recurrence of illness following bipolar affective puerperal (post-partum) psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 186, 258259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rocca, W. A., Bower, J. H., Maraganore, D. M., Ahlskog, J. E., Grossardt, B. R., de Andrade, M. & Melton, L. J. III 2007. Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause. Neurology, 69, 10741083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubinow, D. R., Schmidt, P. J. & Roca, C. A. 1998. Estrogen-serotonin interactions: Implications for affective regulation. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 839850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagari, S., Craig, M. C., Dell’Acqua, F., O’Connor, T. G., Catani, M., Deeley, Q., Glover, V. & Murphy, D. G. M. 2014. Prenatal stress and limbic-prefrontal white matter microstructure in children aged 6–9 years: A preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(4), 346352.Google Scholar
Salm, A. K., Pavelko, M., Krouse, E. M., Webster, W., Kraszpulski, M. & Birkle, D. L. 2004. Lateral amygdaloid nucleus expansion in adult rats is associated with exposure to prenatal stress. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research, 148, 159167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, P. J., Haq, N. & Rubinow, D. R. 2004. A longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between reproductive status and mood in perimenopausal women. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 22382244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, M. L. & Coe, C. L. 1993. Repeated social stress during pregnancy impairs neuromotor development of the primate infant. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14, 8187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, M. L., Coe, C. L. & Lubach, G. R. 1992. Endocrine activation mimics the adverse effects of prenatal stress on the neuromotor development of the infant primate. Developmental Psychobiology, 25, 427439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, M. L., Moore, C. F., Kraemer, G. W., Roberts, A. D. & Dejesus, O. T. 2002. The impact of prenatal stress, fetal alcohol exposure, or both on development: Perspectives from a primate model. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 285298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shirtcliff, E. A., Coe, C. L. & Pollak, S. D. 2009. Early childhood stress is associated with elevated antibody levels to herpes simplex virus type 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 29632967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shumaker, S. A., Legault, C., Rapp, S. R., Thal, L., Wallace, R. B., Ockene, J. K., Hendrix, S. L., Jones, B. N. III, Assaf, A. R., Jackson, R. D., Morley Kotchen, J., Wassertheil-Smoller, S. & Wactawski-Wende, J. 2003. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 26512662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soares, C., Almeida, O., Joffe, H. & Cohen, L. 2001. Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 529534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, D. E. & Boydell, K. M. 1993. Psychologic distress during menopause: Associations across the reproductive life cycle. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 23, 157162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talge, N. M., Neal, C. & Glover, V. 2007a. Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 48, 245261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talge, N. M., Neal, C. & Glover, V. 2007b. Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 245261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S. E., Lehman, B. J., Kiefe, C. I. & Seeman, T. E. 2006. Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to adult C-reactive protein in the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 819824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trautman, P. D., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Postelnek, J. & New, M. I. 1995. Effects of early prenatal dexamethasone on the cognitive and behavioral development of young children: Results of a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 439449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treloar, S. A., Martin, N. G., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. & Heath, A. C. 1999. Genetic influences on post-natal depressive symptoms: Findings from an Australian twin sample. Psychological Medicine, 29, 645654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Bergh, B. R. H. & Marcoen, A. 2004. High antenatal maternal anxiety Is related to ADHD symptoms, externalizing problems, and anxiety in 8- and 9-year-olds. Child Development, 75, 10851097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Bergh, B. R., Mulder, E. J., Mennes, M. & Glover, V. 2005. Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: Links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 29, 237258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wadhwa, P. 1998. Prenatal stress and life-span development. In: Friedman, H. S. (ed.) Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Weinstock, M. 2001. Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring. Progress in Neurobiology, 65, 427451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widholm, O. & Kantero, R. L. 1971. A statistical analysis of the menstrual patterns of 8,000 Finnish girls and their mothers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl, 14, Suppl 14:136.Google Scholar

References

Abel, K. M. & Rees, S. (2010). The reproductive and sexual health of women service users: what’s the fuss? Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 16, 279289. doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.108.006635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abel, K. M., Webb, R. T., Salmon, M. P., et al. (2005). Prevalence and predictors of parenting outcomes in a cohort of mothers with schizophrenia admitted for joint mother and baby psychiatric care in England, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 781789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, M. P. (1992). Puerperal affective psychosis: is there a case for lithium prophylaxis? British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 692694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, P. N. (1996). Use of monographs in drugs. In: Bennett, P. N. (Ed.), Drugs and human lactation (pp. 6774). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Bergink, V., Bouvy, P. F., Vervoort, J. S., et al. (2012). Prevention of postpartum psychosis and mania in women at high risk. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 609615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodén, R., Lundgren, M., Brandt, L., Reutfors, J., Andersen, M., & Kieler, H. (2012). Risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes in women treated or not treated with mood stabilisers for bipolar disorder: population based cohort study. BMJ. Nov 8; 345, e7085. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonari, L., Koren, G., Einarson, T. R., et al. (2005). Use of antidepressants by pregnant women: evaluation of perception of risk, efficacy of evidence based counseling and determinants of decision making. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 8, 214220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandon, M., Bailey, S., and Belderson, P. (2010) Building on the Learning from Serious Case Reviews: a two year analysis of child protection database notifications 2007–2009. London: Department for Education, DFE-RR040.Google Scholar
Coverdale, J. H., McCullough, L. B., Chervenak, F. A. (2004). Assisted and surrogate decision making for pregnant patients who have schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 659664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, C. L. & Dowswell, T. (2013). Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, CD006795.Google Scholar
Department of Education (2013). Working together to safeguard children. A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. www.workingtogetheronline.co.uk/documents/Working%20TogetherFINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Dhanantwari, P., Lee, E., Krishnan, A., et al. (2009). Human cardiac development in the first trimester: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and episcopic fluorescence image capture atlas. Circulation, 120, 343351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddad, P. M., & Wieck, A. (2004). Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs, 64, 22912314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanley, G. E., & Oberlander, T. F. (2014). The effect of perinatal exposures on the infant: antidepressants and depression. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 28, 3748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henshaw, C., & Protti, O. (2010) Addressing the sexual and reproductive health needs of women who use mental health services. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 16, 272278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, L. M., Kumar, C., Leese, M., et al. (2002). The general fertility rate in women with psychotic disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 991997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, L., Barnes, T. R., Lelliott, P., et al. (2007). Informing patients of the teratogenic potential of mood stabilizing drugs: a case note review of the practice of psychiatrists. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 21, 815819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, K., Posner, S. F., Biermann, J. et al. (2006). Recommendations to Improve Preconception Health and Health Care-United States. A Report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5506a1.htm, accessed Oct. 30, 2014.Google Scholar
Jones, I., Chandra, P. S., Dazzan, P., et al (2014). Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Lancet, 384, 17891799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, C., McIvor, R. J., Davies, T., et al. (2003). Estrogen administration does not reduce the rate of recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 112118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, H. C., Chen, I. J., Chen, Y. H., Lee, H. C., Wu, F. J. (2010) Maternal schizophrenia and pregnancy outcome: does the use of antipsychotics make a difference? Schizophrenia Research, 116, 5560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, L., Maddow-Zimet, I., Kost, K., et al. (2014). Pregnancy intentions and maternal and child health: an analysis of longitudinal data in Oklahoma. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19(5), 10871096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord Laming, (2009). The protection of children in England: a progress report. https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/…/HC-330.pdf. ISBN: 9780102958928.Google Scholar
Mian, S., & Wieck, A. (2014). Safeguarding unborn children policies by Mental Health Trusts and Local Safeguarding Children Boards. Poster abstract. Annual Perinatal Scientific Conference, London, November 20, 2014.Google Scholar
Miller, L. J. (1997). Sexuality, reproduction, and family planning in women with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 623635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, L. E. (2005). Epidemiology of neural tube defects. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, 135C(1), 8894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, K. L. (1988). Essentials of human embryology. Toronto: B.C. Decker Inc.Google Scholar
Munk-Olsen, T., Laursen, T. M., Mendelson, T., et al. (2009). Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder during the postpartum period. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 189–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munk-Olsen, T., Laursen, T. M., Pedersen, C. B., et al. (2006). New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA, 296, 25822589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2007). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. Clinical guideline 045, guidance. www.nice.org.uk/cg045.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012). Pre-conception advice and management. http://cks.nice.org.uk/pre-conception-advice-and-management, accessed Oct. 20, 2014.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2014). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. Clinical guideline 192, guidance. www.nice.org.uk/cg192.Google Scholar
Nelson, K., & Holmes, L. B. (1989). Malformations due to presumed spontaneous mutations in newborn infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 1923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rice, D., & Barone, S. Jr (2000). Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 Suppl 3, 511533.Google ScholarPubMed
Roca, A., Imaz, M. L., Torres, A., et al. (2013). Unplanned pregnancy and discontinuation of SSRIs in Pregnant women with previously treated affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150, 807813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2010). Good psychiatric practice: confidentiality and information sharing. College Report CR160. ISBN 978-1-904671-96-1. www.rcpsych.ac.uk/usefulresources/publications/collegereports/cr/cr160.aspxGoogle Scholar
SCIE (2009). e-Learning: Sexual, reproductive and mental health. www.scie.org.uk/publications/elearning/sexualhealth/Google Scholar
Sedgh, G., Singh, S., & Hussain, R. (2014). Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends. Studies in Family Planning, 45, 301314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sichel, D. A., Cohen, L. S., Robertson, L. M., et al. (1995). Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 814818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, D. E. (1988). Prophylactic lithium in postpartum affective psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 485489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, D. E., Klompenhouwer, J. L., Kendell, R. E., et al. (1991). Prophylactic lithium in puerperal psychosis. The experience of three centres. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 393397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viguera, A. C., Whitfield, T., Baldessarini, R. J., et al. (2007). Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 18171824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wellings, K., Jones, K. G., Mercer, C. H., et al. (2013). The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy and Associated factors in Britain: findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). Lancet, 382, 18071816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wieck, A., Kopparthi, S., Sundaresh, S., et al. (2010). One-year outcome after preconception consultation in women with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Jun; 71(6), 806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wieck, A., Rao, S., Sein, K., et al. (2007). A survey of antiepileptic prescribing to women of childbearing potential in psychiatry. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 10, 8385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wisner, K. L., Hanusa, B. H., Peindl, K. S., et al. (2004). Prevention of postpartum episodes in women with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 592596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Ahokas, A., Aito, M., et al. (2000). “Positive treatment effect of estradiol in postpartum psychosis: a pilot study.” J Clin Psychiatry 61(3): 166169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahokas, A., Kaukoranta, J., et al. (2001). “Estrogen deficiency in severe postpartum depression: successful treatment with sublingual physiologic 17beta-estradiol: a preliminary study.” J Clin Psychiatry 62(5): 332336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akincigil, A., Munch, S., et al. (2010). “Predictors of maternal depression in the first year postpartum: marital status and mediating role of relationship quality.” Soc Work Health Care 49(3): 227244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alcorn, K. L., O'Donovan, A., et al. (2010). “A prospective longitudinal study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from childbirth events.” Psychol Med 40(11): 18491859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altemus, M., Neeb, C. C., et al. (2012). “Phenotypic differences between pregnancy-onset and postpartum-onset major depressive disorder.” J Clin Psychiatry 73(12): e1485–1491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altshuler, L. L., Cohen, L. S., et al. (2001). “The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Treatment of depression in women.” Postgrad Med(Spec No): 1–107.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. L. and Reti, I. M. (2009). “ECT in pregnancy: a review of the literature from 1941 to 2007.” Psychosom Med 71(2): 235242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appleby, L., Mortensen, P. B., et al. (1998). “Suicide and other causes of mortality after post-partum psychiatric admission.” Br J Psychiatry 173: 209211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, M. P. (2010). “Classification of mental health disorders in the perinatal period: future directions for DSM-V and ICD-11.” Arch Womens Ment Health 13(1): 4144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, M.-P., Highet, N., et al. (2011). “Clinical practice guidelines for depression and related disorders – anxiety, bipolar disorder and puerperal psychosis – in the perinatal period.” A guideline for primary care health professionals. Melbourne: beyondblue: the national depression initiative.Google Scholar
Austin, M. P., Kildea, S., et al. (2007). “Maternal mortality and psychiatric morbidity in the perinatal period: challenges and opportunities for prevention in the Australian setting.” Med J Aust 186(7): 364367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banti, S., Mauri, M., et al. (2011). “From the third month of pregnancy to 1 year postpartum. Prevalence, incidence, recurrence, and new onset of depression. Results from the perinatal depression-research & screening unit study.” Compr Psychiatry 52(4): 343351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barth, J., Munder, T., et al. (2013). “Comparative efficacy of seven psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta-analysis.” PLoS Med 10(5): e1001454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, C. T. (1998). “The effects of postpartum depression on child development: a meta-analysis.” Arch Psychiatr Nurs 12(1): 1220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, C. T. (2002). “Postpartum depression: a metasynthesis.” Qual Health Res 12(4): 453472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, C. T., Gable, R. K., et al. (2011). “Posttraumatic stress disorder in new mothers: results from a two-stage U.S. national survey.” Birth 38(3): 216227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, C. T. and Watson, S. (2010). “Subsequent childbirth after a previous traumatic birth.” Nurs Res 59(4): 241249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belmaker, R. H. and Agam, G. (2008). “Major depressive disorder.” N Engl J Med 358(1): 5568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, H. A., Einarson, A., et al. (2004). “Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review.” Obstet Gynecol 103(4): 698709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergink, V., Kushner, S. A., et al. (2011). “Prevalence of autoimmune thyroid dysfunction in postpartum psychosis.” Br J Psychiatry 198(4): 264268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., et al. (2012). “Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Soc Sci Med 75(6): 959975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilszta, J. L., Meyer, D., et al. (2010). “Bipolar affective disorder in the postnatal period: investigating the role of sleep.” Bipolar Disord 12(5): 568578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackmore, E. R., Rubinow, D. R., et al. (2013). “Reproductive outcomes and risk of subsequent illness in women diagnosed with postpartum psychosis.” Bipolar Disord 15(4): 394404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bledsoe, S. E. and Grote, N. K. (2006). “Treating depression during pregnancy and the postpartum: a preliminary meta-analysis.” Research on Social Work Practice 16(2): 109120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodnar, L. M. and Wisner, K. L. (2005). “Nutrition and depression: implications for improving mental health among childbearing-aged women.” Biol Psychiatry 58(9): 679685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boorman, R. J., Devilly, G. J., et al. (2013). “Childbirth and criteria for traumatic events.” Midwifery 30(2): 255261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borneskog, C., Sydsjo, G., et al. (2013). “Symptoms of anxiety and depression in lesbian couples treated with donated sperm: a descriptive study.” BJOG 120(7): 839846.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buist, A., Bilszta, J., Barnett, B., Milgrom, J., Condon, J., and Hayes, B. (2005). “Recognition and management of perinatal depression in general practice: results of an Australian National Survey.” Australian Family Physician 34(9): 787790.Google Scholar
Buist, A., Gotman, N., et al. (2011). “Generalized anxiety disorder: course and risk factors in pregnancy.” J Affect Disord 131(1–3): 277283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buist, A., Minto, B., et al. (2004). “Mother-baby psychiatric units in Australia-the Victorian experience.” Arch Womens Ment Health 7(1): 8187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunevicius, R., Kusminskas, L., et al. (2009a). “Psychosocial risk factors for depression during pregnancy.” Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 88(5): 599605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunevicius, R., Kusminskas, L., et al. (2009b). “Depressive disorder and thyroid axis functioning during pregnancy.” World J Biol Psychiatry 10(4): 324329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byatt, N., Simas, T. A., et al. (2012). “Strategies for improving perinatal depression treatment in North American outpatient obstetric settings.” J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 33(4): 143161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, R. W., Raboy, B., et al. (1998). “Psychosocial adjustment among children conceived via donor insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers.” Child Dev 69(2): 443457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaudron, L. H. and Pies, R. W. (2003). “The relationship between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder: a review.” J Clin Psychiatry 64(11): 12841292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, T. K., Lau, T. K., et al. (2001). “Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes.” Psychosom Med 63(5): 830834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clare, C. A. and Yeh, J. (2012). “Postpartum depression in special populations: a review.” Obstet Gynecol Surv 67(5): 313323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coble, P. A., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, et al. (1994). “Childbearing in women with and without a history of affective disorder. II. Electroencephalographic sleep.” Compr Psychiatry 35(3): 215224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, L. S., Altshuler, L. L., et al. (2006). “Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment.” JAMA 295(5): 499507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, C. H., Zimmerman, C., et al. (2011). “Refugee, asylum seeker, immigrant women and postnatal depression: rates and risk factors.” Arch Womens Ment Health 14(1): 311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, J. and Holden, J. (2003). Perinatal Mental Health: A Guide to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. London: RCPsych Publications.Google Scholar
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., et al. (1987). “Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.” Br J Psychiatry 150: 782786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dannon, P. N., Iancu, I., et al. (2006). “Recurrence of panic disorder during pregnancy: a 7-year naturalistic follow-up study.” Clin Neuropharmacol 29(3): 132137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davalos, D. B., Yadon, C. A., et al. (2012). “Untreated prenatal maternal depression and the potential risks to offspring: a review.” Arch Womens Ment Health 15(1): 114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Rosnay, M., Cooper, P. J., et al. (2006). “Transmission of social anxiety from mother to infant: an experimental study using a social referencing paradigm.” Behav Res Ther 44(8): 11651175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, C. L. (2004). “Preventing postpartum depression part I: a review of biological interventions.” Can J Psychiatry 49(7): 467475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, C. L., Coghlan, M., et al. (2013). “Can we identify mothers at-risk for postpartum anxiety in the immediate postpartum period using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory?J Affect Disord 150(3): 12171220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, C. L. and Dowswell, T. (2013). “Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD001134.Google Scholar
Dennis, C. L. and Hodnett, E. (2007). “Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD006116.Google Scholar
Dennis, C. L. and Kingston, D. (2008). “A systematic review of telephone support for women during pregnancy and the early postpartum period.” J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 37(3): 301314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, C. L. and Ross, L. (2006). “Women’s perceptions of partner support and conflict in the development of postpartum depressive symptoms.” J Adv Nurs 56(6): 588599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, C. L., Ross, L. E., et al. (2007). “Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating antenatal depression.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD006309.Google Scholar
Di Florio, A., Forty, L., et al. (2013). “Perinatal episodes across the mood disorder spectrum.” JAMA Psychiatry 70(2): 168175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., et al. (2007). “Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births.” Am J Psychiatry 164(10): 15151520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dipietro, J. A. (2012). “Maternal stress in pregnancy: considerations for fetal development.” J Adolesc Health 51(2 Suppl): S3–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doornbos, B., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A., et al. (2009). “The development of peripartum depressive symptoms is associated with gene polymorphisms of MAOA, 5-HTT and COMT.” Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33(7): 12501254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doornbos, B., Fekkes, D., et al. (2008). “Sequential serotonin and noradrenalin associated processes involved in postpartum blues.” Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32(5): 13201325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doucet, S., Letourneau, N., et al. (2012). “Support needs of mothers who experience postpartum psychosis and their partners.” J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 41(2): 236245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edge, D. (2007). “Ethnicity, psychosocial risk, and perinatal depression – a comparative study among inner city women in the UK.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63(3), 291295. eScholarID:1d27626, doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.02.013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edhborg, M. (2008). “Comparisons of different instruments to measure blues and to predict depressive symptoms 2 months postpartum: a study of new mothers and fathers.” Scand J Caring Sci 22(2): 186195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engineer, N., Darwin, L., et al. (2013). “Association of glucocorticoid and type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors gene variants and risk for depression during pregnancy and post-partum.” J Psychiatr Res 47(9): 11661173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engqvist, I. and Nilsson, K. (2013). “Experiences of the first days of postpartum psychosis: an interview study with women and next of kin in Sweden.” Issues Ment Health Nurs 34(2): 8289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, J. W., Grizzell, J. A., et al. (2013). “The role of estrogen receptor beta and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in postpartum depression.” Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 40: 199206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, T., Diego, M., et al. (2003). “Pregnancy anxiety and comorbid depression and anger: effects on the fetus and neonate.” Depress Anxiety 17(3): 140151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueiredo, B. and Conde, A. (2011). “Anxiety and depression in women and men from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum.” Arch Womens Ment Health 14(3): 247255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forray, A., Focseneanu, M., et al. (2010). “Onset and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period.” J Clin Psychiatry 71(8): 10611068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forty, L., Jones, L., et al. (2006). “Familiality of postpartum depression in unipolar disorder: results of a family study.” Am J Psychiatry 163(9): 15491553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frey, B. N., Simpson, W., et al. (2012). “Sensitivity and specificity of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire as a screening tool for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period.” J Clin Psychiatry 73(11): 14561461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganjekar, S., Desai, G., et al. (2013). “A comparative study of psychopathology, symptom severity, and short-term outcome of postpartum and nonpostpartum mania.” Bipolar Disord 15(6): 713718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gavin, N. I., Gaynes, B. N., et al. (2005). “Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence.” Obstet Gynecol 106(5 Pt 1): 10711083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaynes, B. N., Gavin, N., et al. (2005). “Perinatal depression: prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes.” Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ)(119): 18.Google Scholar
Glangeaud-Freudenthal, N. M., Sutter, A. L., et al. (2011). “Inpatient mother-and-child postpartum psychiatric care: factors associated with improvement in maternal mental health.” Eur Psychiatry 26(4): 215223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasheen, C., Richardson, G. A., et al. (2010). “A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children.” Arch Womens Ment Health 13(1): 6174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glazer, M., Simpson, W., et al. (2013). The use of the GAD-7 as a screening tool for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in pregnant and postpartum women. San Francisco, CA: 166th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Glover, V., O'Connor, T. G., et al. (2010). “Prenatal stress and the programming of the HPA axis.” Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(1): 1722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goecke, T. W., Voigt, F., et al. (2012). “The association of prenatal attachment and perinatal factors with pre- and postpartum depression in first-time mothers.” Arch Gynecol Obstet 286(2): 309316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golombok, S., Perry, B., et al. (2003). “Children with lesbian parents: a community study.” Dev Psychol 39(1): 2033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzalez, A., Jenkins, J. M., et al. (2012). “Maternal early life experiences and parenting: the mediating role of cortisol and executive function.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51(7): 673682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorman, L. L., O'Hara, M. W., et al. (2004). “Adaptation of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV disorders for assessing depression in women during pregnancy and post-partum across countries and cultures.” Br J Psychiatry Suppl 46: s17–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Goyal, D., Gay, C., et al. (2009). “Fragmented maternal sleep is more strongly correlated with depressive symptoms than infant temperament at three months postpartum.” Arch Womens Ment Health 12(4): 229237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grace, S. L., Evindar, A., et al. (2003). “The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature.” Arch Womens Ment Health 6(4): 263274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregoire, A. J., Kumar, R., et al. (1996). “Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression.” Lancet 347(9006): 930933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grigoriadis, S., de Camps Meschino, D., et al. (2011). “Mood and anxiety disorders in a sample of Canadian perinatal women referred for psychiatric care.” Arch Womens Ment Health 14(4): 325333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grigoriadis, S., VonderPorten, E. H., et al. (2013a). “The effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on neonatal adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” J Clin Psychiatry 74(4): e309–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grigoriadis, S., VonderPorten, E. H., et al. (2013b). “Antidepressant exposure during pregnancy and congenital malformations: is there an association? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the best evidence.” J Clin Psychiatry 74(4): e293–308.Google Scholar
Grigoriadis, S., VonderPorten, E. H., et al. (2013c). “The impact of maternal depression during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” J Clin Psychiatry 74(4): e321–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guler, O., Koken, G. N., et al. (2008). “Course of panic disorder during the early postpartum period: a prospective analysis.” Compr Psychiatry 49(1): 3034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guler, O., Sahin, F. K., et al. (2008). “The prevalence of panic disorder in pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy.” Compr Psychiatry 49(2): 154158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halbreich, U. and Karkun, S. (2006). “Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms.” J Affect Disord 91(2–3): 97111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, E. and Steiner, M. (2013). “Serotonin and female psychopathology.” Womens Health (Lond Engl) 9(1): 8597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healey, C., Morriss, R., et al. (2013). “Self-harm in postpartum depression and referrals to a perinatal mental health team: an audit study.” Arch Womens Ment Health 16(3): 237245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heron, J., Gilbert, N., et al. (2012). “Information and support needs during recovery from postpartum psychosis.” Arch Womens Ment Health 15(3): 155165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heron, J., McGuinness, M., et al. (2008). “Early postpartum symptoms in puerperal psychosis.” BJOG 115(3): 348353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., et al. (2012). “The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses.” Cognit Ther Res 36(5): 427440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, L. M., Oram, S., et al. (2013). “Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” PLoS Med 10(5): e1001452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, I. and Cantwell, R. (2010). “The classification of perinatal mood disorders—suggestions for DSMV and ICD11.” Arch Womens Ment Health 13(1): 3336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, N. A., Field, T., et al. (1998). “Newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms are physiologically less developed.” Infant Behav Dev 21(3): 537541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joy, C. B. and Saylan, M. (2007). “Mother and baby units for schizophrenia.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD006333.Google Scholar
Kane, P. and Garber, J. (2004). “The relations among depression in fathers, children’s psychopathology, and father-child conflict: a meta-analysis.” Clin Psychol Rev 24(3): 339360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, B. J., Giesbrecht, G. F., et al. (2012). “The Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort study: rationale and methods.” Matern Child Nutr [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
Karacan, I., Williams, R. L., et al. (1969). “Some implications of the sleep patterns of pregnancy for postpartum emotional disturbances.” Br J Psychiatry 115(525): 929935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalafallah, A. A. and Dennis, A. E. (2012). “Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy and postpartum: pathophysiology and effect of oral versus intravenous iron therapy.” J Pregnancy 2012: 630519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, D. R., Epperson, N., et al. (2011). “An open label pilot study of transcranial magnetic stimulation for pregnant women with major depressive disorder.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 20(2): 255261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitamura, T., Yoshida, K., et al. (2006). “Multicentre prospective study of perinatal depression in Japan: incidence and correlates of antenatal and postnatal depression.” Arch Womens Ment Health 9(3): 121130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Strat, Y., Dubertret, C., et al. (2011). “Prevalence and correlates of major depressive episode in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States.” J Affect Disord 135(1–3): 128138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, B. M. and Kaplan, B. J. (2009). “Perinatal depression: prevalence, risks, and the nutrition link—a review of the literature.” J Am Diet Assoc 109(9): 15661575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, B. M., Kaplan, B. J., et al. (2013). “Prenatal micronutrient supplementation and postpartum depressive symptoms in a pregnancy cohort.” BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13: 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lilliecreutz, C., Sydsjo, G., et al. (2011). “Obstetric and perinatal outcomes among women with blood- and injection phobia during pregnancy.” J Affect Disord 129(1–3): 289295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maki, P., Hakko, H., et al. (2003). “Parental separation at birth and criminal behaviour in adulthood—a long-term follow-up of the Finnish Christmas Seal Home children.” Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38(7): 354359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martins, C. and Gaffan, E. A. (2000). “Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant-mother attachment: a meta-analytic investigation.” J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41(6): 737746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthey, S. (2008). “Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to screen for anxiety disorders.” Depress Anxiety 25(11): 926931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthey, S., Barnett, B., et al. (2003). “Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: whatever happened to anxiety?J Affect Disord 74(2): 139147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meades, R. and Ayers, S. (2011). “Anxiety measures validated in perinatal populations: a systematic review.” J Affect Disord 133(1–2): 115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer-Brody, S., Stuebe, A., et al. (2011). “Elevated corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression (PPD).” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96(1): E40–47.Google ScholarPubMed
Meng, X. and D’Arcy, C. (2012). “Common and unique risk factors and comorbidity for 12-month mood and anxiety disorders among Canadians.” Can J Psychiatry 57(8): 479487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metz, A., Stump, K., et al. (1983). “Changes in platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptor binding post partum: possible relation to maternity blues.” Lancet 1(8323): 495498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mileva-Seitz, V., Fleming, A. S., et al. (2012). “Dopamine receptors D1 and D2 are related to observed maternal behavior.” Genes Brain Behav 11(6): 684694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mileva-Seitz, V., Kennedy, J., et al. (2011). “Serotonin transporter allelic variation in mothers predicts maternal sensitivity, behavior and attitudes toward 6-month-old infants.” Genes Brain Behav 10(3): 325333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mileva-Seitz, V., Steiner, M., et al. (2013). “Interaction between Oxytocin Genotypes and Early Experience Predicts Quality of Mothering and Postpartum Mood.” PLoS One 8(4): e61443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milgrom, J., Burrows, G. D., et al. (1998). “Psychiatric illness in women: a review of the function of a specialist mother-baby unit.” Aust N Z J Psychiatry 32(5): 680686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Misri, S., Kostaras, X., et al. (2000). “The impact of partner support in the treatment of postpartum depression.” Can J Psychiatry 45(6): 554558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miszkurka, M., Goulet, L., et al. (2010). “Contributions of immigration to depressive symptoms among pregnant women in Canada.” Can J Public Health 101(5): 358364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morse, C. A., Buist, A., et al. (2000). “First-time parenthood: influences on pre- and postnatal adjustment in fathers and mothers.” J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 21(2): 109120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mota, N., Cox, B. J., et al. (2008). “The relationship between mental disorders, quality of life, and pregnancy: findings from a nationally representative sample.” J Affect Disord 109(3): 300304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mott, S. L., Schiller, C. E., et al. (2011). “Depression and anxiety among postpartum and adoptive mothers.” Arch Womens Ment Health 14(4): 335343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munk-Olsen, T., Laursen, T. M., et al. (2006). “New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study.” JAMA 296(21): 25822589. doi:10.1001/jama.296.21.2582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murgatroyd, C. A. and Nephew, B. C. (2013). “Effects of early life social stress on maternal behavior and neuroendocrinology.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38(2): 219228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy-Eberenz, K., Zandi, P. P., et al. (2006). “Is perinatal depression familial?J Affect Disord 90(1): 4955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, D. and Cox, J. L. (1990). “Screening for depression during pregnancy with the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EPDS).” Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 8: 99107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, L., Cooper, P., et al. (2007). “The effects of maternal social phobia on mother-infant interactions and infant social responsiveness.” J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48(1): 4552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, L. and Cooper, P. (1997). “Effects of postnatal depression on infant development.” Arch Dis Child 77(2): 99101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, L. and Copper, P. J., Eds. (1997). Postpartum depression and child development. New York: The Guilford Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Murray, L., Woolgar, M., et al. (2003). “Self-exclusion from health care in women at high risk for postpartum depression.” J Public Health Med 25(2): 131137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muzik, M., Bocknek, E. L., et al. (2013). “Mother-infant bonding impairment across the first 6 months postpartum: the primacy of psychopathology in women with childhood abuse and neglect histories.” Arch Womens Ment Health 16(1): 2938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nager, A., Szulkin, R., et al. (2013). “High lifelong relapse rate of psychiatric disorders among women with postpartum psychosis.” Nord J Psychiatry 67(1): 5358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2007). Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: The NICE Guideline on Clinical Management and Service Guidance. Leicester (UK), British Psychological Society.Google Scholar
Navarro, P., Garcia-Esteve, L., et al. (2008). “Non-psychotic psychiatric disorders after childbirth: prevalence and comorbidity in a community sample.” J Affect Disord 109(1–2): 171176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newport, D. J., Stowe, Z. N., et al. (2002). “Parental depression: animal models of an adverse life event.” Am J Psychiatry 159(8): 12651283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, T. G., Heron, J., et al. (2002). “Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(12): 14701477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Hara, M. W. and McCabe, J. E. (2013). “Postpartum depression: current status and future directions.” Annu Rev Clin Psychol 9: 379407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Hara, M. W. and Swain, A. M. (1996). “Rates and risk of postpartum depression-A meta-analysis.” International Review of Psychiatry 8(1): 3754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Keane, V., Lightman, S., et al. (2011). “Changes in the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during the early puerperium may be related to the postpartum ‘blues’.” Journal of Neuroendocrinology 23(11): 11491155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oates, M. (2003). “Perinatal psychiatric disorders: a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality.” Br Med Bull 67: 219229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olde, E., van der Hart, O., et al. (2006). “Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: a review.” Clin Psychol Rev 26(1): 116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pacheco, A. and Figueiredo, B. (2012). “Mother’s depression at childbirth does not contribute to the effects of antenatal depression on neonate's behavioral development.” Infant Behav Dev 35(3): 513522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palladino, C. L., Singh, V., et al. (2011). “Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System.” Obstet Gynecol 118(5): 10561063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, C. J. (2001). “Families of the lesbian baby boom: Maternal mental health and child adjustment.” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 4(3–4): 91107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, C. J. and Friel, L. V. (2000). Sexual orientation and fertility. In Infertility in the modern world: Biosocial perspectives. Bentley, G. and Mascie-Taylor, N. (eds). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 238260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulson, J. F. and Bazemore, S. D. (2010). “Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis.” JAMA 303(19): 19611969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, C. A., Johnson, J. L., et al. (2007). “Antenatal thyroid correlates of postpartum depression.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 32(3): 235245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinsonneault, J. K., Sullivan, D., et al. (2013). “Association study of the estrogen receptor gene ESR1 with post-partum depression – a pilot study.” Arch Womens Ment Health [Epub ahead of print].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reck, C., Stehle, E., et al. (2009). “Maternity blues as a predictor of DSM-IV depression and anxiety disorders in the first three months postpartum.” J Affect Disord 113(1–2): 7787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, E. M. and Payne, J. L. (2013). “The management of mood disorders in pregnancy: alternatives to antidepressants.” CNS Spectr: 1–11.Google Scholar
Robertson, E., Grace, S., et al. (2004). “Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature.” Gen Hosp Psychiatry 26(4): 289295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, E., Jones, I., et al. (2005). “Risk of puerperal and non-puerperal recurrence of illness following bipolar affective puerperal (post-partum) psychosis.” Br J Psychiatry 186: 258259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, L. E. (2005). “Perinatal mental health in lesbian mothers: a review of potential risk and protective factors.” Women Health 41(3): 113128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, L. E., Grigoriadis, S., et al. (2013). “Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” JAMA Psychiatry 70(4): 436443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, L. E. and McLean, L. M. (2006). “Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic review.” J Clin Psychiatry 67(8): 12851298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, L. E., Murray, B. J., et al. (2005). “Sleep and perinatal mood disorders: a critical review.” J Psychiatry Neurosci 30(4): 247256.Google ScholarPubMed
Ross, L. E., Sellers, E. M., et al. (2004). “Mood changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period: development of a biopsychosocial model.” Acta Psychiatr Scand 109(6): 457466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, L. E., Steele, L., et al. (2007). “Perinatal depressive symptomatology among lesbian and bisexual women.” Arch Womens Ment Health 10(2): 5359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubertsson, C., Waldenström, U., et al. (2003). “Depressive mood in early pregnancy: Prevalence and women at risk in a national Swedish sampleJournal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 21(2): 113123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, E. J., Fawcett, J. M., et al. (2013). “Risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnant and postpartum women: a meta-analysis.” J Clin Psychiatry 74(4): 377385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, J. A., Douglas, A. J., et al. (2001). “Brain preparations for maternity—adaptive changes in behavioral and neuroendocrine systems during pregnancy and lactation. An overview.” Prog Brain Res 133: 138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sacher, J., Wilson, A. A., et al. (2010). “Elevated brain monoamine oxidase A binding in the early postpartum period.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(5): 468474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmon, M., Abel, K., et al. (2003). “Clinical and parenting skills outcomes following joint mother-baby psychiatric admission.” Aust N Z J Psychiatry 37(5): 556562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanjuan, J., Martin-Santos, R., et al. (2008). “Mood changes after delivery: role of the serotonin transporter gene.” Br J Psychiatry 193(5): 383388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sasson, Y., Zohar, J., et al. (1997). “Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a world view.” J Clin Psychiatry 58 Suppl 12: 710.Google ScholarPubMed
Schiller, C. E., O’Hara, M. W., et al. (2013). “Estradiol modulates anhedonia and behavioral despair in rats and negative affect in a subgroup of women at high risk for postpartum depression.” Physiology & Behavior 119: 137144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmied, V., Johnson, M., et al. (2013). “Maternal mental health in Australia and New Zealand: A review of longitudinal studies.” Women Birth 26(3): 167178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senecky, Y., Agassi, H., et al. (2009). “Post-adoption depression among adoptive mothers.” J Affect Disord 115(1–2): 6268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, V. and Mazmanian, D. (2003). “Sleep loss and postpartum psychosis.” Bipolar Disord 5(2): 98105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, V., Smith, A., et al. (2004). “The relationship between duration of labour, time of delivery, and puerperal psychosis.” J Affect Disord 83(2–3): 215220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sichel, D. A., Cohen, L. S., et al. (1995). “Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder.” Biol Psychiatry 38(12): 814818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skrundz, M., Bolten, M., et al. (2011). “Plasma oxytocin concentration during pregnancy is associated with development of postpartum depression.” Neuropsychopharmacology 36(9): 18861893.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soderquist, J., Wijma, B., et al. (2009). “Risk factors in pregnancy for post-traumatic stress and depression after childbirth.” BJOG 116(5): 672680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Speisman, B. B., Storch, E. A., et al. (2011). “Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder.” J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 40(6): 680690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spinelli, M. G. (2004). “Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives.” Am J Psychiatry 161(9): 15481557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., et al. (2006). “A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.” Arch Intern Med 166(10): 10921097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiner, M., Dunn, E., et al. (2003). “Hormones and mood: from menarche to menopause and beyond.” J Affect Disord 74(1): 6783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuebe, A. M., Grewen, K., et al. (2013). “Association between maternal mood and oxytocin response to breastfeeding.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 22(4): 352361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treloar, S. A., Martin, N. G., et al. (1999). “Genetic influences on post-natal depressive symptoms: findings from an Australian twin sample.” Psychol Med 29(3): 645654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uguz, F., Akman, C., et al. (2007). “Postpartum-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: incidence, clinical features, and related factors.” J Clin Psychiatry 68(1): 132138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uguz, F., Gezginc, K., et al. (2007). “Obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy.” Compr Psychiatry 48(5): 441445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vesga-Lopez, O., Blanco, C., et al. (2008). “Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(7): 805815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vigod, S. N., Villegas, L., et al. (2010). “Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review.” BJOG 117(5): 540550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viguera, A. C., Tondo, L., et al. (2011). “Episodes of mood disorders in 2,252 pregnancies and postpartum periods.” Am J Psychiatry 168(11): 11791185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viguera, A. C., Whitfield, T., et al. (2007). “Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation.” Am J Psychiatry 164(12): 18171824; quiz 1923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vythilingum, B. (2010). “Should childbirth be considered a stressor sufficient to meet the criteria for PTSD?Arch Womens Ment Health 13(1): 4950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wadhwa, P. D., Sandman, C. A., et al. (2001). “The neurobiology of stress in human pregnancy: implications for prematurity and development of the fetal central nervous system.” Prog Brain Res 133: 131142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watanabe, M., Wada, K., et al. (2008). “Maternity blues as predictor of postpartum depression: a prospective cohort study among Japanese women.” J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 29(3): 206212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, M. K. and Tronick, E. Z. (1998). “The impact of maternal psychiatric illness on infant development.” J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 2): 5361.Google ScholarPubMed
Weisberg, R. B. and Paquette, J. A. (2002). “Screening and treatment of anxiety disorders in pregnant and lactating women.” Womens Health Issues 12(1): 3236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., et al. (2006). “Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: a STAR*D-child report.” JAMA 295(12): 13891398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wisner, K. L., Moses-Kolko, E. L., et al. (2010). “Postpartum depression: a disorder in search of a definition.” Arch Womens Ment Health 13(1): 3740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wisner, K. L., Sit, D. K., et al. (2013). “Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings.” JAMA Psychiatry 70(5): 490498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yawn, B. P., Olson, A. L., et al. (2012). “Postpartum depression: screening, diagnosis, and management programs 2000 through 2010.” Depress Res Treat 2012: 363964.Google ScholarPubMed
Yonkers, K. A., Vigod, S., et al. (2011). “Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of mood disorders in pregnant and postpartum women.” Obstet Gynecol 117(4): 961977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yozwiak, J. A. (2010). “Postpartum depression and adolescent mothers: a review of assessment and treatment approaches.” J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 23(3): 172178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zambaldi, C. F., Cantilino, A., et al. (2009). “Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and clinical characteristics.” Compr Psychiatry 50(6): 503509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X., Liu, K., et al. (2010). “Safety and feasibility of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment for major depression during pregnancy.” Arch Womens Ment Health 13(4): 369370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M. and Galione, J. N. (2011). “Screening for bipolar disorder with the Mood Disorders Questionnaire: a review.” Harv Rev Psychiatry 19(5): 219228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Aberg, A., Westbom, L., Källén, B. (2001). Congenital malformations among infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes. Early Human Development, 61, 8595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adab, N., Kini, U., Vinten, J., et al. (2004). The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 75, 15751583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adedinsewo, D. A., Thurman, D. J., Luo, Y. H., et al. (2013). Valproate prescriptions for nonepilepsy disorders in reproductive-age women. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 97, 403408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aids Profile Summary. (2014). Pharm Med, 28, 265271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altshuler, L. L., Cohen, L., Szuba, M. P., et al. (1996). Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: dilemmas and guidelines. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 592606.Google ScholarPubMed
American Academy of Pediatrics (2012). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 129, e827e841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2008). ACOG Practice Bulletin: clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists number 92, April 2008. Use of psychiatric medications during pregnancy and lactation. Obstetetrics and Gynecology, 111, 10011020.Google Scholar
Ban, L., West, J., Gibson, J. E., et al. (2014). First trimester exposure to anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs and the risks of major congenital anomalies: a United Kingdom population-based cohort study. PLoS One, 9(6), e100996. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100996. eCollection 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, T. R. (2011). Schizophrenia Consensus Group of British Association for Psychopharmacology. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol, 25, 567620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bech, B. H., Kjaersgaard, M. I., Pedersen, H. S., et al. (2014). Use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth: population based cohort study. BMJ, 349, g5159. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, P. N. (1996). Use of monographs in drugs. In: Bennett, P. N. (Ed.), Drugs and Human Lactation (pp. 6774). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Bodén, R., Lundgren, M., Brandt, L., et al. (2012a). Risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes in women treated or not treated with mood stabilisers for bipolar disorder: population based cohort study. BMJ, 345, e7085. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodén, R., Lundgren, M., Brandt, L., et al. (2012b). Antipsychotics during pregnancy: relation to fetal and maternal metabolic effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 69: 715721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellantuono, C., Tofani, S., Di Sciascio, G., Santone, G. (2013). Benzodiazepine exposure in pregnancy and risk of major malformations: a critical overview. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 35, 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chad, L., Pupco, A., Bozzo, P., Koren, G. (2013). Update on antidepressant use during breastfeeding. Can Fam Physician, 59, 633634.Google ScholarPubMed
Clark, E. C., Klein, A. M., Perel, J. M., et al. (2013). Lamotrigine dosing for pregnant patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 170, 12401247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, J., Grønborg, T. K., Sørensen, M. J., et al. (2013). Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism. JAMA, 309, 16961703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clements, C. C., Castro, V. M., Blumenthal, S. R., et al. (2014). Prenatal antidepressant exposure is associated with risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder but not autism spectrum disorder in a large health system. Mol Psychiatry, Aug 26, doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.90. [Epub ahead of print]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M. J., Meador, K. J., Browning, N., et al. (2013). Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: Adaptive and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 6 years. Epilepsy Behav, 29, 308315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., Yoshida, C. K., et al. (2011). Antidepressant use during pregnancy and childhood autism spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68, 11041112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dayan, J., Graignic-Philippe, R., Seligmann, C., Andro, G. (2011). Use of antipsychotics and breastfeeding. Current Women’s Health Reviews, 7, 3745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deligiannidis, K. M., Byatt, N., Freeman, M. P. (2014). Pharmacotherapy for mood disorders in pregnancy: a review of pharmacokinetic changes and clinical recommendations for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 34, 244255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dellicour, S., ter Kuile, F. O., Stergachis, A. (2008). Pregnancy exposure registries for assessing antimalarial drug safety in pregnancy in malaria-endemic countries. PLoS Med, 5(9):e187. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050187. Epub Sep 2008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dev, V. J., Krupp, P. (1995) Adverse event profile and safety of clozapine. Rev Contemp Pharmacother, 6, 197208.Google Scholar
Diav-Citrin, O., Shechtman, S., Ornoy, S., et al. (2005). Safety of haloperidol and penfluridol in pregnancy: a multicenter, prospective, controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry, 66, 317322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diav-Citrin, O., Shechtman, S., Tahover, E., et al. (2014). Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to lithium: a prospective, comparative, observational study. Am J Psychiatry, 171, 785794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El Marroun, H., White, T. J., van der Knaap, N. J., et al. (2014). Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and social responsiveness symptoms of autism: population-based study of young children. Br J Psychiatry, 205, 95102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enato, E., Moretti, M., Koren, G. (2011). The fetal safety of benzodiazepines: an updated meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 33, 4648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etemad, L., Mohammad, A., Mohammadpour, A. H. et al. (2013) Teratogenic effects of pregabalin in mice. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 16, 10651070.Google ScholarPubMed
European Medicines Agency, Pharmacovigilance and Risk Assessment Committee (2014). PRAC recommends strengthening the restrictions on the use of valproate in women and girls. www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2014/10/news_detail_002186.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1Google Scholar
Frey, B., Braegger, C. P., Ghelfi, D. (2002).Neonatal cholestatic hepatitis from carbamazepine exposure during pregnancy and breast feeding. Ann Pharmacother, 36, 644647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentile, S. (2008). Infant safety with antipsychotic therapy in breast-feeding: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry, 69, 666673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentile, S. (2010). Antipsychotic therapy during early and late pregnancy. A systematic review. Schizophr Bull, 36, 518544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilad, O., Merlob, P., Stahl, B., Klinger, G. (2011). Outcome of infants exposed to olanzapine during breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med, 6, 5558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grigoriadis, S., VonderPorten, E. H., Mamisashvili, L., et al. (2013). Antidepressant exposure during pregnancy and congenital malformations: is there an association? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the best evidence. J Clin Psychiatry, 74(4), e293-308. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12r07966.Google Scholar
Grigoriadis, S., Vonderporten, E. H., Mamisashvili, L., et al. (2014). Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 348, f6932. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habermann, F., Fritzsche, J., Fuhlbrück, F., et al. (2013). Atypical antipsychotic drugs and pregnancy outcome: a prospective, cohort study. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 33, 453462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hale, T. (2012). Medications and mother’s milk. Amarillo: Hale Publishing.Google Scholar
Hiemke, C., Baumann, P., Bergemann, N. et al. (2011). AGNP Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Psychiatry: Update 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, L. S. and Tracy, T. S. (2007). Alterations in drug disposition during pregnancy: implications for drug therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2007, 3, 557571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, H., Coleman, S., Bridge, J. A., et al. (2014). A meta-analysis of the relationship between antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 36, 13–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huybrechts, K. F., Sanghani, R. S., Avorn, J., Urato, A. C. (2014). Preterm birth and antidepressant medication use during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 9(3):e92778. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092778. eCollection 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jentink, J., Loane, M. A., Dolk, H., et al. (2010a). Valproic acid monotherapy in pregnancy and major congenital malformations. N Engl J Med, 362, 21852193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jentink, J., Dolk, H., Loane, M. A., et al. (2010b). Intrauterine exposure to carbamazepine and specific congenital malformations: systematic review and case-control study. BMJ, 341:c6581. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, K. C., LaPrairie, J. L., Brennan, P. A., et al. (2012). Prenatal antipsychotic exposure and neuromotor performance during infancy. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 69, 787794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Källén, B., Borg, N. and Reis, M. (2013). The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 6, 12211286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Källén, B. and Otterblad Olausson, P. (2006). Antidepressant drugs during pregnancy and infant congenital heart defect. Reprod Toxicol, 21, 221222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Källén, B. and Reis, M. (2012). Neonatal complications after maternal concomitant use of SSRI and other central nervous system active drugs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 32, 608614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kieviet, N., Dolman, K. M., and Honig, A. (2013). The use of psychotropic medication during pregnancy: how about the newborn? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 9, 12571266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, H. C., Chen, I. J., Chen, Y. H., et al. (2010). Maternal schizophrenia and pregnancy outcome: does the use of antipsychotics make a difference? Schizophr Res, 116, 5560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Man, S. L., Petersen, I., Thompson, M., Nazareth, I. (2012). Antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy in primary care: a UK population based study. PLoS One, 7(12):e52339. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052339. Epub Dec 18, 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Margulis, A. V., Kang, E. M., Hammad, T. A. (2014). Patterns of prescription of antidepressants and antipsychotics across and within pregnancies in a population-based UK cohort. Matern Child Health J, 18, 17421752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matalon, S., Schechtman, S., Goldzweig, G., Ornoy, A. (2002). The teratogenic effect of carbamazepine: a meta-analysis of 1255 exposures. Reprod Toxicol, 16, 917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKnight, R. F., Adida, M., Budge, K., et al. (2012). Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 379, 721728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meador, K., Reynolds, M. W., Crean, S., et al. (2008). Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy, 81, 113.Google ScholarPubMed
Meador, K. J., Baker, G. A., Browning, N., et al. (2013). Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol, 12, 244252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medicines and Health Care Products Regulatory Agency. (2011). Drug Safety Update, Sept 2011, vol. 5, issue 2: A2. www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/dsu/documents/publication/con129002.pdfGoogle Scholar
Moses-Kolko, E. L., Bogen, D., Perel, J., et al. (2005). Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: literature review and implications for clinical applications. JAMA, 293, 23722383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myles, N., Newall, H., Ward, H., Large, M. (2013). Systematic meta-analysis of individual selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications and congenital malformations. Aust NZ J Psychiatry, 47, 10021012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Care and Health Excellence (2014). Antenatal and postnatal mental health – Clinical management and service guidance. Full guideline. NICE clinical guideline 192.Google Scholar
Newham, J. J., Thomas, S. H., MacRitchie, K., et al. (2008). Birth weight of infants after maternal exposure to typical and atypical antipsychotics: prospective comparison study. Br J Psychiatry, 192, 333337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newport, D. J., Calamaras, M. R., DeVane, C. L., et al. (2007). Atypical antipsychotic administration during late pregnancy: placental passage and obstetrical outcomes. Am J Psychiatry, 164, 12141220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newport, D. J., Viguera, A. C., Beach, A. J., et al. (2005). Lithium placental passage and obstetrical outcome: implications for clinical management during late pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry, 162, 21622170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newport, D. J., Pennell, P. B., Calamaras, B. S., et al (2008). Lamotrigine in breast milk and nursing infants: determination of exposure. Pediatrics, 122, e223e231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nulman, I., Koren, G., Rovet, J., et al. (2012). Neurodevelopment of children following prenatal exposure to venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or untreated maternal depression. Am J Psychiatry, 169, 11651174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohman, I., Vitols, S., Tomson, T. (2000). Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate, and during lactation. Epilepsia, 41, 709713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, L. A., O’Sullivan, E. P., Kirwan, B., et al. (2010). ATLANTIC DIP: the impact of obesity on pregnancy outcome in glucose-tolerant women. Diabetes Care, 33, 577579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmsten, K., Hernández-Díaz, S., Huybrechts, K. F., et al. (2013). Use of antidepressants near delivery and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: cohort study of low income women in the United States. BMJ, 347, f4877. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f4877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peng, M., Gao, K., Ding, Y., et al. (2013). Effects of prenatal exposure to atypical antipsychotics on postnatal development and growth of infants: a case-controlled, prospective study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 228, 577584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennell, P. B., Peng, L., Newport, D. J., et al. (2008). Lamotrigine in pregnancy: clearance, therapeutic drug monitoring, and seizure frequency. Neurology, 70, 21302136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perucca, E., Battino, D., Tomson, T. (2014). Gender issues in antiepileptic drug treatment. Neurobiol Dis, 72 Pt B, 217223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, I., McCrea, R. L., Osborn, D. J., et al. (2014). Discontinuation of antipsychotic medication in pregnancy: A cohort study. Schizophr Res, 159, 218225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., et al. (2013). Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: population based case-control study. BMJ, 346, f2059. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f2059.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reis, M. and Källén, B. (2008). Maternal use of antipsychotics in early pregnancy and delivery outcome. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 28, 279288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reis, M. and Källén, B. (2010). Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol Med, 40, 17231733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rummel-Kluge, C., Komossa, K., Schwarz, S., et al. (2010). Head-to-head comparisons of metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res, 123, 225233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schou, M. (1976). What happened later to the lithium babies? A follow-up study of children born without malformations. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 54, 193197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schou, M., Amdisen, A., Steenstrup, O. R. (1973). Lithium and pregnancy. II. Hazards to women given lithium during pregnancy and delivery. Br Med J, 2(5859), 137138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebire, N. J., Jolly, M., Harris, J. P., et al. (2001). Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287,213 pregnancies in London. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 25, 11751182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slone, D., Siskind, V., Heinonen, O. P., et al. (1977). Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 128, 486488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sørensen, M. J., Grønborg, T. K., Christensen, J., et al. (2013). Antidepressant exposure in pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Clin Epidemiol, 5, 449459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teoh, S., Ilett, K. F., Hackett, L. P., Kohan, R. (2011). Estimation of rac-amisulpride transfer into milk and of infant dose via milk during its use in a lactating woman with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Breastfeed Med, 6, 8588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toh, S., Li, Q., Cheetham, T. C., et al. (2013). Prevalence and trends in the use of antipsychotic medications during pregnancy in the U.S., 2001–2007: a population-based study of 585,615 deliveries. Arch Womens Ment Health, 16, 149157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toh, S., Mitchell, A. A., Louik, C., et al. (2009). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and risk of gestational hypertension. Am J Psychiatry, 166, 320328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomson, T. (2005). Gender aspects of pharmacokinetics of new and old AEDs: pregnancy and breastfeeding. Ther Drug Monit, 27, 718721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomson, T., Battino, D. (2012). Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol, 11, 803813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomson, T., Landmark, C. J., Battino, D. (2013). Antiepileptic treatment in pregnancy: changes in drug disposition and their clinical implications. Epilepsia, 54, 405414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Food and Drug Administration. (2011). FDA Drug Safety Communication: Antipsychotic drug labels updated on use during pregnancy and risk of abnormal muscle movements and withdrawal symptoms in newborns. www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm243903.htm.Google Scholar
Walsh-Sukys, M. C., Tyson, J. E., Wright, L. L., et al. (2000). Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes. Pediatrics, 105(1 Pt 1), 1420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, A. M., Levy, B. T., Hartz, A. J., et al (2004). Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry, 161, 10661078.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wieck, A. (2011). The use of anti-epileptic medication in women with affective disorders in early and late pregnancy and during breastfeeding. Current Women’s Health Reviews, 7, 5057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wikner, B. N., Källén, B. (2011). Are hypnotic benzodiazepine receptor agonists teratogenic in humans? J Clin Psychopharmacol, 31, 356359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windhager, E., Kim, S. W., Saria, A., et al. (2014). Perinatal use of aripiprazole: plasma levels, placental transfer, and child outcome in 3 new cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 34, 637641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wlodarczyk, B. J., Palacios, A. M., George, T. M., et al. (2012). Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Med Genet A, 158A(8): 20712090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (2013). Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. ISBN 92 4 156221 8. Accessible at: www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/9241562218/en/.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×